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Lei Feng

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Lei Feng
Rayuwa
Haihuwa Wangcheng District (en) Fassara, 18 Disamba 1940
ƙasa Sin
Mutuwa Anshan (en) Fassara, 15 ga Augusta, 1962
Yanayin mutuwa accidental death (en) Fassara (traffic collision (en) Fassara)
Karatu
Harsuna Standard Chinese (en) Fassara
Sana'a
Sana'a soja da Soja
Digiri sergeant (en) Fassara
Imani
Jam'iyar siyasa Chinese Communist Party (en) Fassara

Tecun Uman [1] (1500? - Fabrairu 20, 1524) ya kasance ɗaya daga cikin sarakunan ƙarshe na mutanen K'iche'Maya, a cikin tsaunukan da ake kira Guatemala . Bisa kididdigar tarihin Kaqchikel, dan kasar Spain mai ci Pedro de Alvarado ya kashe shi a lokacin da yake fafatawa da Sipaniya da kawayensu a kan hanyar Quetzaltenango a ranar 12 ga Fabrairun 1524. An ayyana Tecun Uman a matsayin gwarzon kasa na Guatemala a ranar 22 ga Maris, 1960, kuma ana bikin tunawa da ranar 20 ga Fabrairu, bikin tunawa da mutuwarsa. Tecun Uman ya zaburar da ayyuka iri-iri tun daga kera mutum-mutumi da wake-wake har zuwa nada labarin almara ta hanyar raye-rayen gargajiya har zuwa addu'a. Duk da haka, kasancewar Tecun Uman ba a bayyana shi sosai ba, kuma an tabbatar da cewa yana da wahala a raba mutumin da almara.

Bayanan tarihin rayuwar Lei Feng, musamman ma littafin tarihinsa, da ake zaton an gano bayan mutuwarsa, an yi imanin cewa farfaganda ce ta halitta; hatta tarihin Lei Feng kansa wani lokaci ana tambayarsa. [1] Ci gaba da amfani da Lei a cikin farfagandar gwamnati ya zama tushen izgili da ba'a a tsakanin sassan al'ummar kasar Sin. Duk da haka, aikin Lei a matsayin alamar farfaganda ya tsira daga shekaru da yawa na canjin siyasa a kasar Sin.

Rayuwa

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Lei Feng yana matashi

Tarihin Lei Feng na yanzu kamar yadda aka bayar a kafafen yada labarai na kasar Sin ya ce an haife shi ne a Wangcheng (kusa da garin Leifeng, Changsha, Hunan, mai suna a cikin girmamawarsa). A cewar CNTV, Lei ya rasa dukan iyalinsa kafin kafa Jamhuriyar Jama'a, ya zama maraya. Mahaifinsa ya rasu yana ɗan shekara biyar kawai (dakarun Jafananci masu mamaye suka kashe shi), ƙanensa, wanda aka yi amfani da shi a matsayin ɗan aikin yara, ya mutu shekara guda bayan haka, ƙanensa kuma ya rasu jim kaɗan bayan haka. A ƙarshe, mahaifiyarsa ta mutu ta hanyar kashe kansa bayan "maigidan ya ci mutuncinsa." [2]

Lei Feng yana magana a taron Kwaminisanci a watan Fabrairun 1962, watanni kafin mutuwarsa

A cikin kaka na 1958, Anshan Iron and Steel Group ya dauki ma'aikata a Changsha, lardin Hunan. An ba da shawarar Lei Feng kuma ya shiga Gongchangling Iron Mine na Kamfanin Ma'adinai na Angang a matsayin ma'aikacin bulldozer. [ <span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2025)">abubuwan da ake bukata</span> ]

