Lex Oppia
| Lex Oppia | |
|---|---|
 | |
| Asali | |
| Characteristics | |
| Description | |
| Ɓangaren |
Roman law (en)  |
| Inventory number (en) | KKSgb22332 |
Lex Oppia wata doka ce da aka kafa a tsohuwar Roma a cikin shekara ta 215 BC, a tsayin Yaƙin Punic na Biyu lokacin zamanin bala'i na ƙasa bayan Yaƙin Cannae, kuma an soke shi a cikin 195 BC.
An kafa ta Marcus Oppius, mai ba da izini na plebs a lokacin jagorancin Quintus Fabius Maximus Verrucosus da Tiberius Sempronius Gracchus, Lex Oppia shine farkon jerin dokoki na sumptuary, kuma ya ƙuntata ba kawai dukiyar mace ba, har ma da nunin dukiya. Musamman ma, ya haramta wa kowace mace mallakar zinare fiye da rabin oza, ko ta sanya tufa mai launuka daban-daban (musamman wadanda aka yi musu ado da shunayya), ko kuma ta hau abin hawan dabbobi a cikin gari ko wani gari ko mai nisan mil daya daga cikinsa, sai dai idan ana gudanar da bukukuwan addini na jama'a.
A cikin Ab urbe condita (Daga kafa birnin) littafin 34 Livy yayi magana game da soke Lex Oppia daga hangen Cato da Dattijo da Lucius Valerius . [1]
Asalin
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Lex Oppia ya kasance da farko ma'aunin tattalin arziki don mayar da martani ga manyan batutuwan kuɗi yayin Yaƙin azaba na Biyu. Koyaya, hane-hane da ta gindaya sun gindaya ginshiƙan dokar ta ƙarshe da aka tsara don sarrafa kashe kuɗi kan almubazzaranci don dalilai na zamantakewa maimakon tattalin arziki. Sanannen doka ta ƙarshe da aka zartar bayan ƙirƙirar Lex Oppia ' haɗa da Lex Fannia na 161 BC da Lex Didia na 143 BC. Lex Fannia ka'ida ce da ke iyakance kashe kuɗin abincin dare, irin abincin da za a iya bayarwa da adadin baƙi, yayin da Lex Didia ya kasance aikace-aikacen Lex Fannia ga dukan tsibirin Italiya wanda ya sanya takunkumi kan masu samar da, da kuma baƙi a, liyafar cin abinci ba bisa ka'ida ba.
Tushen damuwa game da alatu da almubazzaranci ya gauraye. Tsammani ne na duniya cewa shaƙatawa cikin kayan alatu na iya lalata kyawawan halaye na soja na gargajiya. A cikin littafinsa na satire na shida, Juvenal ya rubuta cewa yawan dukiyar Roma daga cin nasara ya haifar da yaduwar kayan alatu, wanda ya kai ga rushewar dabi'u da dabi'un Romawa. [2] An yi la'akari da sadaukar da kai ga kayan alatu a matsayin abin motsa jiki ga kwadayi, don haka babban taimako ga karuwar rashawa. A ƙarshe, akwai ɗabi'a mai yaɗuwa don daidaita kashe-kashe masu fa'ida da cin gashin kai tare da yin amfani da dukiyar kashin kai ko na dangi cikin rashin tattalin arziki.
Soke
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Bayan Yaƙin Punic na Biyu, tare da Roma ta yi nasara a kan Carthage, dukiya daga yankunan da aka ci nasara sun fara kwarara zuwa hannun ajin mulkin Romawa, suna canza rayuwarsu daga ɗaya daga cikin sauƙi na agrarian na gargajiya zuwa nuni mai ban sha'awa da almubazzaranci mara iyaka. Nasarar ta sa Romawa masu arziki su san yiwuwar nau'o'in rayuwa daban-daban, mafi jin dadi, kuma ya ba su damar yin amfani da samfurori daban-daban, masu ban sha'awa da kuma kayan marmari. A cikin wannan lokacin, an sami canji mai mahimmanci na mores, wanda a aikace yana nufin yawancin halayen mutane a cikin manyan al'ummar Romawa; kuma tare da kawar da matsalolin kuɗi, babu wani dalilin da zai sa mata su takura musu abubuwan da suke kashewa. Tare da Rome mai wadata a cikin arzikin Carthaginian, yunƙurin bincika kashe kashe kai tare da taƙaitaccen doka ya zama banza. Saboda haka, tribunes biyu na plebs, Marcus Fundanius da Lucius Valerius, sun ba da shawarar soke Lex Oppia . [3]
