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Lafiyar LGBTQ

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Lafiyar LGBTQ
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Ƙaramin ɓangare naKula da lafiya
FuskarKula da lafiya da LGBTQ community (en) Fassara

A fannin kiwon lafiya, mutanen 'yan madigo, 'yan luwadi, masu bisexual, masu transgender, da kuma 'yan queer ( LGBQ ) suna fuskantar ƙalubale da wahalhalu na musamman waɗanda ke sa samun damar kiwon lafiya ya zama ƙasa da adalci. A cewar Ƙungiyar Likitoci ta 'Yan Luwadi da 'Yan Madigo ta Amurka (GLMA), wasu daga cikin batutuwan da suka fi shafar lafiyar LGBTQ sune HIV / AIDS, ciwon daji na nono da mahaifa, ciwon hanta, lafiyar kwakwalwa, matsalolin amfani da miyagun ƙwayoyi, shan barasa, shan taba, baƙin ciki, samun kulawar mutanen da suka canza jinsi, batutuwan da suka shafi aure da gane iyali, maganin juyowa, dokokin ƙin yarda, da kuma dokokin da aka yi niyya don "yi wa ƙwararrun kula da lafiya rigakafi daga ɗaukar alhakin nuna wariya ga mutanen da ba su amince da su ba." [1] Waɗannan munanan ra'ayoyin zamantakewa da matsin lamba da kafofin watsa labarai ke gabatarwa suna da alaƙa da ƙaruwar mummunan hoton jiki da raguwar darajar kai, wanda zai iya haɗuwa da haɓakar matsalolin cin abinci da kuma tasirin kiba. [2]

Mutanen LGBTQ na iya fuskantar cikas ga samun kulawar lafiya bisa ga yanayin jima'i da/ko asalin jinsi ko bayyanarsa. [3] Mutane da yawa suna gujewa ko samun kulawa mara kyau saboda ƙin jinin 'yan luwaɗi, ƙin jinin transsexual, ko wariya daga masu samar da kiwon lafiya da cibiyoyi. [3] [4] A wata ma'anar, abubuwan da suka faru na rashin kyau na mutum, ko tsoron fuskantar wariya na iya hana waɗannan mutane samun kulawa.

Matsalolin lafiya na gabaɗaya da ke shafar mutanen LGBTQ

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

A cewar Kwamitin Kula da Matsalolin Lafiya na 'Yan Madigo, 'Yan Luwadi, Masu Juna Biyu da Masu Canza Sheka da Damar Bincike, akwai matsaloli da dama wajen gudanar da binciken lafiya kan al'ummar LGBTQ. Waɗannan ƙalubalen sun haɗa da sarkakiyar bayyana yanayin jima'i da rashin bin ƙa'ida ga jinsi, da kuma jinkirin amsa tambayoyi game da waɗannan batutuwa. Sauran ƙalubalen da aka fuskanta sun haɗa da ƙalubalen dabaru da na kuɗi na ɗaukar isassun samfura don yin nazari mai ma'ana, idan aka yi la'akari da wahalar ƙaramin adadin mutanen LGBTQ a tsakanin al'umma gabaɗaya.

Sau da yawa ana haɗa 'yan madigo, 'yan luwadi, masu bisexual, da kuma masu canza jinsi a cikin bincike da tattaunawa. Wannan na iya zama matsala saboda kowannensu ƙungiyoyi ne daban-daban waɗanda ba su haɗa dukkan waɗanda ba 'yan madigo ba ko kuma waɗanda ba su dace da jinsi ba. A wasu nazarin, an haɗa mutanen 'yan madigo, 'yan luwadi, masu bisexual, da masu biquer a ƙarƙashin lakabin "ba 'yan madigo ba", yayin da a cikin binciken HIV, mahalarta za a iya haɗa su wuri ɗaya a cikin rukunoni waɗanda suka haɗa da asali daban-daban. [5] Yawancin bincike sun fi mai da hankali kan mata 'yan madigo da maza 'yan madigo, tare da ƙarancin kulawa ga mutanen bisexual, masu transgender, masu intersex, masu asexual, da sauran mutanen queer, wanda ke haifar da ƙarin matakan wariya. [5] Waɗannan bambance-bambancen a cikin bincike da ra'ayoyin LGBTQ a matsayin monolith yana share keɓancewar kowane asali.

Wani bita da aka yi a Arewacin Amurka ya gano cewa mutanen LGBTQ galibi suna ba da rahoton rashin lafiyar da suka fi dacewa da kansu, ƙarin alamun lafiyar jiki, da kuma ƙaruwar wasu yanayi na lafiya, ciki har da ciwon suga, asma da hawan jini, idan aka kwatanta da waɗanda ba su da alaƙa da maza da mata. [6] Waɗannan bambance-bambancen sun fi bayyana a tsakanin matasa da matasa, tare da ƙananan bambance-bambance tsakanin tsofaffin ƙungiyoyi. An gano cewa abubuwan da suka shafi lafiyar jiki da kuma abubuwan da suka shafi wariya, cin zarafi, da tashin hankali tsakanin tsirarun jinsi suna taimakawa wajen haifar da waɗannan bambance-bambancen a lafiyar jiki. [6]

Lafiyar kwakwalwa ta fi muni a tsakanin mutanen LGBTQ fiye da na sauran jama'a, inda baƙin ciki, damuwa, cutar da kai, da kuma tunanin kashe kai suka fi yawa fiye da na sauran jama'a. [7] Wannan ya samo asali ne daga wariya ta zamantakewa, son zuciya, da kuma wariya da suke fuskanta. [8] Kimanin kashi 30 cikin 100 na dukkan kashe kai da aka kammala an danganta su da rikicin asalin jima'i. Daliban da suka faɗa cikin ƙungiyoyin asali na 'yan luwaɗi, masu bisexual, 'yan madigo ko masu jinsi daban-daban sun ba da rahoton cewa sun fi fuskantar yiwuwar rashin zuwa makaranta sau biyar saboda suna jin rashin tsaro bayan an zalunce su saboda yanayin jima'insu. Waɗannan bambance-bambancen lafiyar kwakwalwa kuma suna bayyana a cikin matasan LGBTQ+, inda kashi 65% na matasan LGBQ da kashi 46% na matasan TGNC suka ruwaito suna cutar da kansu. [7]