Ya zama memba na kungiyar matasan kwaminisanci tun yana karami kuma ya shiga sashin sufuri na Sojojin Yantar da Jama'a yana da shekaru ashirin. A cewar tarihin rayuwarsa, Lei ya mutu a shekara ta 1962 yana da shekaru 21 (22 bisa ga kididdigar shekarun Gabashin Asiya na kasar Sin, wanda jariri ke da shekaru 1 a lokacin haihuwa), lokacin da sandar wayar tarho, ta buge shi da motar sojoji, ta buge shi yayin da yake yana jagorantar motar a baya. [3]

Shahararren hoto

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Fayil:LeiFeng.poster.jpg
Lei Feng, hoton China na Qiu Wei (丘玮</link>). Caption yana karanta: "Ku bi misalin Lei Feng; son Jam'iyyar, son Socialism, son mutane".

Lei Feng ba a san shi sosai ba sai bayan mutuwarsa. A cikin 1963, Lin Biao ya fara gabatar da Diary na Lei Feng ga jama'a a farkon kamfen na "Koyi daga Lei Feng". Littafin littafin yana cike da bayanan sha'awar Lei ga Mao Zedong, ayyukansa na rashin son kai, da kuma sha'awarsa na haifar da ruhin juyin juya hali. Shahararren, ya yi alkawarin cewa burinsa kawai shi ne "zama mara tsatsa" a fagen juyin juya hali. Amfani da Lin na littafin diary na Lei wani bangare ne na babban yunƙurin inganta hoton Mao, wanda ya sha wahala bayan Babban Leap Forward . Masana gabaɗaya sun yi imanin cewa jami'an jam'iyyar a ƙarƙashin jagorancin Lin ne suka ƙirƙira littafin. [1] [4]

Littafin ya ƙunshi kalmomi kusan 200,000 waɗanda ke bayyana tunanin rashin son kai tare da tsokaci mai daɗi kan Mao da yanayin Jam'iyyar. An fara kamfen din ne a daidai lokacin da tattalin arzikin kasar Sin ke farfadowa daga kamfen na neman ci gaba . A cikin 1964 yaƙin neman zaɓe na Lei Feng ya ƙaura sannu a hankali daga yin ayyukan alheri zuwa ƙungiyar Mao.

When Lei Feng died in the line of duty, he was only 22, but his short life gives concentrated expression to the noble ideals of a new people, nurtured with the communist spirit, and also to the noble moral integrity and values of the Chinese people in the new period. These are firm faith in communist ideals, political warmheartedness for the party and the socialist cause, the revolutionary will to work arduously for self-improvement, the moral quality and self-cultivation of showing fraternal unity and taking pleasure in assisting others, the heroic spirit of being ready to take up cudgels for a just cause without caring for one's safety, the attitude of seeking advancement and studying hard, and the genuine spirit of matching words with deeds and enthusiastically carrying out one's duties.

— Editorial, People's Daily, 5 March 1993[5]

Shugabannin kasar Sin sun yabawa Lei Feng a matsayin wanda ya nuna son kai. Shugabannin da suka yi rubutu game da Lei Feng sun hada da Deng Xiaoping, Zhou Enlai, da Jiang Zemin . Har ila yau, kafofin watsa labaru da na'urorin al'adu na jam'iyyar kasar Sin suna kara habaka tare da karfafa muhimmancinsa, ciki har da jaddada muhimmancin kyawawan halaye a zamanin Mao. Shahararriyar Lei Feng a cikin litattafan makaranta ta ragu tun daga lokacin, duk da cewa ya ci gaba da kasancewa cikin manhajar karatu ta kasa. Kalmar huó Léi Fēng (活雷锋</link>; kunna "Rayuwa Lei Feng") ya zama suna (ko sifa) ga duk wanda ake gani a matsayin mara son kai, ko duk wanda ya fita hanyarsa don taimakawa wasu.[ana buƙatar hujja]</link>[ <span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2021)">abubuwan da ake bukata</span> ]

Gina Lei Feng na CCP a matsayin jarumin soja ya keɓanta ga PRC kuma ya bambanta da mafi yawan ƙirƙirar jaruman soja da gwamnatoci ke yi a lokutan yaƙi. A cikin PRC, Lei Feng ya kasance wani ɓangare na ci gaba da ba da girma ga jama'a na sojoji a matsayin abin koyi, da kuma shaida na rawar da sojojin 'yantar da jama'a ke takawa a matsayin goyon bayan zamantakewa da siyasa ga gwamnatin gurguzu.

