Liam Cosgrave

Liam Cosgrave
Teachta Dála (en) 5 ga Yuli, 1977 - 21 Mayu 1981 District: Dún Laoghaire (en) Election: 1977 Irish general election (en) Minister for Defence (en) 2 Disamba 1976 - 16 Disamba 1976 ← Paddy Donegan (en) - Oliver J. Flanagan (mul) → Taoiseach (en) 14 ga Maris, 1973 - 5 ga Yuli, 1977 ← Jack Lynch (en) - Jack Lynch (en) → Teachta Dála (en) 14 ga Maris, 1973 - 25 Mayu 1977 District: Dún Laoghaire and Rathdown (en) Election: 1973 Irish general election (en) Teachta Dála (en) 2 ga Yuli, 1969 - 5 ga Faburairu, 1973 District: Dún Laoghaire and Rathdown (en) Election: 1969 Irish general election (en) Representative of the Parliamentary Assembly of the Council of Europe (en) 3 Mayu 1965 - 24 ga Afirilu, 1967 Leader of the Opposition (en) 21 ga Afirilu, 1965 - 14 ga Maris, 1973 ← James Dillon (en) - Jack Lynch (en) → Leader of Fine Gael (en) 21 ga Afirilu, 1965 - 1 ga Yuli, 1977 ← James Dillon (en) - Garret FitzGerald (en) → Teachta Dála (en) 21 ga Afirilu, 1965 - 21 Mayu 1969 District: Dún Laoghaire and Rathdown (en) Election: 1965 Irish general election (en) Teachta Dála (en) 11 Oktoba 1961 - 11 ga Maris, 1965 District: Dún Laoghaire and Rathdown (en) Election: 1961 Irish general election (en) Teachta Dála (en) 20 ga Maris, 1957 - 1 Satumba 1961 District: Dún Laoghaire and Rathdown (en) Election: 1957 Irish general election (en) Minister for Foreign Affairs (Ireland) (en) 2 ga Yuni, 1954 - 20 ga Maris, 1957 ← Frank Aiken (mul) - Frank Aiken (mul) → Teachta Dála (en) 2 ga Yuni, 1954 - 13 Disamba 1956 District: Dún Laoghaire and Rathdown (en) Election: 1954 Irish general election (en) Teachta Dála (en) 13 ga Yuni, 1951 - 23 ga Afirilu, 1954 District: Dún Laoghaire and Rathdown (en) Election: 1951 Irish general election (en) Teachta Dála (en) 18 ga Faburairu, 1948 - 2 Mayu 1951 District: Dún Laoghaire and Rathdown (en) Election: 1948 Irish general election (en) Ministan Jiha a Ma'aikatar Taoiseach 18 ga Faburairu, 1948 - 13 ga Yuni, 1951 ← Eamon Kissane (en) - Donnchadh Ó Briain (mul) → Teachta Dála (en) 9 ga Yuni, 1944 - 11 Disamba 1947 District: Dublin County (en) Election: 1944 Irish general election (en) Teachta Dála (en) 1 ga Yuli, 1943 - 10 Mayu 1944 District: Dublin County (en) Election: 1943 Irish general election (en)
Rayuwa
Haihuwa	Castleknock (en) , 13 ga Afirilu, 1920
ƙasa	Irish Republic (en) Irish Free State (en) Ireland
Mutuwa	Dublin, 4 Oktoba 2017
Makwanci	Goldenbridge Cemetery (en)
Ƴan uwa
Mahaifi	W. T. Cosgrave
Mahaifiya	Louisa Flanagan
Abokiyar zama	Vera Cosgrave (en)
Yara	view Liam T. Cosgrave (en)
Karatu
Makaranta	King’s Inns (mul)
Harsuna	Turanci Harshen Irish
Sana'a
Sana'a	ɗan siyasa, Mai wanzar da zaman lafiya da civil servant (en)
Mamba	Parliamentary Assembly of the Council of Europe (en)
Imani
Addini	Katolika
Jam'iyar siyasa	Fine Gael (en)