Bincike ya nuna cewa akwai wasu shinge da ke raba marasa lafiya da ƙwararrun LGBTQ da kwararrun likitoci, wanda wataƙila ya faru ne saboda ƙiyayya ga 'yan luwaɗi, zato game da rashin jituwa tsakanin maza da mata, da kuma rashin ilimi game da mutanen LGBTQ da buƙatunsu. An kuma gano cewa akwai shinge a cikin cibiyoyi a matsayin illa ga kiwon lafiya na LGBTQ, gami da batutuwa kamar isar da sako mara dacewa, rashin sirrin marasa lafiya, dakatar da kulawa, rashin takamaiman kiwon lafiya na LGBTQ, da kuma rashin horon ilimin halayyar ɗan adam da ya dace da jima'i. [9]

Bincike ya nuna matsalolin da aka fuskanta tun suna ƙanana, kamar 'yan tsiraru masu jinsi da jinsi da ake kai wa hari, cin zarafi, da wariya, a matsayin abubuwan da ke taimakawa sosai ga baƙin ciki, kashe kai da sauran matsalolin lafiyar kwakwalwa a lokacin balaga. [10] [11] [12] Binciken zamantakewa ya nuna cewa mutanen LGBTQ suna fuskantar ayyukan wariya wajen samun kulawar lafiya. [13] [14] Hanya ɗaya da mutanen LGBTQ suka yi ƙoƙarin magance matsalolin kiwon lafiya masu wariya ita ce ta hanyar neman masu ba da kiwon lafiya masu "sauƙi". [15]

Dalilan da ke haifar da rashin daidaiton lafiya tsakanin LGBTQ

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Bincike ya bayyana cewa bambancin kiwon lafiya a tsakanin mutanen LGBTQ yana iya faruwa ne saboda damuwa ta tsiraru . [16] [17] [18] 'Yan tsiraru suna nufin nauyin fuskantar munanan halaye na al'umma da martanin da suka shafi jinsi da asalin mutum. Ya haɗa da damuwa da ke tattare da wariya ta zamantakewa da kyama, wanda ke haifar da mummunan tasirin lafiyar kwakwalwa. Ka'idar damuwa ta tsiraru ta bayyana yadda abubuwan da suka faru na cin zarafi da suka shafi jinsi da rashin bin ka'ida ta jima'i ke taimakawa ga matsalolin lafiyar kwakwalwa da ta kwakwalwa tsakanin mutanen LGBT. [16] [17] Wannan damuwa ta samo asali ne daga mu'amalar zamantakewa mara kyau kuma, idan ta daɗe, tana iya yin tasiri sosai ga lafiyar kwakwalwa, wanda ke haifar da halaye kamar shan muggan kwayoyi, tunanin kashe kai, rashin sadarwa mai kyau, da ayyukan da ba a yi niyya ba. Bincike ya nuna sakamako mara kyau daban-daban na lafiyar kwakwalwa da ke da alaƙa da abubuwan da suka faru na damuwa ta tsiraru. [16] 'Abin da Muka Sani' ya yi bitar dubban nazarin da aka yi wa takwarorinsa kuma ya gano alaƙa mai ƙarfi tsakanin wariya da cutarwa ga lafiyar mutanen LGBT. [19] Binciken ya nuna cewa kasancewar wariya, kyama, da kuma nuna wariya yana haifar da yanayi na zamantakewa mai cike da ƙiyayya wanda ke ƙara haɗarin rashin lafiyar hankali da ta jiki, har ma ga waɗanda ba a fallasa su kai tsaye ga wariyar ba.

Wani bincikai da'akiyi mai zurfi kan hanyoyin samun damar kula da lafiya ga mutanen LGBTQ ya gano cewa sau da yawa suna fama da rashin sadarwa da masu samar da kiwon lafiya saboda tsoron zato da kuma kunya game da yanayin jima'i. Wannan, tare da ƙin jinin 'yan luwaɗi a fannin kiwon lafiya, yana haifar da wariya da wariya, yana rage halartarsu da shiga cikin kula da jiki da shirye-shiryen kiwon lafiya na rigakafi. [18]

A cikin shekaru goma da suka gabata, ƙungiyar LGBTQ a Amurka da ma duniya baki ɗaya ta ba da gudummawa ga ƙaruwar fahimtar jama'a da karɓuwa ga al'umma. [20] [21] Rahotanni daga Cibiyar Magunguna, Cibiyoyin Lafiya na Ƙasa ta Amurka da sauran ƙungiyoyi masu zaman kansu sun yi kira da a magance gibin da ke cikin horo da ilimi ga ƙwararrun ma'aikatan kiwon lafiya na LGBT. [22] Binciken da ake yi a yanzu ya nuna cewa mutanen LGBT suna fuskantar rashin daidaito idan aka kwatanta da takwarorinsu na maza da mata da kuma na mata dangane da samun damar zuwa wuraren kiwon lafiya, halaye, da sakamakon magani. [23] [24] [25]

Sau da yawa ana nuna cewa dalilin hakan shine rashin jituwa tsakanin jinsi daban-daban a fannin kula da lafiya da bincike.

"Heterosexism can be purposeful (decreased funding or support of research projects that focus on sexual orientation) or unconscious (demographic questions on intake forms that ask the respondent to rate herself or himself as married, divorced, or single). These forms of discrimination limit medical research and negatively impact the health care of LGB individuals. This disparity is particularly extreme for lesbians (compared to homosexual men) because they have a double minority status, and experience oppression for being both female and homosexual."[26]

Cibiyoyin kiwon lafiya da tallafin zamantakewa na LGBTQ

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Sakamakon lafiyar LGBTQ+ yana da tasiri sosai ta hanyar hanyoyin tallafawa zamantakewa, takwarorinsu, da iyali. Misali ɗaya na hanyar sadarwa ta tallafi da ake da ita yanzu ga wasu matasan LGBTQ+ sun haɗa da Gay-Straight Alliances (GSAs), waɗanda ƙungiyoyi ne da ke aiki don inganta yanayin matasa LGBTQ+ a makarantu da kuma ilmantar da ɗalibai da ma'aikata game da matsalolin da al'ummar LGBTQ+ ke fuskanta. Bincike ya nuna cewa ɗaliban da ke zuwa makarantu tare da GSAs suna da sakamako mafi kyau ga lafiyar gaba ɗaya, musamman lafiyar kwakwalwa, ga matasan LGBTQ+. [27] Binciken ya kuma nuna cewa ɗaliban LGBTQ+ waɗanda ke da damar shiga GSA suna jin daɗin kasancewa tare da su. [28]