Tarihi

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Cikakkun bayanai na rayuwar Lei Feng an fuskanci jayayya. Yayin da mai yiwuwa wani mai suna Lei Feng ya wanzu, masana gabaɗaya sun yi imanin cewa mutumin da aka kwatanta a cikin yaƙin neman zaɓe kusan ƙirƙira ce. Wasu masu lura da al’amura sun lura, alal misali, cewa kamfen ɗin ya gabatar da tarin hotuna goma sha biyu na Lei Feng yana yin ayyuka nagari. Hotunan na ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararru ne na musamman, kuma sun nuna Lei—wato matashi ne wanda ba a sani ba kuma ba a san shi ba—yana yin ayyuka na yau da kullun. [6]

Muhimmancin al'adu na zamani

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Wani bust na Lei Feng a Beijing, China, 2019

Ranar 5 ga Maris ta zama hukuma ta "Koyi daga ranar Lei Feng" ( Chinese ). Wannan rana ta ƙunshi al'amuran al'umma daban-daban da na makaranta inda mutane ke zuwa tsaftace wuraren shakatawa, makarantu, da sauran wuraren jama'a. Labaran gida a wannan rana yawanci suna da hotuna daga waɗannan abubuwan da suka faru. [7]

An girmama Lei Feng musamman a Changsha, Hunan, da kuma a Fushun, Liaoning . Gidan Tunawa da Lei Feng (a wurin haifuwarsa, yanzu ana masa suna, Leifeng ) da kuma mutum-mutumi na Lei Feng suna cikin Changsha . Asibitin unguwar yana dauke da sunansa. Hakanan akwai zauren tunawa da Lei Feng, tare da gidan kayan gargajiya, a Fushun. Rundunar sojojin Lei Feng ta kasance a Fushun, inda ya mutu. Kabarinsa yana a filin tunawa. Don tunawa da Lei Feng, birnin Fushun ya ba da sunayen wurare da dama don girmama shi. Akwai Titin Lei Feng, Makarantar Elementary ta Lei Feng, Makarantar Middle Lei Feng da ofishin banki na Leifeng.[ana buƙatar hujja]</link>[ <span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2021)">abubuwan da ake bukata</span> ]

Akwai kuskuren gama gari cewa Lei Feng sananne ne a Amurka kuma ana girmama shi a West Point . An gano wannan tatsuniya ga labarin ranar wawa ta Afrilu 1981, wanda wakilin kamfanin dillancin labarai na Xinhua Li Zhurun ya yi kuskure da cewa wani labari ne na gaske. Li ya ba da ja da baya a cikin 2015.

Fushun Lei Feng Memorial [zh]

Ana ci gaba da yin ishara da labarin Lei Feng cikin shahararrun al'adu. Shahararriyar waƙa ta mawaƙin Jilin Xue Cun (雪村) ana kiranta "Dukkan mutanen arewa maso gabas suna zaune Lei Fengs" ( Chinese ). [lower-roman 2] Fitowar 1995,[ana buƙatar hujja]</link> sananne ne kawai don amfani da Mandarin Arewa maso Gabas, ya harbe shi don shahara a cikin ƙasa lokacin da aka haɗa shi da kitsch animations akan Intanet a cikin 2001. [8] A watan Maris na shekara ta 2006, wata kungiyar kasar Sin ta fitar da wani wasa ta yanar gizo mai taken Koyi daga Lei Feng Online (学雷锋) inda dan wasan ya yi ayyuka nagari, da yaki da 'yan leken asiri, da kuma tattara sassan tarin Mao Zedong. Idan dan wasan ya yi nasara, shi ko ita za su hadu da Chairman Mao a wasan. [9] A cikin karni na 21st an yi amfani da hotonsa don sayar da abubuwa da suka hada da, a wani hali, marufi na kwaroron roba. [10]


