Leon Trotsky
An haifi Lev Davidovich Bronstein a ranar 7 ga Nuwamba, 1879 a cikin wani iyali mai arziki amma mara ilimi na Yahudawa a Yanovka, wani ƙauye a cikin Gundumar Kherson ta Daular Rasha . [1] Ƙauyen, wanda Bereslavka ta san shi yanzu, wani ɓangare ne na Kropyvnytskyi Raion na yanzu a Yankin Kirovohrad na Ukraine . Shi ne ɗa na biyar ga David Leontyevich Bronstein (1847–1922), da Anna Lvovna ( née Zhivotovskaya, 1850–1910). Ƙanwar Trotsky, Olga (1883–1941), ita ma ta zama ƴar siyasa ta Bolshevik da Soviet, kuma ta auri abokin aikinta - Bolshevik Lev Kamenev . [2]
Wasu marubuta, musamman Robert Service, sun yi iƙirarin cewa sunan farko na Trotsky na lokacin yarinta shine Yiddish Leiba . [3] Duk da haka, marubucin Trotsky David North ya yi jayayya cewa wannan zato ne bisa ga tarihin Yahudawa na Trotsky, ba shi da shaidar takardu, musamman ganin cewa iyalinsa ba su yi magana da Yiddish ba. North da masanin tarihi Walter Laqueur sun bayyana cewa sunan yarinta na Trotsky shine Lyova, wani ɗan ƙaramin ɗan Rashanci na Lev . North ya yi kama da juna tsakanin hasashe da kuma binciken da ba a yi daidai ba game da gadon Yahudawa na Trotsky. [4] [5] Maimakon Yiddish, iyalin sun yi magana da cakuda Rashanci da Yukiren ( Surzhyk ). [4] Duk da cewa ya sami ƙwarewa sosai a Faransanci, Turanci, da Jamusanci, Trotsky ya bayyana a cikin tarihin rayuwarsa ta My Life cewa da gaske yana iya magana da Rashanci da Yukirenanci kawai. [6] Raymond Molinier ya lura cewa Trotsky ya yi magana da Faransanci sosai. [7]
David ya aika Trotsky zuwa Odessa don neman ilimi lokacin da na biyun yana ɗan shekara takwas. Trotsky ya yi rajista a wata makarantar koyar da harsunan Lutheran (St Paul's Realschule), wadda ta ɗauki ɗaliban addinai daban-daban kuma ta ƙara zama Russified a lokacin da yake can saboda manufar gwamnatin Daular Masarautar. Trotsky da matarsa Natalia daga baya sun yi wa 'ya'yansu rijista a matsayin Lutheran, kamar yadda dokar Austria ta buƙaci yara su sami ilimin addini "a cikin imanin iyayensu". [8] Odessa, birni mai cike da jama'a na tashar jiragen ruwa, ya bambanta sosai da biranen Rasha kuma ya ba da gudummawa ga ci gaban hangen nesa na matasa na Trotsky na duniya. Ya yi fice a fannin ilimi, musamman a fannin kimiyya da lissafi, kuma mai karatu ne mai yawan ƙwazo, wanda galibi ana horar da shi don karanta littattafan da ba na manhaja ba a lokacin aji. [9]
Ayyukan siyasa na farko da rayuwa (1896–1917)
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Ayyukan juyin juya hali da ɗaurin kurkuku (1896–1898)
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
Trotsky ya shiga cikin ayyukan juyin juya hali a shekarar 1896 bayan ya koma garin Nikolayev mai tashar jiragen ruwa (wanda yanzu Mykolaiv ne) a bakin Tekun Baƙi . [9] Da farko ya kasance ɗan gurguzu ( mai ra'ayin gurguzu na gurguzu mai ra'ayin sauyi), ya yi adawa da akidar Marx amma matarsa ta farko, Aleksandra Sokolovskaya, ta musulunta. Ya kammala karatunsa na sakandare da lambar yabo ta farko a wannan shekarar. [9] Mahaifinsa ya yi niyyar zama injiniyan injiniya . [10]
Trotsky ya yi karatu a Jami'ar Odessa na ɗan lokaci, inda ya karanci injiniyanci da lissafi. Wani abokin aikinsa na jami'a ya lura da baiwar lissafi da yake da ita. Duk da haka, ya gaji da karatunsa, ya ƙara mai da hankali kan falsafar siyasa da ayyukan juyin juya hali na ɓoye. [11] Ya ajiye aiki a farkon 1897 don taimakawa wajen kafa Ƙungiyar Ma'aikata ta Kudancin Rasha a Nikolayev. [9] Ta amfani da sunan "Lvov", ya rubuta kuma ya buga takardu, ya rarraba ƙasidu na juyin juya hali, kuma ya yaɗa ra'ayoyin gurguzu tsakanin ma'aikatan masana'antu da ɗalibai. [11]
A watan Janairun 1898, an kama sama da membobin ƙungiyar kwadago 200, ciki har da Trotsky. Ya shafe shekaru biyu a gidan yari yana jiran shari'a, da farko a Nikolayev, sannan Kherson, Odessa, sannan a ƙarshe a Moscow. [1] A Moscow, ya haɗu da wasu masu juyin juya hali, ya ji labarin Lenin, kuma ya karanta littafin Lenin mai suna The Development of Capitalism in Russia . [1] Watanni biyu bayan ɗaurin kurkuku, an gudanar da taron farko na Jam'iyyar Labour ta Social Democratic Party (RSDLP) (1-3 Maris 1898). [1] Tun daga lokacin, Trotsky ya gano cewa memba ne na RSDLP.
Aure na farko da kuma gudun hijirar Siberia (1899–1902)
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
Yayin da yake tsare a Moscow a lokacin bazara na 1900, Trotsky ya auri abokin aikinsa na Marxist Aleksandra Sokolovskaya (1872–1938) a wani biki da wani limamin Yahudawa ya yi. [9] A shekara ta 1900 an yanke wa Trotsky hukuncin zaman gudun hijira na tsawon shekaru huɗu a Siberia . Saboda aurensu, an kai Trotsky da matarsa tare zuwa Ust-Kut da Verkholensk a yankin Baikal . Suna da 'ya'ya mata biyu, Zinaida (1901–1933) da Nina (1902–1928), dukkansu an haife su a Siberia.
manazarta
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]- ↑ "Библиотека газеты "Революция". Клушин В.И. Малоизвестное о Троцком". www.revolucia.ru. Retrieved 17 October 2022.
- ↑ Parrish 1996.
- ↑ Service 2010.
- 1 2 North 2010.
- ↑ Laqueur 1990.
- ↑ Trotsky, Leon. "My Life – Chapter VIII, My First Prisons". Marxists Internet Archive. Retrieved 20 May 2021.
- ↑ Molinier, Raymond. "On Meeting with Trotsky". Archived from the original on 30 January 2022. Retrieved 29 January 2022.
- ↑ Trotsky, Leon. "My Life – Chapter XVII, Preparing for a New Revolution". Marxists Internet Archive. Retrieved 7 April 2022.
- 1 2 3 4 5 Deutscher 2003a.
- ↑ (Paul ed.). Missing or empty
|title=(help) - 1 2 Renton 2004.