Hanyoyin lafiyar kwakwalwa na matasan LGBTQ+ suna da alaƙa sosai da hanyoyin sadarwar iyali da zamantakewa da suke da su. Kin amincewa da iyali sakamakon wani matashin LGBTQ+ da ya fito yana da yuwuwar haifar da mummunan sakamako ga lafiya. A gaskiya ma, matasan LGBTQ+ da suka fuskanci kin amincewa da iyali sun fi saurin yunƙurin kashe kansu, sau 5.9 sun fi fuskantar ƙarin damuwa, kuma sau 3.4 sun fi fuskantar haɗarin shan miyagun ƙwayoyi fiye da matasan LGBTQ+ waɗanda 'yan uwa suka karɓe su. [29] Kin amincewa da iyali wani lokacin yana sa matasa su gudu daga gida ko kuma a kore su daga gidajensu, wanda ke da alaƙa da yawan rashin matsuguni da matasan LGBTQ+ ke fuskanta. A gefe guda kuma, rashin matsuguni yana da alaƙa da wasu sakamako marasa kyau na lafiya waɗanda wani lokacin ke faruwa ne sakamakon ƙaruwar shigar matasan LGBTQ+ marasa matsuguni cikin karuwanci da jima'i . [30]

Wani bincike na tsawon lokaci da aka yi kan matasa 248 a cikin shekaru 5.5 ya gano cewa matasan LGBTQ+ waɗanda ke da ƙarfin goyon bayan iyali da takwarorinsu suna fuskantar ƙarancin damuwa a kowane lokaci idan aka kwatanta da waɗanda ke da ƙarancin goyon bayan iyali da takwarorinsu. A tsawon lokaci, damuwar tunanin da matasan LGBTQ+ ke fuskanta ta ragu, ba tare da la'akari da adadin goyon bayan iyali da takwarorinsu da suka samu a lokacin samartaka ba. Duk da haka, raguwar damuwa ta fi girma ga matasa waɗanda ke da ƙarancin goyon bayan takwarorinsu da iyalansu fiye da waɗanda ke da babban tallafi. A shekaru 17, waɗanda ba su da tallafin iyali amma suna da babban goyon bayan takwarorinsu sun nuna mafi girman matakan damuwa, amma wannan matakin damuwa ya ragu zuwa kusan matakin da waɗanda ke ba da rahoton babban tallafi a cikin 'yan shekaru. Waɗannan matasan LGBTQ+ waɗanda ba su da tallafin iyali amma tare da babban goyon baya daga takwarorinsu sun ba da rahoton ƙaruwar tallafin iyali tsawon shekaru duk da cewa sun ba da rahoton mafi ƙarancin tallafin iyali a lokacin da suka kai shekaru 17. [31]

Hakazalika, wani bincike da aka yi kan matasa 232 'yan LGBTQ+ tsakanin shekaru 16-20 ya gano cewa waɗanda ke da ƙarancin goyon bayan iyali da zamantakewa sun ba da rahoton yawan rashin bege, kaɗaici, baƙin ciki, damuwa, son zuciya, kashe kai, tsananin duniya, da alamun babban rashin jin daɗi (MDD) fiye da waɗanda suka sami tallafi mai ƙarfi na iyali da wanda ba na iyali ba. Akasin haka, waɗanda suka sami tallafin da ba na iyali ba kawai sun ba da rahoton mummunan sakamako ga duk sakamakon lafiya da aka auna sai dai damuwa da rashin bege, wanda babu wani bambanci a cikinsu. [32]

Wasu bincike sun gano cewa rashin sakamako mafi muni ga lafiyar kwakwalwa ga mutanen da ke da luwaɗi da 'yan madigo, wanda a wani mataki za a iya danganta shi da rashin karɓuwa da kuma tabbatar da wannan al'umma a ciki da wajen al'ummar LGBTQ. Waɗanda suka gane kansu a matsayin masu luwaɗi galibi suna ba da rahoton jin kamar matsalolin lafiyar kwakwalwansu za a iya gano su ne ta hanyar wariya da ƙin yarda da juna da ke da alaƙa kai tsaye da asalinsu na masu luwaɗi. [33] Mutane da yawa suna ba da rahoton jin kamar don a gan su a matsayin masu inganci a cikin al'ummomin LGBTQ ko kuma a gane asalinsu ta hanyar masu luwaɗi, dole ne su yi aiki da son rai ɗaya kawai, ko kuma sha'awar jinsi ɗaya kawai. [33] Wannan ra'ayi za a iya danganta shi da gogewar maza da mata, ko kuma sanya wa mutanen da ke da luwaɗi lakabi da waɗanda ke da abubuwan da ba su dace ba na LGBT, wanda hakan ke sa su ji kamar ba a gani. [34] Wannan gogewar na iya bayyana a cikin nau'in ƙananan zalunci, ko maganganu ko maganganu marasa ma'ana waɗanda a zahiri ke haifar da mummunar illa ga al'umma ko ƙungiyar da aka ware da ake niyya. [34] Waɗannan ra'ayoyin al'umma na iya zama abubuwan da suka faru akai-akai ko ra'ayoyi waɗanda daga ƙarshe ke bayyana a ciki, suna yin mummunan tasiri ga amincewar mutum da girman kansa na masu luwaɗi. [34] Domin magance matsalolin karɓuwa da kai, mahalarta sun ba da shawarar rungumar ruhaniya, motsa jiki, fasaha, da sauran ayyukan da ke haɓaka lafiyar motsin rai. [35]