A cikin 2010s, sha'awar Lei Feng ya koma cikin kitsch, tare da fuskarsa har yanzu yana bayyana akan t-shirts, lambobi, da fastoci, amma sha'awar labarin rayuwarsa da diary kaɗan, azaman tallace-tallacen tikitin zuwa fina-finai masu tsayi na rayuwa, Matasa. Lei Feng, Lei Feng's Smile da Lei Feng 1959, wanda aka saki a kan Koyi daga ranar Lei Feng, ya kasa samar da duk wani mai dauka a wasu garuruwa. Rahotanni sun bayyana cewa Hukumar Rediyo da Fina-Finai da Talabijin na Jihar ta tuhumi ’yan jam’iyyar da ke yankunan karkara da shirya kallon rukuni.

Bayanan da aka yaba game da rayuwar Lei Feng bisa ga takardun hukuma ya sa ya zama batun izgili da izgili tsakanin sassan jama'ar kasar Sin. Kamar yadda John Fraser ya tuna, "Duk wani dan kasar Sin da na taba magana da shi a wajen wani taron hukuma, yakan yi ta husuma game da Lei Feng." [6]

Wani bincike da kamfanin dillancin labarai na Xinhua ya gudanar a shekarar 2008 ya nuna cewa, yawan daliban makarantun firamare ba su da cikakkiyar masaniya game da rayuwar Lei Feng, kuma kashi 32 cikin dari na wadanda aka yi binciken sun karanta littafin tarihin Lei.

Koyi daga Yaƙin Neman Zaɓen Lei Feng

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Lei Feng Memorial Hall, gundumar Wangcheng, Changsha, Hunan
Tuta a wajen dakin kwanan dalibai a makarantar Middle Guancheng, Cixi, Zhejiang: "Freshin da aka ba shi ya bar kamshi mai dorewa - Koyo daga Lei Feng yana taimaka mini girma."

Manufar

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Kamfen na 'Koyi daga Lei Feng' wani shiri ne na ba da ilmin siyasa da Jamhuriyar Jama'ar Sin da Jam'iyyar Kwaminisanci ta kasar Sin suka gabatar. Ya ƙunshi wani ɓangare na ƙoƙarin jihar don haɓaka Marxism–Leninism da Tunanin Mao Zedong, akidar jam'iyya, da ilimin ɗabi'a na gurguzu. [11] [12] [13]

Lardin Liaoning

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A cikin 1960, Lei Feng ya ba da akwatin abincin rana ga abokinsa Wang Yantang. (Kamar yadda aka rubuta a cikin diary na Lei Feng a ranar 21 ga Oktoba 1960: 'Na lura Comrade Wang Yantang yana zaune shi kadai, yana kallon kowa yana cin abincin rana. Ya ce da ni, "Na ci akwatuna biyu da safe kuma ban kawo guda a yau ba." Don haka, na ba shi akwatin abincin da na zo da shi, duk da cewa na dan ji yunwa. Ganin ya ci ya koshi) shi ne babban farin ciki na.