Magoya bayan Lex Oppia sun kasance ƙarƙashin jagorancin tribunes guda biyu na plebs, Marcus Junius Brutus da Publius Junius Brutus, da kuma jakadan Marcus Porcius Cato, wanda aka fi sani da Cato the Elder, wanda aka zaba a 195 BC. Cato ya bayar da hujjar cewa dokar ta kawar da kunyar talauci saboda ta sanya mata duka su yi ado daidai gwargwado. Cato ya dage cewa idan mata za su iya shiga gasar tufafi, ko dai za su ji kunya a gaban sauran matan, ko kuma akasin haka, za su ji dadin samun nasara mai tushe sakamakon mika kansu fiye da karfinsu. Ya kuma bayyana cewa sha’awar mace ta kashe kudi cuta ce da ba za a iya warkewa ba, sai dai takurawa; cire Lex Oppia, Cato ya ce, zai sa al'umma su kasance marasa taimako wajen iyakance kudaden da mata ke kashewa. Cato ya ce matan Romawa da suka riga sun lalatar da kayan alatu kamar namun daji ne da suka taɓa ɗanɗana jini a azanci cewa ba za a iya amince musu su hana kansu shiga cikin almubazzaranci ba. Cato ya kuma azabtar da maza da barin matansu su sa su soke dokar kuma ya tabbatar da cewa soke ta zai haifar da yaduwar kayan alatu. [4]
Masu goyon bayan soke Lex Oppia Marcus Fundanius da Lucius Valerius ne suka jagoranta, da kuma sauran jakadan Lucius Valerius Flaccus, wanda aka zaba a 195 BC. Flaccus ya yi hamayya da ra'ayin Cato na cewa ba za a yi kishiya a tsakanin mata ba idan ba su mallaki komai ba ta hanyar tunatar da masu sauraro irin wahala da fushi da matan Romawa ke ji yayin da suka ga matan kawayen Latin suna sanye da kayan ado da aka hana su. Lucius Valerius Flaccus ya kara da cewa Lex Oppia dokar ta-baci ce kawai ta wucin gadi da aka zartar bayan mummunan shan kashi na sojojin Roma a Cannae da Hannibal ya yi . Don haka, in ji shi, ba a taɓa nufin a kiyaye kashe kuɗin mata da ɗabi'a ba. Lucius Valerius ya kuma bayyana cewa gata da aka ba wa matan Romawa sun riga sun iyakance idan aka kwatanta da mazan Romawa; me yasa kara takura su. [5]
feminis dumtaxat purpurae usu interdicemus?
et cum tibi viro liceat purpura in vestem stragulam uti,
matrem familiae tuam purpureum amiculum habere non sines,
et equus tuus speciosius instratus erit quam uxor vestita? Shin za mu hana mata yin amfani da purple? Kuma ko da yake kai, namiji, an yarda ka yi amfani da purple don bargo a kan gadonka, ba za ka bari matarka ta sami rigar purple ba? Ko da doki zai kasance mafi kyau fiye da yadda matarka ta yi.
Lucius Valerius ya tsauta wa Cato dattijo. Daga littafin Ab Urbe Condita 35.7. [1]
Yayin da manyan mutane suka yi magana don ko a kan soke Lex Oppia, matrons na Roma sun cika da Capitol. Kamar yadda Livy ya rubuta, ba za a iya ajiye mata a cikin gida ba ta hanyar ikon majistare ko umarnin mazajensu ko kuma nasu ma'anar gaskiya ("nec auctoritate, nec uerecundia"). [6] Sun toshe dukkan titunan birnin da hanyoyin da za su iya zuwa taron, kuma sun roki maza yayin da suka sauka zuwa taron don ba da damar mata su ci gaba da kayan ado na baya. Bayan jawabai da suka yi adawa da kuma goyon bayan Lex Oppia, matan sun zubo cikin tituna washegari da yawa kuma sun kewaye kofofin Brutuses biyu. Masu adawa da su daga ƙarshe sun ba da gudummawa ga ci gaba da buƙatun matrons na Romawa, kuma an soke Lex Oppia a 195 BC.
Manazarta
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]- ↑ 1.0 1.1 "livy 34.4-7 week 10". www.u.arizona.edu. Archived from the original on 2021-08-02. Retrieved 2020-12-07.
- ↑ "Juvenal, Satires. (1918). Satire 6". www.tertullian.org. Retrieved 2020-12-07.
- ↑ Cite error: Invalid
<ref>tag; no text was provided for refs namedprimary2 - ↑ "livy 34.4-7 week 10". www.u.arizona.edu. Archived from the original on 2021-08-02. Retrieved 2020-12-07.
- ↑ PHILO, JOHN-MARK (2016). "Tudor Humanists, London Printers, and the Status of Women: The Struggle over Livy in the Querelle des Femmes". Renaissance Quarterly. 69 (1): 40–79. doi:10.1086/686326. ISSN 0034-4338. JSTOR 26559645. S2CID 156018054.
- ↑ PHILO, JOHN-MARK (2016). "Tudor Humanists, London Printers, and the Status of Women: The Struggle over Livy in the Querelle des Femmes". Renaissance Quarterly. 69 (1): 40–79. doi:10.1086/686326. ISSN 0034-4338. JSTOR 26559645. S2CID 156018054.