Fasahar haihuwa da aka taimaka

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Mutane LGBTQ+ suna fuskantar matsaloli na musamman wajen samun 'ya'yan halitta waɗanda maza da mata masu jinsi ɗaya ba su fuskanta ba. A al'ada, sau da yawa ana ganin iyaye a matsayin abin da ba zai yiwu ba ga ma'aurata masu jinsi ɗaya kuma ana ƙarfafa ɗaukar LGBT a matsayin mai yiwuwa, amma a cikin 'yan shekarun nan, masana ilimin halittu na ci gaba suna bincike da haɓaka dabarun da za su sauƙaƙa haihuwar jinsi ɗaya, wanda zai iya ba da damar ma'aurata masu jinsi ɗaya su zama iyaye na halitta tare. [36] [37]

Matsalolin da ke shafar mata 'yan madigo

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Lafiyar haihuwa da jima'i

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Mata 'yan madigo, masu bisexual, da kuma masu biquar suna da buƙatu iri ɗaya na lafiyar haihuwa da ta jima'i kamar mata masu maza da mata. Duk da haka, mata masu biquar suna fuskantar rashin daidaito idan ana maganar lafiyar haihuwa da ta jima'i. Wannan na iya kasancewa saboda ƙarancin matsayin tattalin arziki da ƙarancin inshora, musamman ga mutanen da ke bisexual. Bugu da ƙari, ilimin jima'i (a Amurka) galibi yana da alaƙa da juna kuma yana iya ba da bayanai masu dacewa ga mutanen LGBTQ (duba ilimin jima'i na LGBTQ ). Masu ba da kiwon lafiya na iya ba su da isasshen ilimi game da yanayin jima'i, don haka ƙila ba sa ba wa marasa lafiyarsu ayyukan da suka dace da kuma waɗanda ake buƙata. A cikin wani bincike da aka yi wa mazauna Ob/Gyn, kashi 50% sun ba da rahoton jin rashin shiri don kula da marasa lafiya 'yan madigo ko masu bisexual kuma kashi 92% sun ba da rahoton sha'awar ƙarin ilimi kan yadda za a samar da kiwon lafiya ga marasa lafiya na LGBTQ. [38]

Ciwon daji na mahaifa

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Rashin gwajin cutar kansar mahaifa yana ɗaya daga cikin abubuwan da suka fi bayyana kuma mafi haɗari ga mata 'yan madigo, masu bisexual, da kuma masu biquer wajen haifar da cutar kansar mahaifa a ƙarshen mataki. [39] Mata 'yan madigo, masu bisexual, da masu biquer ba su da damar samun gwajin da ya dace don cutar kansar mahaifa fiye da mata masu maza da mata, [40] wanda ke haifar da gano cutar kansar mahaifa daga baya.

Maganin hana haihuwa

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Mata 'yan madigo, masu bisexual, da kuma masu biquer suna buƙatar samun damar yin amfani da hanyoyin hana daukar ciki, duka don hana daukar ciki da kuma don fa'idodi daban-daban waɗanda ba sa ɗauke da maganin hana daukar ciki. [41] Kiyasi ya nuna cewa mata miliyan 3.8 'yan madigo, masu bisexual da kuma masu biquer na iya amfani da hanyoyin hana daukar ciki a Amurka. [42] Duk da haka, mata 'yan madigo, masu bisexual, da masu biquer ba sa amfani da hanyoyin hana daukar ciki, koda kuwa suna yin jima'i wanda zai iya haifar da ciki. [43] [44]

Zubar da ciki

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Mata 'yan madigo, masu bin maza biyu, masu luwaɗi, da kuma waɗanda suka yi kama da 'yan tsiraru suna neman kulawar zubar da ciki. Cibiyar Guttmacher ta kiyasta cewa kusan kashi 5% na marasa lafiya da ke zubar da ciki a Amurka suna bayyana kansu a matsayin 'yan madigo, masu bin maza biyu, ko kuma masu luwaɗi. [45] Nazarin da aka yi kan matakan zubar da ciki da kansu ya nuna cewa zubar da ciki ya zama ruwan dare a rayuwar mata 'yan luwaɗi. Matasa masu luwaɗi biyu sun fi iya dakatar da ciki fiye da takwarorinsu na maza biyu, wani bambanci da ke ci gaba har zuwa girma. [46] [47] A tsawon rayuwarsu, matan da ke nuna kansu a matsayin 'yan tsiraru sun fi fuskantar ciki da ba a so ko kuma sun daina daukar ciki fiye da mata masu jinsi ɗaya. [48]

Kula da lafiyar mata masu juna biyu ga 'yan madigo

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Kula da mata masu juna biyu 'yan madigo wani batu ne da ake yawan mantawa da shi a fannin kiwon lafiya. A cikin 'yan shekarun nan, ana samun karuwar bincike da bincike da aka gudanar domin masu kula da lafiya su sami kayan aiki mafi kyau don kula da wadannan marasa lafiya.

An gudanar da wani bincike game da abubuwan da suka faru na kula da lafiyar mata masu juna biyu 'yan madigo a shekarar 2009 a Sweden. Mahalarta binciken sun so masu kula da lafiyarsu su tabbatar kuma su gane iyayen biyu, ba kawai uwa ba. Sun kuma so masu kula da lafiyarsu su yi tambayoyi game da "salon rayuwarsu" don nuna bayyanannen ra'ayinsu game da jima'i. Yawancin matan da ke cikin binciken sun yi tsokaci cewa suna da kyawawan gogewa game da kiwon lafiya. Duk da haka, ilimin haihuwa ya fi mayar da hankali kan yanayin uwa da uba. Siffofin da aka yi amfani da su kuma sun fi mayar da hankali kan bambancin jinsi (duba Heterosexism ), suna ba da damar gane uwa da uba kawai. [49] Don yin la'akari da waɗannan bambance-bambancen, mai binciken, Singer, ta ƙirƙiri takarda game da yadda za a inganta kula da mata 'yan madigo a lokacin daukar ciki a Amurka. Ta gano cewa sha'awar jima'i ga majiyyaci na iya ɗaukar alƙawari, wani lokacin yana sanya majiyyaci cikin yanayin da za su iya ilmantar da mai ba da sabis. Don zama mai haɗaka, Singer ta ba da shawarar cewa masu kula da lafiya su ƙara haɗaka a cikin tattaunawarsu ta farko ta hanyar tambayar matar yadda ta yi ciki. Masu kula da lafiya, a cewar Singer, ya kamata, a cewar Singer, su yi amfani da harshe mai haɗaka wanda za a iya amfani da shi ga kowane nau'in marasa lafiya. Masu kula da lafiya ba su san nawa ne kudin kula da lafiyar haihuwa ga ma'aurata 'yan madigo ba, kuma ya kamata su fahimci wannan matsalar a fili ga marasa lafiyar 'yan madigo. [50] Masu bincike Pharris, Bucchio, Dotson, da Davidson sun kuma bayar da shawarwari kan yadda za a tallafa wa ma'aurata 'yan madigo a lokacin daukar ciki. Ya kamata masu koyar da haihuwa su guji ɗauka cewa iyaye maza da mata ne ko kuma ma'aurata marasa aure. Sun ba da shawarar yin amfani da harshe mai tsaka-tsaki lokacin da ake tattaunawa kan abubuwan da iyaye ke so. Fom, aikace-aikace, da sauran bayanai da aka rarraba ya kamata su haɗa da iyayen 'yan madigo. Sun ba da shawarar amfani da kalmomi kamar "uwa mara haihuwa, uwa ɗaya, uwa ɗaya, uwa ɗaya da uwa ta biyu". [51]

