Lavon Affair

Lavon Affair
Abin kunya
Bayanai
Suna saboda	Pinchas Lavon (en)
Kwanan wata	1954

Lamarin Lavon wani aiki ne na ɓoye da Isra'ila ta yi, wanda aka yi wa laƙabi da Operation Susannah, wanda aka gudanar a Masar a lokacin bazara na 1954. A matsayin wani ɓangare na wani aikin ƙarya na tutar an ɗauki wasu gungun Yahudawan Masar daga jami'an leƙen asiri na soja na Isra'ila don su dasa bama-bamai a cikin wuraren farar hula mallakar Masar, Amurka, da Birtaniya: gidajen sinima, ɗakunan karatu, da cibiyoyin ilimi na Amurka. An tsara lokacin fashewar bama-baman awanni da yawa bayan lokacin rufewa. Za a ɗora alhakin hare-haren kan ' Yan'uwa Musulmi, ' yan gurguzu na Masar, "masu ɓarna da ba a fayyace ba", ko "masu kishin ƙasa" da nufin ƙirƙirar yanayi mai isassun tashin hankali da rashin zaman lafiya don sa gwamnatin Burtaniya ta ci gaba da riƙe sojojinta a yankin Suez Canal na Masar. Aikin bai haifar da asarar rayuka a tsakanin jama'a ba, amma ya haifar da mutuwar jami'ai huɗu. An yi zargin cewa mai kula da aikin ya sanar da Masarawa, bayan haka aka kama mutane 11 da ake zargi da aikata laifuka. Biyu sun mutu ta hanyar kashe kansu bayan an kama su, biyu daga cikinsu hukumomin Masar ne suka kashe, biyu daga cikinsu an wanke su a shari'ar, sauran biyar kuma an yanke musu hukuncin ɗaurin shekaru 7 zuwa ɗaurin rai da rai.

A ƙarshe an san wannan aikin da "lamarin Lavon" bayan ministan tsaron Isra'ila Pinhas Lavon, wanda aka tilasta masa yin murabus sakamakon lamarin. Kafin murabus Lavon, an yi amfani da kalmar " Lamarin Rashin Nasara " ko " Mummunan Kasuwanci a Isra'ila Hebrew, HaEsek HaBish ). Isra'ila ta musanta duk wani hannu a lamarin har zuwa shekarar 2005, lokacin da shugaban Isra'ila Moshe Katsav ya ba wa wakilan da suka tsira takardar shaidar godiya.

Operation Susannah

A farkon shekarun 1950, Amurka ta fara wani tsari na goyon bayan ƙabilanci a Masar ; wannan manufar sau da yawa ta saba wa manufar Birtaniya ta ci gaba da riƙe ikon yankinta. Isra'ila ta ji tsoron cewa manufar Amurka, wadda ta ƙarfafa Birtaniya ta janye sojojinta daga mashigin ruwa na Suez, za ta ƙarfafa burin shugaban Masar Gamal Abdel Nasser game da Isra'ila. Da farko Isra'ila ta yi ƙoƙarin yin tasiri ga wannan manufar ta hanyar diflomasiyya, amma ta gaji.

A lokacin bazara na shekarar 1954, Kanar Binyamin Gibli, babban jami'in leƙen asiri na sojojin Isra'ila, Aman, ya ƙaddamar da 'Operation Susannah' domin mayar da martani ga wannan shawarar. Manufar wannan aiki ita ce a kai hare-haren bama-bamai da sauran ayyukan ɓarna a Masar, da nufin samar da yanayi inda masu adawa da ficewar Birtaniya daga Masar za su iya samun nasara a kan 'yan Birtaniya da Amurka.

A cewar masanin tarihi Shabtai Teveth, wanda ya rubuta ɗaya daga cikin cikakkun bayanai, aikin shine "Rage amincewar Yammacin Turai ga gwamnatin Masar ta yanzu ta hanyar haifar da rashin tsaro da ayyukan da za su haifar da kamawa, zanga-zanga, da ayyukan ɗaukar fansa, tare da ɓoye abin da Isra'ila ta aikata gaba ɗaya. Saboda haka, an yi kira ga ƙungiyar da ta guji gano su, don kada zargi ya faɗa kan 'Yan'uwa Musulmi, Kwaminisanci, 'masu ɓarna da ba a fayyace ba' ko 'masu kishin ƙasa na gida'."