Bayan rasuwarsa, an karrama Lei Feng a matsayin fitaccen mai ba da shawara ga Matasan Pioneers a duk faɗin ƙasar. [14] Liaoning ta fara wani kamfen na lardi don koyo daga Lei Feng. A ranar 23 ga Oktoba, Kwamitin Ƙungiyar Matasan Gundumar Fushun ya fitar da sanarwa mai taken 'Sanarwa kan Shirya Matasa don Ziyarci Ɗakin Nunin Lei Feng da Gudanar da Ilimi a Aji.' Ƙungiyar Matasan Gundumar Liaoning ta buga kwafi 400,000 na 'Shugaban Mao' nagari soja' kuma ta sake buga kwafi 70,000 na barkwanci da ke nuna ayyukan Lei Feng. Bugu da ƙari, sun samar da hotuna 800 don ƙananan nune-nunen matakin ƙasa tare da haɗin gwiwar Hukumar Hotuna ta Liaoning, suna haɓaka motsin ilmantarwa na Lei Feng a duk faɗin lardin. Wannan shiri ya jawo hankalin Hu Yaobang, Sakataren Farko na Kwamitin Tsakiya na Ƙungiyar Matasan Kwaminis a lokacin. Ya jaddada mahimmancin wannan aikin a matsayin abin koyi na kyawawan halayen akidar kwaminis kuma ya ba da umarnin cewa ya kamata a kafa shi a matsayin muhimmin ma'auni a cikin ilimin kwaminis da ke ci gaba. A ranar 15 ga Fabrairu, 1963, Kwamitin Tsakiya na Ƙungiyar Matasan Kwaminis ya fitar da sanarwa mai taken 'Sanarwa kan Gudanar da Yaƙin Neman Ilimi na "Koyi Daga Lei Feng" Tsakanin Matasa a Duk Faɗin Ƙasa.' Sanarwar ta ce, 'Rayuwar Kwararren Kwamishiniyar Lei Feng ta kafa misali ga matasan China, tare da tsayayyen matsayi na masu fafutuka da kuma ɗabi'ar kwaminisanci mai daraja. Kwamitin Tsakiya na Ƙungiyar Matasan Kwaminis ya yi imanin cewa ya kamata ƙungiyoyin matasa na gida su bi abin da ya faru a Liaoning kuma su tallata yaƙin neman ilimi na "Koyi Daga Lei Feng" a tsakanin matasa.' Bugawar Ƙungiyar Matasan Tsakiya, 'Matasa ta China,' ta buga rubutun Mao Zedong don tallafawa yaƙin neman zaɓen. [15]

A duk faɗin ƙasa

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Lei Feng tare da daliban firamare daga Jianshe Street, Fushun. (Bisa ga bayanan, yayin da yake aiki a matsayin mai ba da shawara na matasa, Lei Feng yakan yi amfani da lokacin hutunsa yana shiga cikin ayyukan da suka wuce na ɗalibai. Daga baya an tsara wannan hoton azaman sake aiwatarwa.)

Yaƙin neman zaɓe na "Koyi daga Lei Feng" a duk faɗin ƙasar ya fara da rubutun Mao Zedong, "Koyi daga Comrade Lei Feng." A ranar 5 ga Maris 1963, Daily People ta buga kiran Mao a shafinta na farko. A shafi na biyu, wata kasida ta Luo Ruiqing ta bayyana cewa: "Mafi mahimmanci kuma fitaccen dalilin da ya sa Lei Feng ya zama babban soja shi ne, ya sha karanta litattafan shugaba Mao, da gaske yana bin kalaman shugaba Mao, ya yi aiki a kowane lokaci bisa ga umarnin shugaba Mao, kuma da zuciya ɗaya ya yi ƙoƙari ya zama babban sojan shugaba Mao." A ranar 15 ga watan Maris na shekarar 1963, kwamitin lardin Sichuan na kungiyar matasan gurguzu ya ba da sanarwar mai taken "Kaddamar da koyo daga yakin neman zaben Lei Feng a tsakanin matasa a duk fadin lardin", wanda ya yi kira ga jama'a da su "yi nazarin ayyukan shugaba Mao, da bin umarnin shugaba Mao." A cikin 1964, Luo Ruiqing ya bayyana cewa, "A duk inda aka yi nazarin ayyukan shugaba Mao da kyau-ko dai daidaikun mutane ne ko raka'a-aikin yana da kyau. Wannan shi ne gaskiya game da filin mai na Daqing, "Kamfanin Model na takwas," Lei Feng, Guo Xingfu kuma. A cikin fitowa ta 21 na mujallar matasan kasar Sin a shekarar 1964, an bukaci masu karatu da su "Koyi daga Comrade Lei Feng" kuma su "bi umarnin shugaba Mao da gaske." [16] Wasu malaman suna jayayya cewa fassarar Lin Biao game da Koyi daga yakin Lei Feng, wanda ya jaddada kasancewa "soja nagari na Shugaba Mao," ya canza ma'auni na juyin juya hali daga aminci ga manufa da mutane, zuwa aminci ga jam'iyyar, kuma a ƙarshe ga amincin sirri ga Mao Zedong, yana ba da gudummawa ga ci gaban juyin juya halin al'adu . [17] [18]