Baya ga ƙaruwar bincike ga mata masu juna biyu 'yan madigo, ungozoma da Doulas sun yi tasiri a tsakanin mata a cikin al'ummar 'yan luwaɗi don ƙoƙarinsu na inganta kula da ma'aurata masu juna biyu 'yan madigo, suna ilmantar da kansu ta hanyar horo musamman ga waɗannan mutane. An ɗauki ungozoma a matsayin masu ba da shawara masu taimako tare da sauran masu samar da kiwon lafiya da suka haɗu da su. [52] Ungozoma kuma sun tattauna ra'ayoyinsu. Röndahl, Bruhner, da Lindhe sun gudanar da wani bincike a shekarar 2009 game da abubuwan da suka faru a cikin mata masu juna biyu a Norway. Sun gano cewa ungozoma su ne ke da alhakin ƙirƙirar sarari don tattauna jima'i. Duk da haka, ungozoma a cikin binciken sun ji cewa ba su da isasshen kayan aikin sadarwa don ƙirƙirar wannan sararin. Bugu da ƙari, masu binciken sun gano cewa ana ganin ma'aurata 'yan madigo daban-daban idan aka kwatanta da ma'aurata madaidaiciya. Abokan hulɗa suna da jin daɗin ƙauna da abota. An kuma ga bambance-bambancen su lokacin da ake ƙoƙarin nemo matsayin uwayen 'yan madigo (uwaye marasa ilimin halitta), saboda harshe da tambayoyin da aka yi ba su dace da matsayinsu ba. A ƙarshe, masu binciken sun gano cewa akwai buƙatar a sami daidaito na yin tambayoyi da kuma yin tsayin daka. Ungozoma za su iya yin tambayoyi game da jima'i na marasa lafiya, amma yin tambayoyi da yawa yana haifar da rashin jin daɗi ga marasa lafiya. [53]

Ciwon nono

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

A wani bita na tsari da aka gudanar a shekarar 2013 a Burtaniya da Amurka, wanda ya duba bincike tara, ya gano cewa gaba daya babu wani bambanci mai mahimmanci a yawan kamuwa da cutar kansar mama a tsakanin mata 'yan madigo da maza masu bibiyar mata idan aka kwatanta da mata masu jinsi daya. [54]

Duk da haka, akwai kuma takardun manufofi daga Birtaniya da Gwamnatin Amurka waɗanda suka bayyana cewa akwai yiwuwar samun ƙaruwar cutar kansar mama a tsakanin mata 'yan madigo da masu luwaɗi duk da rashin isassun shaidu. A cikin wani rahoto na 2009 da ƙungiyar 'yan majalisa ta Burtaniya All Party Group on Cancer's Inquiry in Inequalities in Cancer, an bayyana cewa "Masu luwaɗi na iya samun ƙarin haɗarin kamuwa da cutar kansar mama".

Damuwa da damuwa

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Ana tsammanin damuwa da damuwa suna shafar 'yan madigo a mafi girma fiye da na sauran jama'a. Wani lokaci ana tattauna waɗannan batutuwan lafiyar kwakwalwa kamar suna da kamanceceniya a tsakanin mata daban-daban a cikin al'umma, kodayake matan 'yan madigo suna fuskantar wani nau'in baƙin ciki da damuwa na musamman saboda abubuwan da suka fuskanta a matsayin mata 'yan luwaɗi. Abubuwan da suka fuskanta na musamman ne saboda ba wai kawai suna fuskantar wahalhalun da ke tattare da gane mace a cikin al'umma ba, har ma suna jure wahalhalun da ke tattare da gane mace a matsayin 'yar madigo. Wannan na iya ƙara tsananta waɗannan damuwar lafiyar kwakwalwa tsakanin mata 'yan madigo, ganin cewa suna da shingaye da yawa da ake tilasta musu su shawo kansu idan aka ware su a cikin al'umma. [55]

Matsalar amfani da miyagun ƙwayoyi

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

'Yan madigo galibi suna da yawan shan ƙwayoyi, ciki har da magungunan nishaɗi, barasa da taba. Bincike ya nuna cewa mata 'yan madigo da masu luwaɗi suna da yuwuwar shan taba kashi 200% fiye da sauran mata. [4] Waɗannan yawan shan ƙwayoyi na iya zama hanyar magance matsalolin da ke tattare da su a rayuwarsu ta yau da kullun da kuma a fannin kiwon lafiya. [8]

Matsalolin da suka shafi jinsin maza

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Damuwa, damuwa, da kashe kai

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Maza 'yan luwaɗi sun fi fuskantar matsalolin lafiyar kwakwalwa fiye da sauran a cikin al'ummar LGBT. [56] Bincike ya nuna cewa baƙin ciki da damuwa suna shafar maza 'yan luwaɗi fiye da sauran jama'a. [57] [58]