Ƙwayar sirri

Babban rukunin sirrin da za a yi aikin, Sashe na 131, ya wanzu tun 1948 kuma a ƙarƙashin Aman tun 1950. A lokacin Operation Susannah, Sashe na 131 ya kasance batun takaddama mai zafi tsakanin Aman (leken asiri na soja) da Mossad (hukumar leken asiri ta ƙasa) kan wanda ya kamata ya kula da shi.

An ɗauki ma'aikatan sashin 131 shekaru da suka gabata, lokacin da jami'in leƙen asiri na Isra'ila Avraham Dar ya isa birnin Alƙahira a ƙarƙashin wani ɗan ƙasar Birtaniya daga Gibraltar mai suna John Darling. Ya ɗauki wasu Yahudawa 'yan ƙasar Masar, waɗanda aka sani da sayar da su ( Hebrew ), wanda a baya ya kasance mai himma wajen taimaka wa Yahudawa su gudu zuwa Isra'ila, ayyukan da Masar ta ɗauka haramun ne, kuma ya horar da su don ayyukan ɓoye .

An fara aiki

Aman ta yanke shawarar kunna hanyar sadarwa a lokacin bazara na shekarar 1954. A ranar 2 ga Yuli, ƙungiyar ta tayar da bama-bamai a ofishin gidan waya da ke Alexandria, kuma a ranar 14 ga Yuli, ta jefa bama-bamai a ɗakin karatu na Hukumar Ba da Labarai ta Amurka da ke Alexandria da Alkahira, da kuma wani gidan wasan kwaikwayo mallakar Birtaniya. An saka bama-baman da aka yi da hannu, waɗanda suka ƙunshi jakunkuna masu ɗauke da acid da aka sanya a kan nitroglycerine, a cikin littattafai aka sanya su a kan ɗakunan karatu kafin lokacin rufewa. Bayan sa'o'i da yawa, yayin da acid ɗin ya ratsa cikin jakunkunan, bama-baman za su fashe. Ba su yi barna sosai ga wuraren da aka nufa ba kuma ba su haifar da rauni ko mutuwa ba.

Shari'o'i da gidan yari

Shari'ar Masar ta fara ne a ranar 11 ga Disamba kuma ta ci gaba har zuwa 27 ga Janairu 1955; biyu daga cikin wadanda ake tuhuma ( Moshe Marzouk da Shmuel Azar ) an yanke masa hukuncin kisa ta hanyar ratayewa, an wanke biyu daga cikinsu, sauran kuma an yanke musu hukuncin ɗaurin shekaru 7 zuwa ɗaurin rai da rai.

A shekarar 1954, a madadin Winston Churchill da kuma Majalisar Yahudawa ta Duniya, Maurice Orbach ya je Alkahira don ya yi sulhu da rayukan waɗanda aka yanke wa hukuncin kisa. Daga baya, ya ce shugaban ƙasar Masar, Nasser, ya amince ya ceci rayukansu amma daga baya ya ƙi amincewa da hakan, yana daidaita mutuwarsu da ta 'yan ƙungiyar 'Yan'uwa Musulmi .

An soki shari'ar a Isra'ila a matsayin shari'ar nuna rashin amincewa, kodayake tsauraran takunkumin da sojojin Isra'ila suka yi wa manema labarai a lokacin yana nufin cewa an bar jama'ar Isra'ila cikin duhu game da gaskiyar lamarin, kuma a zahiri an sa su yi imani da cewa waɗanda ake tuhuma ba su da laifi.

Shugaban ƙasar Ιsraeli Zalman Shazar ya gana da jami'an da aka saki a shekarar 1968, waɗanda suka haɗa da (daga dama zuwa hagu): Robert Dessa, Philip Nathanson, da Marcelle Ninio .

Bayan sun yi zaman gidan yari na tsawon shekaru bakwai, an saki biyu daga cikin jami'an da aka daure (Meir Meyuhas da Meir Za'afran) a shekarar 1962. Sauran an sake su a watan Fabrairun 1968, ciki har da Marcelle Ninio, a cikin wani ƙarin bayani na sirri game da musayar fursunonin yaƙi.