Liam Cosgrave (13 Afrilu 1920 - 4 Oktoba 2017) ɗan siyasa ne na Irish Fine Gael wanda ya yi aiki a matsayin Taoiseach daga 1973 zuwa 1977, Shugaban Fine Gael daga 1965 zuwa 1977, Shugaban 'Yan adawa daga 1965 zuwa 1973, Ministan Harkokin Waje daga 1954 zuwa 1957, da Sakataren Majalisa ga Ministan Masana'antu da Kasuwanci kuma Babban Mai tsawatarwa na Gwamnati daga 1948 zuwa 1951. Ya yi aiki a matsayin Teachta Dála (TD) daga 1943 zuwa 1981.

An haifi Cosgrave a Castleknock, Dublin, a lokacin Yaƙin 'Yanci, ɗan fari cikin 'ya'ya biyu na WT Cosgrave, wanda ya zama Shugaban Majalisar Zartarwa na farko a sabuwar Jihar 'Yancin Irish da aka kafa, da matarsa Louisa (née Flanagan). Bayan ya cancanta a matsayin lauya, ya fara aikin siyasa. An zaɓe shi ga Dáil Éireann a babban zaɓen 1943 kuma ya yi adawa da mahaifinsa. A cikin gwamnatin jam'iyyu ta farko a shekarar 1948, an naɗa Cosgrave a matsayin Sakataren Majalisar Dokoki ta Taoiseach John A. Costello . Ya zama memba na majalisar ministoci a shekarar 1954 lokacin da aka naɗa shi Ministan Harkokin Waje . Babban abin da ya fi daukar hankali a cikin shekaru uku na wa'adinsa shi ne nasarar da Ireland ta samu a Majalisar Dinkin Duniya . A shekarar 1965, abokan aikinsa suka zaɓi Cosgrave da cikakken goyon baya domin ya maye gurbin James Dillon a matsayin shugaban Fine Gael. Ya sha kaye a zaɓen gama gari na 1969 ga tsohon shugaban Taoiseach Jack Lynch, amma ya lashe zaɓen gama gari na 1973 kuma ya zama Taoiseach a gwamnatin Fine Gael- Labour .

Cosgrave ya mutu a ranar 4 ga Oktoba, 2017, yana da shekaru 97. Ya kasance tare da Taoiseach mafi daɗewa a duniya, kuma shi ne Taoiseach na ƙarshe da aka haifa kafin raba ƙasar Ireland .

Rayuwa ta farko

Yaro na Cosgrave ya samo asali ne daga juyin juya halin sabuwar ƙasar Ireland. Mahaifinsa ya yi aiki a matsayin Shugaban Majalisar Zartarwa tsawon yawancin lokacin yarintarsa, kuma iyalin suna da alamun Yaƙin Basasa : a watan Janairun 1923, sojojin da ke adawa da Yarjejeniyar sun ƙone gidansu da ke Beechpark, a Templeogue, kuma duk da cewa Cosgrave yana da shekaru biyu kacal kuma ba ya gida a lokacin, daga baya ya ce zai iya tuna tarkacen. Ya kuma ci gaba da tunawa da abubuwan da suka fi faranta rai, ciki har da rakiyar iyayensa zuwa wurin buɗe tashar samar da wutar lantarki ta Ardnacrusha a shekarar 1929, wani lokaci da ya taimaka masa ya zama mai ɗorewa tare da cibiyoyin Free State; daga baya ya bayyana gwamnatin Cumann na nGaedheal a matsayin "mafi kyawun gwamnati a Jihar cikin sauƙi".