Matsalolin lafiyar kwakwalwa na iya zama mafi bayyana a cikin mazan 'yan luwaɗi waɗanda ba su da isasshen tsarin tallafawa zamantakewa ko waɗanda ba su bayyana jima'i ga abokai ko dangi ba. Matasa da matasa na iya kasancewa cikin haɗarin kashe kansu musamman saboda waɗannan damuwar. Ayyukan kula da lafiyar kwakwalwa masu la'akari da al'ada waɗanda aka keɓe musamman ga mazan 'yan luwaɗi na iya zama mafi tasiri wajen rigakafi, gano da wuri, da kuma magance waɗannan yanayi. [57] Masu bincike a Jami'ar California da ke San Francisco sun gano cewa manyan abubuwan da ke haifar da baƙin ciki a cikin mazan 'yan luwaɗi da masu luwaɗi sun haɗa da gogewar da aka samu kwanan nan na tashin hankali ko barazanar hana 'yan luwaɗi, rashin bayyana kansu a matsayin 'yan luwaɗi, ko jin bare daga al'ummar 'yan luwaɗi. [58]

Sakamakon wani bincike da Stonewall Scotland ta gudanar a farkon shekarar 2012 ya nuna cewa kashi 3% na maza 'yan luwadi sun yi yunkurin kashe kansu a cikin shekarar da ta gabata. [59] Duk da ci gaba a fannin kare hakkin LGBT a duniya, maza 'yan luwadi suna ci gaba da fuskantar yawan kadaici da damuwa bayan sun fito fili. [60] Yawan kashe kai tsakanin maza a cikin dangantakar jinsi daya ya ragu sosai a Sweden da Denmark bayan halatta auren jinsi daya . Mai bincike Annette Erlangsen ta ba da shawarar cewa tare da sauran dokokin kare hakkin 'yan luwadi, auren jinsi daya na iya rage jin kyamar da ake nunawa a tsakanin wasu 'yan luwadi kuma damar yin aure na iya inganta yanayin lafiyar kwakwalwa a cikin wannan al'umma.

HIV/AIDS

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Maza da ke yin jima'i da maza sun fi saurin kamuwa da kwayar cutar HIV sau sittin a Yammacin Duniya ta zamani, Japan, [61] Indiya, [62] Taiwan, [63] [64] da sauran ƙasashe masu ci gaba fiye da na sauran jama'a a Amurka. [65] An kiyasta cewa kashi 62% na maza 'yan Amurka manya da matasa da ke zaune tare da HIV/AIDS sun kamu da cutar ta hanyar saduwa da wasu maza. [66] Ƙazanta da ke da alaƙa da HIV tana da alaƙa da rashin lafiyar jiki da ta hankali a cikin PLHIV (mutanen da ke zaune tare da HIV). Sunan farko da aka gabatar don abin da yanzu aka sani da "AIDS" shine ƙarancin garkuwar jiki da ke da alaƙa da 'yan luwaɗi, ko GRID . [67] An gabatar da wannan sunan a cikin 1982, bayan da masana kimiyyar lafiyar jama'a suka lura da tarin Kaposi's sarcoma da <i id="mwAgw">Pneumocystis</i> pneumonia tsakanin maza 'yan luwaɗi a California da birnin New York . [68] Wasu maza 'yan luwadi ba za a yi musu gwajin cutar HIV/AIDS ba saboda tsoron kin amincewa da jima'i, rashin sanin inda ko yadda za a yi musu gwajin, da kuma tsoron abokai/iyali su nisanta kansu bayan an gano cutar. [69] Duk da cewa adadin maza 'yan luwadi da ke kamuwa da cutar HIV ya fi na sauran al'ummomi yawa, yawancin bincike da bincike kan cutar HIV sun dogara ne kawai akan yawan 'yan luwadi maimakon manyan ƙungiyoyin zamantakewa. [70]

Rigakafin kamuwa da cutar HIV, ko "PrEP", magunguna ne da ake amfani da su wajen hana kamuwa da cutar HIV a cikin mutanen da ke cikin haɗarin kamuwa da cutar, kamar manya masu yin jima'i ko mutanen da ke yin allurar magunguna. [71] Sau da yawa, ana shan waɗannan magungunan ta baki a matsayin haɗin tenofovir da emtricitabine. [70] An nuna cewa PrEP yana da tasiri sosai, yana rage haɗarin kamuwa da cutar HIV ta hanyar jima'i har zuwa kashi 99% da kuma ta hanyar amfani da allurar magani da kashi 74% idan aka yi amfani da shi kamar yadda aka umarta. [72] Yana da tasiri musamman ga maza suna yin jima'i da maza. Duk da haka, wannan tasiri ya dogara ne akan bin ƙa'ida. A cewar wasu bincike, raguwar kashi 10% a bin ƙa'ida ya rage ingancin PrEP da kashi 13% [70] Waɗannan matsalolin bin ƙa'ida sun haifar da rashin bayanai kan ingancin PrEP ga mutanen da ke da jinsi ɗaya. Duk da cewa MSM tana cikin haɗarin kamuwa da cutar HIV, tallan irin waɗannan magungunan yana iyakance ilimin kan albarkatun lafiyar jima'i kuma yana ci gaba da nuna wariya ga gwajin HIV da rigakafinsa ga maza masu luwaɗi. Akwai kuma rashin bayanai kan sauran mutanen da ke cikin haɗarin kamuwa da cutar kamar masu aikin jima'i, mata masu canza jinsi (kashi 1% na mahalarta a wani bincike da aka gano a matsayin mata masu canza jinsi [70] ), da kuma ma'aurata masu bambancin jinsi (a cikin binciken da aka yi, akwai rashin bin ƙa'ida sosai [70] )

Sauran cututtukan da ake dauka ta hanyar jima'i (STIs)

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Cibiyar Kula da Cututtuka ta Amurka ta ba da shawarar a yi gwajin cutar syphilis, gonorrhea, HIV da chlamydia a kowace shekara ga mazan da ke yin jima'i da maza. [4]

Maza baƙaƙe 'yan luwaɗi suna da haɗarin kamuwa da cutar HIV da sauran cututtukan da suka shafi jima'i fiye da maza fararen 'yan luwaɗi. [73] Duk da haka, adadin da aka ruwaito na yin jima'i ta dubura ba tare da kariya ba ya yi kama da na mazan da ke yin jima'i da maza (MSM) na wasu ƙabilu. [74]

