Lalacewar canjin yanayi
 Lalacewar canjin yanayi | |
|---|---|
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| Bayanai | |
| Ƙaramin ɓangare na |
vulnerability (en)  da urban resilience (en) |
| Bangare na | Daidaituwar canjin yanayi |
| Fuskar |
vulnerability (en) , urban heat resilience (en) , ecosystem (en) da human health (en) |
| Has cause (en) |
Guguwar zafi, heavy rain (en) da flood (en) |
| Has characteristic (en) | ikonomi da labarin ƙasa |
Rashin lahanin canjin yanayi ra'ayi ne da ke bayyana yadda sauyin yanayi zai iya shafar mutane ko yanayin muhalli. Ma'anarta na yau da kullun ita ce "ƙaddamarwa ko tsinkayar da za a iya cutar da ita" ta canjin yanayi. Yana iya aiki ga mutane da kuma tsarin halitta (ko yanayin muhalli)[1]: 12 Batutuwa da suka shafi iya jurewa da daidaitawa suma wani bangare ne na wannan ra'ayi: 5 Rauni wani bangare ne na hadarin yanayi. Ya bambanta tsakanin al'ummomi da kuma a cikin al'ummomi, yankuna, da ƙasashe. Yana iya karuwa ko raguwa cikin lokaci: 12 Rashin rauni gaba daya babbar matsala ce ga mutanen da ke cikin kasashe masu karamin karfi fiye da wadanda ke cikin kasashe masu tasowa.
Za a sami mafi girma na rashin ƙarfi a yankunan da ke da yawan jama'a, musamman waɗanda talauci, rashin shugabanci ko rikici ya shafa. Har ila yau, wasu abubuwan rayuwa sun fi kula da tasirin sauyin yanayi fiye da wasu. Ƙananan manoma, makiyaya, da masu kamun kifi sune sana'o'in da za su iya zama masu rauni musamman.
Akwai ra'ayoyi daban-daban na abin da ake nufi da zama mai rauni. Bambanci mai mahimmanci shine tsakanin rashin lafiyar halitta da zamantakewa. Rashin lahani na halittu game da tasirin hadurran yanayi kamar raƙuman zafi, ambaliya ta bakin teku ko cyclones na wurare masu zafi. Rashin raunin zamantakewa, a daya bangaren, yana game da tushen siyasa, hukumomi, tattalin arziki da zamantakewa a cikin al'ummomi. Wadannan abubuwan suna da mahimmanci ga yadda kuma dalilin da yasa mutane ke shafa, kuma suna sanya wasu mutane da wurare cikin haɗari fiye da wasu. Mutanen da suka fi rauni sun haɗa da misali mutane masu ƙarancin kuɗi, ƴan asalin ƙasar, mata, yara, tsofaffi.
Kayan aiki don kimanta raunin rauni sun bambanta dangane da sashi, ma'auni da mahalli ko tsarin da ake tunanin yana da rauni. Misali, Littafin Tushen Rauni jagora ne don ingantaccen ilimin kimiyya da ilimin kimiyya akan kimanta raunin rauni.[2] Taswirar raunin yanayi yana taimakawa wajen fahimtar yankunan da suka fi rauni. Taswirori kuma na iya taimakawa wajen isar da raunin yanayi ga masu ruwa da tsaki. Yana da amfani don aiwatar da kimanta rashin ƙarfi a gaba na shirya tsare-tsaren daidaita yanayin yanayi ko tsare-tsaren kula da haɗari. Ƙididdiga masu rauni na duniya suna amfani da taswirar sararin samaniya tare da tara bayanai don matakin yanki ko na ƙasa[3]: 1195-1199
Ma'anarsa
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]An bayyana raunin canjin yanayi a matsayin "ƙaddara ko tsinkayar da za a yi wa illa" ta canjin yanayi. Yana iya shafan mutane amma kuma ga tsarin halitta (ecosystems), kuma duka biyun sun dogara da juna. Rashin lahani zai kasance mafi girma idan ƙarfin jurewa da daidaitawa ya yi ƙasa: 5
Rashin lahani na yanayi na iya haɗawa da ma'anoni daban-daban, yanayi, da mahallin binciken canjin yanayi. Ya kasance babban ra'ayi a cikin binciken ilimi da kimantawar IPCC tun 2001.