Cosgrave ya nuna sha'awar siyasa sosai tun yana ƙarami, inda ya tattauna batun da mahaifinsa tun yana matashi kafin daga bisani ya koma Fine Gael yana ɗan shekara 17, yana jawabi a taronsa na farko a bainar jama'a a wannan shekarar. Ya yi karatu a Synge Street CBS, wata makarantar Katolika mai ibada, sannan daga baya a Kwalejin Castleknock, Dublin, sannan daga baya a King's Inns . Kafin ya shiga siyasa, ya shiga aikin soja a rundunar tsaro a shekarar 1940, daga baya aka naɗa shi a matsayin Laftanar na biyu a rundunar tsaro, inda ya yi aiki har zuwa 1943. Ya karanci shari'a kuma aka kira shi zuwa ga Lauyan Irish a shekarar 1943. Imani ya ci gaba da kasancewa babban abu a rayuwarsa, kuma ya ci gaba da halartar ibada ta yau da kullun a Cocin Annunciation da ke Rathfarnham har zuwa 'yan watanni kafin mutuwarsa.

Aikin siyasa

Farkon siyasa

Wani ƙasida daga zaɓen gama gari na ƙasar Ireland na 1948 da ke tallata Cosgrave

Abin da ya ba iyalansa mamaki, Liam ya nemi a zaɓe shi a matsayin Dáil Éireann a babban zaɓen 1943 kuma an zaɓe shi a matsayin ɗan majalisar dokoki ta gundumar Dublin yana da shekaru 23, ƙaramin memba na Dáil a lokacin, yana zaune a Dáil na 11 tare da mahaifinsa WT Cosgrave, ɗaya daga cikin waɗanda suka kafa Irish Free State a shekarun 1920. Su biyun sun yi zaman 'yan adawa har sai da WT Cosgrave ya yi ritaya a zaɓen da aka yi a shekarar 1944. Cosgrave ya tashi cikin sauri ta hanyar Fine Gael kuma an ɗauke shi a matsayin mafi ƙwarewa da himma a cikin sabbin TDs na Fine Gael. Zaɓensa a shekarar 1943 ya faru ne a cikin dogon lokaci lokacin da jam'iyyarsa ke adawa, daga 1932 zuwa 1948.

Cosgrave ya rubuta wa Shugaban Jam'iyyar, Richard Mulcahy, a watan Mayu na 1947, game da rashin kyawun halartar taron Dáil, kuma ya sanar da shugabansa cewa "Ba zan iya sake roƙon jama'a da su goyi bayan jam'iyyar a matsayin jam'iyya ba, kuma a cikin wannan yanayi ban yi niyyar yin magana a tarurrukan da ke wajen mazabar da nake wakilta ba." Duk da haka, babban zaɓen 1948 ya kawo Fine Gael kan mulki a karon farko tun lokacin da aka kafa jam'iyyar a 1933, tare da haɗin gwiwa da Jam'iyyar Labour, Jam'iyyar Labour ta Ƙasa, Clann na Talmhan, Clann na Poblachta da 'yan ƙasa shida, wanda ya kawo ƙarshen shekaru goma sha shida na mulkin Fianna Fáil. A wannan zaɓen, an mayar da Cosgrave ga sabon mazabar Dún Laoghaire da Rathdown, kujerar da zai ci gaba da riƙewa a kowace zaɓe da za a yi har zuwa lokacin da ya yi ritaya a shekarar 1981. Lokacin da aka kafa gwamnatin haɗin gwiwa tsakanin jam'iyyu na farko, Taoiseach John A. Costello ya zaɓi Cosgrave don gwamnati ta naɗa shi a matsayin Sakataren Majalisar Dokoki ta Taoiseach kuma Babban Mai tsawatarwa da kuma Sakataren Majalisar Dokoki ga Ministan Masana'antu da Kasuwanci a ranar 24 ga Fabrairu, 1948. Ya yi aiki a waɗannan mukamai har zuwa rushewar Dáil a ranar 7 ga Mayu 1951.