Daga 1965 zuwa gaba, ilimin akida da siyasa a makarantu sun ta'allaka ne akan nazarin ayyukan Mao Zedong, bin umarnin Lin Biao na "koyo da aikace-aikacen aiki mai aiki, haɗa nazari tare da amfani, ba da fifiko ga amfani da sauri, da samun sakamako nan da nan." An bukaci kowa ya rubuta bayanan karatu. Ƙungiyoyi daban-daban masu sadaukar da kai don koyo daga Lei Feng sun fito, da kuma labarai masu yawa na mutanen da suke aikata ayyuka nagari da kuma zama 'jarumai marasa waƙa' ta hanyar bin misalinsa. [ <span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2025)">abubuwan da ake bukata</span> ]

Tsarin lokaci

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Yunkurin "Koyi daga Lei Feng" na yanzu ya ƙunshi ayyukan da aka tsara ta hanyar makarantu don ɗalibai da sojoji na hafsoshi da sojoji. [ ] <span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2025)">sun</span> haɗa da tsaftacewa, bayar da ziyara da ta'aziyya da makamantan ayyuka, tare da manufar haɓaka "Ruhun Lei Feng". Ayyukan yawanci suna faruwa ne a ranar haihuwar Lei Feng, ranar mutuwarsa, Koyi daga ranar Lei Feng (5 Maris), ko wasu lokuta [ ] <span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2025)">.</span> Waɗannan al'amuran galibi suna wucewa kwana ɗaya kawai kuma a wasu lokuta ana kiran su da ayyukan Lei Feng na kwana ɗaya .