Ba da daɗewa ba bayan wannan lamari, shugaban Mossad, Isser Harel, ya bayyana wa Aman shakku game da amincin Avri Elad. Duk da damuwarsa, Aman ya ci gaba da amfani da Elad don ayyukan leƙen asiri har zuwa 1956, lokacin da aka kama shi yana ƙoƙarin sayar da takardun Isra'ila ga Masarawa. An yi wa Elad shari'a a Isra'ila kuma aka yanke masa hukuncin ɗaurin shekaru 10 a gidan yari. A lokacin da yake tsare a gidan yarin Ayalon, kafofin watsa labarai sun iya kiransa da "Mutum na Uku" ko "X" ne kawai saboda takunkumin gwamnati. A shekarar 1976, yayin da yake zaune a Los Angeles, Elad ya bayyana kansa a bainar jama'a a matsayin "Mutum na Uku" daga Lavon Affair. A shekarar 1980, Harel ya bayyana shaidar da ke nuna cewa Masarawa sun juya Elad tun kafin Operation Susannah.

Bayan siyasa

Musun da kuma bincike na farko

A wata ganawa da Firayim Minista Moshe Sharett, ministan tsaro Pinhas Lavon ya musanta cewa yana da masaniya game da wannan aiki. Lokacin da shugaban leken asiri Gibli ya musanta Lavon, Sharett ya umarci kwamitin bincike wanda ya kunshi Alkali Isaac Olshan na Kotun Koli ta Isra'ila da kuma babban hafsan hafsoshin rundunar tsaron Isra'ila, Yaakov Dori, wanda bai sami wata shaida mai gamsarwa ba cewa Lavon ne ya ba da izinin wannan aiki. Lavon ya yi kokarin dora alhakin kan Shimon Peres, wanda shi ne babban sakataren ma'aikatar tsaro, da kuma Gibli saboda rashin biyayya da sakaci a cikin ayyukan ta'addanci .

Sharett ya warware matsalar ta hanyar goyon bayan Peres (wanda, tare da Moshe Dayan, suka bayar da shaida a kan Lavon), bayan haka Lavon ya yi murabus a ranar 17 ga Fabrairu, 1955. Tsohon firayim minista David Ben-Gurion ya maye gurbin Lavon a matsayin ministan tsaro. A ranar 3 ga Nuwamba, 1955, Sharett (wanda bai san game da wannan aiki ba tukuna, kuma saboda haka ya musanta cewa Isra'ila ce ta shiga) ya yi murabus a matsayin Firayim Minista kuma Ben-Gurion ya maye gurbinsa.

Bayyanai da bincike daga baya

A watan Afrilun 1960, wani bita na mintuna daga binciken ya gano rashin daidaito da kuma wataƙila takardar zamba a cikin shaidar Gibli ta asali wadda ta yi kama da ta goyi bayan labarin Lavon game da abubuwan da suka faru. A wannan lokacin ya bayyana cewa Elad (wakilin Isra'ila da ke gudanar da Operation Susannah a Masar) ya yi rantsuwar ƙarya a lokacin binciken farko. An kuma zargi Elad da cin amanar ƙungiyar ga hukumomin Masar, kodayake ba a taɓa tabbatar da tuhumar ba. Daga ƙarshe an yanke masa hukuncin ɗaurin shekaru 10 a gidan yari saboda ƙoƙarin sayar da takardun Isra'ila ga Masarawa a cikin wani lamari da ba shi da alaƙa. Ben-Gurion ya shirya zaman sauraren ƙararraki tare da sabon kwamitin bincike wanda Haim Cohn, alkalin Kotun Ƙoli ke jagoranta.

Wannan binciken ya gano cewa an yi rantsuwar ƙarya, kuma Lavon bai ba da izinin aikin ba. Sharett da Levi Eshkol sun yi ƙoƙarin fitar da wata sanarwa da za ta kwantar da hankalin Lavon da waɗanda suka yi adawa da shi. Ben-Gurion ya ƙi amincewa da sulhun, kuma ya ɗauki hakan a matsayin wani abu da zai raba kan jam'iyyar Mapai .

Wani kwamitin bincike ya ɗauki matakin kuma ya goyi bayan binciken Cohn. Daga nan Ben-Gurion ya yi murabus daga mukaminsa na ministan tsaro. Wannan ya haifar da korar Lavon daga ƙungiyar ma'aikata ta Histadrut da kuma kiran da aka yi na fara zaɓe, wanda sakamakonsa ya canza tsarin siyasa a Isra'ila. An ɓoye takamaiman ayyukan Operation Susannah ga jama'ar Isra'ila a lokacin rikicin siyasa.