An bayyana manufar a cikin rahoton IPCC na uku (2001) a matsayin "matakin da tsarin ke da saukin kamuwa da shi, kuma ba zai iya jurewa ba, illar illar sauyin yanayi, gami da sauyin yanayi da matsananciyar yanayi": 89 : 995
Nazarin farko sun mayar da hankali kan raunin yanayin halitta ga sauyin yanayi: 133 Wato illar hadurran yanayi na zahiri kamar yanayin zafi ko ruwan sama mai yawa. Wannan jagorar bincike an tsara shi ta hanyar bincike na hatsarori na farko kuma ya jaddada canje-canjen jiki da kwararar kuzari a cikin shimfidar wuri. Yana da nufin ƙididdigewa da auna tasirin abin da ya faru a kan muhalli da kuma kan mutane. Tun da (biophysical) raunin raunin da aka fassara anan a matsayin mummunan sakamakon sauyin yanayi a kan mutane ko wurare, wani lokaci kuma ana kiransa 'rauni na sakamako'.[4]
Wani tsari na daban yana mai da hankali kan yanayin zamantakewa na rauni wanda ya saita yanayin da sauyin yanayi ke faruwa. Waɗannan matakan sun haɗa da tsarin siyasa, hukumomi, tattalin arziki da zamantakewa waɗanda ke hulɗa tare da sauyin yanayi na zahiri. Misali, keɓantawar ruwa na iya shafar iyawar mutane don magance fari. Wannan jagorar bincike an tsara shi ta hanyar binciken tsaro na ɗan adam kuma suna mai da hankali kan yanayin da ake ciki yanzu ko 'makon farawa' don hanyoyin zamantakewa da na rayuwa. Wani lokaci kuma ana kiran su da hanyoyin 'rauni na yanayi'. Bincike a wannan yanki yana mai da hankali kan nazarin abubuwan da ke sanya mutane da wurare cikin haɗari da kuma rage ƙarfin amsawa.[5]
Manazarta
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]- ↑ H.-O. Pörtner; D.C. Roberts; E.S. Poloczanska; K. Mintenbeck; M. Tignor; A. Alegría; M. Craig; S. Langsdorf; S. Löschke; V. Möller; A. Okem, eds. (2022). "Summary for Policymakers" (PDF). IPCC. Archived 2023-01-22 at the Wayback Machine. In: Climate Change 2022: Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability. Contribution of Working Group II to the Sixth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change Archived 2022-03-18 at the Wayback Machine [H.-O. Pörtner, D.C. Roberts, M. Tignor, E.S. Poloczanska, K. Mintenbeck, A. Alegría, M. Craig, S. Langsdorf, S. Löschke, V. Möller, A. Okem, B. Rama (eds.)]. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK and New York, NY, USA, pp. 3–33, doi:10.1017/9781009325844.001
- ↑ Fritzsche, K.; Schneiderbauer, S.; Buseck, P.; Kienberger, S.; Buth, M.; Zebisch, M.; Kahlenborn, W. (2017). "The Vulnerability Sourcebook". Deutsche Gesellschaft für Internationale Zusammenarbeit (GIZ) GmbH. Archived 2023-05-18 at the Wayback Machine
- ↑ Birkmann, J., E. Liwenga, R. Pandey, E. Boyd, R. Djalante, F. Gemenne, W. Leal Filho, P.F. Pinho, L. Stringer, and D. Wrathall, 2022: Poverty, Livelihoods and Sustainable Development Archived 2023-03-14 at the Wayback Machine. In: Climate Change 2022: Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability. Contribution of Working Group II to the Sixth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change Archived 2022-02-28 at the Wayback Machine [H.-O. Pörtner, D.C. Roberts, M. Tignor, E.S. Poloczanska, K. Mintenbeck, A. Alegría, M. Craig, S. Langsdorf, S. Löschke, V. Möller, A. Okem, B. Rama (eds.)]. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK and New York, NY, USA, pp. 1171–1274, doi:10.1017/9781009325844.010
- ↑ O'Brien, Karen; Eriksen, Siri; Nygaard, Lynn P.; Schjolden, ANE (2007). "Why different interpretations of vulnerability matter in climate change discourses". Climate Policy. 7 (1): 73–88. Bibcode:2007CliPo...7...73O. doi:10.1080/14693062.2007.9685639
- ↑ IPCC, 2014: Annex II: Glossary [Agard, J., E.L.F. Schipper, J. Birkmann, M. Campos, C. Dubeux, Y. Nojiri, L. Olsson, B. Osman-Elasha, M. Pelling, M.J. Prather, M.G. Rivera-Ferre, O.C. Ruppel, A. Sallenger, K.R. Smith, A.L. St. Clair, K.J. Mach, M.D. Mastrandrea, and T.E. Bilir (eds.)]. In: Climate Change 2014: Impacts, Adaptation, and Vulnerability. Part B: Regional Aspects. Contribution of Working Group II to the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change [Barros, V.R., C.B. Field, D.J. Dokken, M.D. Mastrandrea, K.J. Mach, T.E. Bilir, M. Chatterjee, K.L. Ebi, Y.O. Estrada, R.C. Genova, B. Girma, E.S. Kissel, A.N. Levy, S. MacCracken, P.R. Mastrandrea, and L.L. White (eds.)]. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, United Kingdom and New York, NY, USA, pp. 1757-1776