Date Initiating Organization Official Document Related Events
November 1960 Shenyang Military RegionPeople's Liberation Army Infrastructure Engineering Corps "Instruction on Launching the 'Learn from Lei Feng, Catch up with Lei Feng' Campaign in the Troops"; "Report on Using Lei Feng's Exemplary Deeds as Living Teaching Materials to Support Current Troop Education"[19]
15 February 1963 Central Committee of the Communist Youth League of China "Notice on the Nationwide Campaign to Promote 'Learning from Lei Feng' Among Young People" After the Great Leap Forward, during the Great Chinese Famine
5 March 1963 Mao Zedong Inscription "Learn from Comrade Lei Feng" 10th Plenary Session of the 8th Central Committee: "Strengthen Class Education for the Youth"[20]
5 March 1977 People's Daily "Learn from Comrade Lei Feng"[21] Down with the Gang of Four， ending the Cultural Revolution
21 July 1977 10th Central Committee of the Chinese Communist Party "Communiqué of the Third Plenary Session of the 10th Central Committee of the Chinese Communist Party"[22] Welcoming the 11th National Congress of the Chinese Communist Party
21 February 1981 Central Committee of the Communist Youth League of China "Notice on Further Carrying Out the Lei Feng Study and Promoting New Trends Activities"[23]
25 December 1989 Central Committee of the Communist Youth League of China "Ten Opinions on Strengthening and Improving Ideological and Political Work"[24] 1989 Tiananmen Square protests and massacre，Anti-bourgeois liberalization
9 January 1990 Central Committee of the Communist Youth League of China "Notice on Further Carrying Out the Activities of Learning Lei Feng's Spirit and Becoming Youths with Four Virtues"[25] 1989 Tiananmen Square protests and massacre
15 February 1990 Hunan Provincial Committee of the Chinese Communist Party、Hunan Provincial People's Government、Hunan Military District "Notice on Mobilizing All Military and Civilian Forces in the Province to Deeply Study the Spirit of Lei Feng and Make Contributions to Socialist Construction and Reform" 1989 political turmoil[26]
21 February 1991 Central Committee of the Communist Youth League of China "Opinions on Deepening the Campaign to Study Lei Feng"[27]
12 February 1992 Central Committee of the Communist Youth League of China、ACYF、ACSF、Young Pioneers of China "Opinions on Deepening the Campaign to Study Lei Feng"[28]
18 October 2011 CCP "Decision on Several Major Issues Concerning Deepening Cultural System Reform and Promoting the Great Development and Prosperity of Socialist Culture"[29] Sixth Plenary Session of the 17th Central Committee of the Chinese Communist Party
2 March 2012 General Office of the Chinese Communist Party "Opinions on Deepening the Campaign to Study Lei Feng" (Zhongbanfa [2012] No. 7)[30] Wang Lijun incident，in anticipation of the 18th National Congress of the Chinese Communist Party，building the socialist core value system
21 February 2012 All-China Federation of Trade Unions "Deepening the Campaign to Study Lei Feng" (Zong Gong Fa [2012] No. 14)[31]
27 February 2012 Party Committees of Departments of All Central State Organs "Notice on Deepening the Campaign to Study Lei Feng"[32]
4 December 2016 Publicity Department of the CCP Central Committee, National Civilization Office of the CCP Central Committee, Ministry of Education, Ministry of Civil Affairs, Ministry of Culture, State Administration of Cultural Heritage, and China Association for Science and Technology "Implementation Opinions on Carrying Out Lei Feng Volunteer Services in Public Cultural Facilities"[33]

Duba kuma

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  • Comrade Ogilvy
  • Dong Cunrui
  • Wang Jinxi
  • Tsohon mazaunin Lei Feng
  • Jerin kamfen na Jam'iyyar Kwaminisanci ta kasar Sin
  • Zhang Side
  • Pavlik Morozov
  • Alexei Stakhanov