Maza da ke yin jima'i da maza suna cikin haɗarin kamuwa da cutar hepatitis, kuma ana ba da shawarar yin allurar rigakafin hepatitis A da hepatitis B ga duk mazan da ke yin jima'i da maza. Jima'i mai aminci a halin yanzu shine kawai hanyar rigakafi ga hepatitis C. [57]

Kwayar cutar papilloma ta ɗan adam, wadda ke haifar da kurajen dubura da al'aura, tana taka rawa wajen ƙaruwar yawan kamuwa da cutar kansar dubura a cikin maza masu luwaɗi, kuma wasu ƙwararrun masana kiwon lafiya yanzu suna ba da shawarar a yi gwajin dubura akai-akai don gano cutar kansar da wuri. [57] Maza suna da yawan kamuwa da cutar HPV ta baki fiye da mata. Cutar HPV ta baki tana da alaƙa da cutar kansar oropharyngeal mai kama da HPV . [ <span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2024)">ana buƙatar ambato</span> ]

Matsalolin cin abinci da kuma yanayin jiki

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Kalmar "siffar jiki" tana nufin yadda mutum yake fahimtar kamanninsa na zahiri, wanda a ƙarshe zai iya shafar yadda yake ji. [75] Matsalolin siffar jiki galibi suna tasowa a cikin shekarun ƙuruciyar mutum, lokacin da sanin kansa ya shiga cikin jiki kuma sanin kansa yana ƙaruwa. [75] Iyaye ne ke koyar da waɗannan ra'ayoyin, kuma ana iya rinjayar su da kyau ko mara kyau bisa ga hulɗar iyaye da salo. [75] Bincike ya gano cewa mata galibi suna fuskantar mummunan tunanin siffar jiki, amma duka jinsi suna da tasiri sosai a lokacin balaga tare da mummunan tunani game da nauyi da kwatanta kansu da takwarorinsu. [75] Nau'in jinsi na maza da mata na gargajiya suna ci gaba da tantance ma'aunin mace da namiji a cikin al'ummar yau.

Mummunan hoton jiki na iya haifar da ci gaban matsalolin cin abinci, gami da ƙuntatawa ko kuma waɗanda suka dogara da yawan cin abinci. Ciwon cin abinci mai yawa shine matsalar cin abinci da aka fi samu a Amurka kuma ya haifar da hauhawar yawan kiba . [76] Ciwon cin abinci mai yawa ana samunsa a cikin mata idan aka kwatanta da maza, musamman waɗanda ke da kiba, waɗanda aka ayyana a matsayin ma'aunin nauyin jiki (BMI) wanda aka rubuta sama da 30. [76] [77] Ana auna BMI ta hanyar yin rikodin tsayi da nauyin mutum, da kuma kwatanta su da lafiyar jama'a gaba ɗaya. [77] Mutanen da ke canza jinsi suna yawan yin rikodin matakan kiba mafi girma da kuma yin kiba fiye da mutanen da ke da jinsi saboda amfani da maye gurbin hormone da dakatar da hanyoyin magance kiba wanda zai iya shafar ƙaruwar nauyi. [77] Ciwon ya ƙunshi nau'ikan sharuɗɗa da dama da dole ne mutum ya faɗi ƙarƙashinsu don a gano shi da wannan yanayin, kamar: cin abinci fiye da yadda wasu ke ci a cikin yanayi ɗaya, cin abinci a takamaiman lokaci, jin ƙyamar kai bayan cin abinci, cin abinci mai yawa lokacin da ba ya jin yunwa, ko jin rashin iko game da abinci ko yanayi da abinci ya samo asali. [76] Mutanen da aka gano kuma aka yi musu lakabi da masu kiba galibi suna fuskantar cin zarafi a wuraren kiwon lafiya kuma suna da yawan damuwa da damuwa, kuma idan suna da yanayin jima'i daban, hakan na iya ƙara ta'azzara lamarin. [77]

An yi rikodin cewa yanayin jima'i yana da hannu wajen tantance kiba a fannin likitanci da kuma yiwuwar a gano ta a matsayin kiba. Matan da ke bayyana kansu a matsayin 'yan madigo ko masu bisexual suna da matsayi mafi girma da kuma haɗarin zama masu kiba/kiba fiye da mata madaidaiciya. [78] Kabila da ƙabila suma suna taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen tantance kiba bisa ga BMI, inda mata masu launin fata da waɗanda ba su da jinsi mai yawa, waɗanda suka bambanta da maza masu bisexual, suna cikin haɗarin kamuwa da kiba. [79] Maza masu luwaɗi sun fi maza madaidaiciya yuwuwar kamuwa da matsalolin cin abinci kamar bulimia ko anorexia nervosa . [80] Har yanzu ba a fahimci dalilin wannan alaƙar ba, amma ana hasashen cewa tana da alaƙa da manufofin siffar jiki da ke yaɗuwa a cikin al'ummar LGBT. [81] Kiba, a gefe guda, tana shafar maza 'yan luwaɗi da masu bisexual kaɗan fiye da maza madaidaiciya.

Amfani da abu

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David McDowell na Jami'ar Columbia, wanda ya yi nazarin shan miyagun ƙwayoyi ga maza 'yan luwaɗi, ya rubuta cewa shan ƙwayoyi a kulob yana da matuƙar shahara a mashaya da wuraren shaƙatawa na 'yan luwaɗi. Bincike ya gano sakamako daban-daban kan yawan shan taba a tsakanin maza 'yan luwaɗi da maza masu luwaɗi idan aka kwatanta da maza masu luwaɗi, inda wani bincike ya gano cewa kashi 50% na maza marasa rinjaye masu jima'i sun fi yawa, [4] wani kuma bai gamu da wani bambanci ba a tsakanin yanayin jima'i. [82]

Matsalolin da ke shafar mutane masu bisexual

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Yawanci, ba a yin nazarin mutanen da ke da alaƙa da maza da mata da kuma lafiyarsu ba tare da la'akari da 'yan madigo da 'yan luwaɗi ba. Don haka, akwai ƙarancin bincike kan batutuwan lafiya da ke shafar mutanen da ke da alaƙa da maza da mata. Yana da mahimmanci a yi la'akari da cewa yawancin mutanen da ke da alaƙa da maza da mata suna da daidaito da lafiya, duk da cewa suna da mafi yawan matsalolin lafiya fiye da mutanen da ke da alaƙa da maza da mata. [83]