Bayanan kula

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Manazarta

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  1. 1 2 Nicholas John Cull et al., Propaganda and Mass Persuasion: A Historical Encyclopedia, (ABC-CLIO, 2003), ISBN 1576078205ISBN 1576078205. Quote: "Lei Feng, a soldier whose diary was alleged to have been found posthumously, was touted by the party as a model citizen; his diary—almost certainly concocted by party propagandists—is filled with praise of Mao and accounts of Lei Feng's efforts to inspire revolutionary zeal among his comrades".
  2. ↑ "The Legacy of Lei Feng: Part I CCTV News – CNTV English". 9 March 2012. Archived from the original on 18 October 2015. Retrieved 19 September 2015.
  3. ↑ "Chinese Treasure Spirit of Lei Feng". En.invest.china.cn. Archived from the original on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 19 September 2015.
  4. ↑ Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named Tanner
  5. ↑ "Living Revolution: Lei Feng Readings". Morning Sun: A film and website about Cultural Revolution. Long Bow Group, Inc. c. 2003. Retrieved 13 September 2007.
  6. 1 2 Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named Fraser
  7. ↑ Martinsen, Joel. "Lei Feng heritage for the whole world". Danwei.org. Archived from the original on 30 April 2016. Retrieved 19 September 2015.
  8. ↑ Jo Lusby (4 December 2006). "A Man for the Northeast: Sudden pop star Xue Cun and his meteoric (animated) rise to fame". City Weekend.
  9. ↑ "Xinhua – English". Xinhua News Agency. 16 March 2006. Archived from the original on 17 April 2017.
  10. ↑ Mitchell, Justin (8 November 2006). "Comrade Condom". Asia Sentinel. Retrieved 19 September 2015.
  11. ↑ In Chinese, 向雷锋同志学习.
  12. ↑ Yan Yunxiang: The Individual and the Transformation of Bridewealth in Rural North China, Department of Anthropology, University of California.
  13. ↑ Chi-Yue Chiu and Ying-Yi Hong, Social Psychology of Culture, Psychology Press (2006), ISBN 978-1-84169-086-5, p. 236
  14. ↑ In Chinese, 向雷锋同志学习.
  15. ↑ Yan Yunxiang: The Individual and the Transformation of Bridewealth in Rural North China, Department of Anthropology, University of California.
  16. ↑ In Chinese, 向雷锋同志学习.
  17. ↑ Yan Yunxiang: The Individual and the Transformation of Bridewealth in Rural North China, Department of Anthropology, University of California.
  18. ↑ Chi-Yue Chiu and Ying-Yi Hong, Social Psychology of Culture, Psychology Press (2006), ISBN 978-1-84169-086-5, p. 236
  19. ↑ In Chinese, 向雷锋同志学习.
  20. ↑ Yan Yunxiang: The Individual and the Transformation of Bridewealth in Rural North China, Department of Anthropology, University of California.
  21. ↑ Chi-Yue Chiu and Ying-Yi Hong, Social Psychology of Culture, Psychology Press (2006), ISBN 978-1-84169-086-5, p. 236
  22. ↑ "The Legacy of Lei Feng: Part I CCTV News – CNTV English". 9 March 2012. Archived from the original on 18 October 2015. Retrieved 19 September 2015.
  23. ↑ "Chinese Treasure Spirit of Lei Feng". En.invest.china.cn. Archived from the original on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 19 September 2015.
  24. ↑ Spence, Jonathan D. The Search for Modern China. New York: W. W. Norton and Company, 1999. ISBN 0-393-97351-4. p. 566.
  25. ↑ Osaarchivum.org Error in Webarchive template: Empty url.
  26. ↑ Martinsen, Joel. "Lei Feng heritage for the whole world". Danwei.org. Archived from the original on 30 April 2016. Retrieved 19 September 2015.
  27. ↑ "April Fooled: No, Chinese Communist Icon Lei Feng Is Not Loved by the U.S. Military". The Wall Street Journal. 6 January 2015. Retrieved 22 August 2021.
  28. ↑ "Chinese Communist hero Lei Feng not beloved by US cadets after all". Yahoo! Sports. 6 January 2015. Retrieved 17 September 2021.[permanent dead link]
  29. ↑ "Xinhua – English". Xinhua News Agency. 16 March 2006. Archived from the original on 17 April 2017.
  30. ↑ Mitchell, Justin (8 November 2006). "Comrade Condom". Asia Sentinel. Retrieved 19 September 2015.
  31. ↑ "一小学九成学生不了解雷锋事迹 教师称很无奈". 今日早報. 新華網. 5 March 2008. Archived from the original on 26 November 2013. Retrieved 5 March 2012.
  32. ↑ In Chinese, 向雷锋同志学习.
  33. ↑ In Chinese, 向雷锋同志学习.

Karin Manazarta

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
  • Edwards, L. (2010). "Shahararren Soja a kasar Sin: Juyin Halitta na 'Jarumtaka da Masu Sabis na Model'". A cikin Jeffreys, Elaine & Edwards, Louise (eds.), Mashahuri a China, Jami'ar Hong Kong Press, Hong Kong pp. 21–44. ISBN 962-209-088-5 .

Hanyoyin haɗi na waje

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