Siffar jiki da matsalolin cin abinci

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Mutane masu zaman kansu gabaɗaya suna da yuwuwar kamuwa da matsalar cin abinci ko kuma nuna halaye masu alaƙa da matsalar cin abinci. [84] Akwai yawan kamuwa da cututtukan da ke shafar jinsi tsakanin mutane masu zaman kansu idan aka kwatanta da mutanen da ke da alaƙa da jinsi ɗaya. [84] Ga maza masu zaman kansu, kwatanta zamantakewa, sha'awar tsoka, da shiga cikin al'umma tsakanin maza masu zaman kansu duk suna haifar da ƙarin alamun a tsakanin wannan rukunin. Mata masu zaman kansu sun nuna irin wannan abin ƙarfafawa, ban da sha'awar tsoka. [84] Mata masu zaman kansu sun ninka yiwuwar kamuwa da matsalar cin abinci sau biyu fiye da 'yan madigo, kuma, idan sun kasance masu zaman kansu a fili, za su ninka yiwuwar kamuwa da matsalar cin abinci sau biyu fiye da mata masu zaman kansu. [85]

Lafiyar kwakwalwa da kashe kansa

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Mata masu jinsi biyu sun fi son kashe kansu, matsalolin lafiyar kwakwalwa da kuma magance matsalar lafiyar kwakwalwa fiye da maza masu jinsi biyu. [86] A wani bincike da Stonewall Scotland ta gudanar, kashi 7% na maza masu jinsi biyu sun yi yunkurin kashe kansu a shekarar da ta gabata. [59] Mata masu jinsi biyu sun fi mata masu jinsi biyu saurin kai rahoton tunanin kashe kansu idan sun bayyana sha'awarsu ta jima'i ga yawancin mutane a rayuwarsu; waɗanda ba a bayyana su ba sun fi sau uku saurin kai harin. [85] Mutane masu jinsi biyu suna da yawan tunanin kashe kansu da yunƙurinsu fiye da maza masu jinsi biyu, kuma sun fi halayen cutar da kansu fiye da maza masu jinsi biyu da 'yan madigo. [87] Wani bincike da aka gudanar a shekarar 2011 ya gano cewa kashi 44% na ɗaliban makarantar sakandare da sakandare masu jinsi biyu sun yi tunanin kashe kansu a cikin watan da ya gabata. [88]

Amfani da abu

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Matasa mata da ke bayar da rahoton alaƙa da abokan zama na jinsi ɗaya da na wasu jinsi suna da yawan shan barasa mai haɗari da kuma matsalolin shan ƙwayoyi. [89] Wannan ya haɗa da yawan shan wiwi da sauran shan miyagun ƙwayoyi ba bisa ƙa'ida ba. [90] [91] [92] Mata masu ɗabi'a da kuma waɗanda suka san kansu suna da yuwuwar shan sigari kuma sun kasance masu shan ƙwayoyi tun suna ƙanana fiye da mata masu ɗabi'a. [93]

Ciwon daji

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Mata masu jinsi biyu sun fi fuskantar barazanar kamuwa da cutar nono, kiba da kiba, suna da yawan shan taba da shan barasa fiye da mata masu jinsi biyu, duk waɗannan abubuwan haɗari ne ga ciwon nono. [94] Maza masu jinsi biyu da ke yin jima'i ta dubura suna cikin haɗarin kamuwa da cutar kansar dubura da cutar papillomavirus ta ɗan adam (HPV) ke haifarwa. [95]

HIV/AIDS da lafiyar jima'i

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Yawancin bincike kan cutar HIV/AIDS sun fi mayar da hankali kan maza masu luwaɗi da maza masu luwaɗi fiye da mata masu luwaɗi da mata masu luwaɗi. Shaidar da ke nuna halayen jima'i masu haɗari a cikin maza masu luwaɗi sun kasance masu karo da juna. Maza masu luwaɗi da maza masu luwaɗi galibi suna amfani da kwaroron roba a daidai gwargwado kamar maza masu luwaɗi. [96] Maza masu luwaɗi da maza da mata ba su da yuwuwar kamuwa da cutar HIV ko yin jima'i ta dubura ba tare da kariya ba, amma sun fi yiwuwa maza masu luwaɗi su kamu da cutar HIV fiye da maza masu luwaɗi. [97] Duk da cewa babu tabbacin kamuwa da cutar HIV da aka yada daga mace zuwa mace, matan da suka yi jima'i da maza da mata suna da yawan kamuwa da cutar HIV fiye da mata masu luwaɗi ko mata masu luwaɗi.

Manazarta

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
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  90. ↑ Eisenberg M. E.; Wechsler H. (2003). "Substance use behaviors among college students with same-sex and opposite-sex experience: Results from a national study". Addictive Behaviors. 28 (5): 1913–1923. doi:10.1016/s0306-4603(01)00286-6. PMID 12788264.
  91. ↑ Ford J. A.; Jasinski J. L. (2006). "Sexual orientation and substance use among college students". Addictive Behaviors. 31 (3): 404–413. doi:10.1016/j.addbeh.2005.05.019. PMID 15970397.
  92. ↑ Russell S. T.; Driscoll A. K.; Truong N. (2002). "Adolescent same-sex romantic attractions and relationships: Implications for substance use and abuse". American Journal of Public Health. 92 (2): 198–202. doi:10.2105/ajph.92.2.198. PMC 1447042. PMID 11818291.
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  96. ↑ Jeffries, William L.; Dodge, Brian (July 2007). "Male bisexuality and condom use at last sexual encounter: Results from a national Survey". Journal of Sex Research. 44 (3): 278–289. doi:10.1080/00224490701443973. PMID 17879171. S2CID 44962530.
  97. ↑ Zule W. A.; Bobashev G. V.; Wechsberg W. M.; Costenbader E. C.; Coomes C. M. (2009). "Behaviorally bisexual men and their risk behaviors with men and women". Journal of Urban Health. 86 (Suppl 1): 48–62. doi:10.1007/s11524-009-9366-3. PMC 2705485. PMID 19513854.
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