Minista

Bayan babban zaɓen 1954, an kafa gwamnatin haɗin gwiwa tsakanin jam'iyyu ta biyu a ranar 2 ga Yuni 1954, wacce John A. Costello ya sake jagoranta. An naɗa Cosgrave, wanda a lokacin yana da shekaru 34 kacal amma yana da shekaru goma sha ɗaya na ƙwarewar Dáil, a matsayin Ministan Harkokin Waje . Cosgrave ya shiga tattaunawar cinikayya kuma ya jagoranci Kwamitin Ministocin Majalisar Turai a shekarar 1955. Ya kuma jagoranci shigar Ireland cikin Majalisar Dinkin Duniya, wanda aka gudanar a ranar 14 ga Disamba 1955. Cosgrave ya bayyana ƙa'idodi uku na manufofinsa na ƙasashen waje ga Dáil a watan Yunin 1956: bin ƙa'idodin Yarjejeniyar Majalisar Dinkin Duniya, 'yancin kai da rashin daidaito, da kuma "yin duk abin da za mu iya a matsayinmu na memba na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya don kiyaye wayewar Kirista wanda muke ɓangare a ciki kuma da nufin tallafawa duk lokacin da zai yiwu waɗannan ƙasashe waɗanda ke da alhakin kare duniyar 'yanci a cikin juriyarsu ga yaɗuwar ikon kwaminisanci da tasirinsu". Ireland ba ta goyon bayan Amurka ba. Gwamnatin tsakanin jam'iyyu biyu ta ruguje a lokacin da aka yi ta tsaurara manufofin rage hauhawar farashin kayayyaki da Ministan Kudi, Gerard Sweetman ya kafa. Cosgrave ya ɗora wa Sweetman alhakin kayen da Fine Gael ya sha a babban zaɓen 1957, kuma ya gaya masa haka, inda aka ruwaito cewa Fine Gael "ba ta sake jagorantar mutanen da ke zaune a manyan gidaje a ƙarshen dogon lokaci ba." Bai yi magana da Sweetman ba tsawon wasu shekaru. Duk da cewa rugujewar gwamnati da shan kaye sun rage masa aikin minista, tarihin aikinsa a ofis ya ƙara masa suna kuma ya tabbatar da cancantarsa ta zama shugaban jam'iyya na gaba.

'Yan adawa

Fine Gael ta ƙara shiga cikin ƙuncin rayuwa a tsawon lokacin da ta shafe tana adawa da gwamnati bayan 1957, kodayake wannan lokacin ya haifar da shakku a cikin jam'iyyar. A ƙoƙarin farfaɗo da Fine Gael, Declan Costello, ɗan tsohon Taoiseach John A. Costello, ya tsara wasu shawarwari da aka sani da takardar Just Society, waɗanda aka gina bisa ƙa'idodin daidaito da adalci na zamantakewa tare da yin kira da a ƙara kashe kuɗi a fannin lafiya da walwalar jama'a tare da babban rawar da gwamnati ke takawa a fannin tattalin arziki. Takardar ta raba jam'iyyar gida biyu, amma tsohon TD Patrick McGilligan ya ba ta sahihanci ta hanyar yin kira ga abokan aikinsa da su rungumi hangen nesanta.

Cosgrave ya goyi bayan kuri'ar raba gardama ta Fianna Fáil don soke tsarin wakilcin daidaito a watan Yunin 1959, wanda aka kayar. Wannan matsayi ya yi masa tsauri daga baya a wannan shekarar, lokacin da shugabancin Fine Gael, wanda Mulcahy da Costello suka riƙe, ya yi murabus a watan Oktoban 1959. Costello, wanda yake son ci gaba da aikinsa a matsayin babban lauya da kuma zama shugaba, ya nemi Cosgrave ya zama "manajan darakta" a Dáil yayin da yake wurin aikin lauya, wanda Cosgrave ya ƙi yi. James Dillon da Cosgrave sun fafata a zaɓen shugabanni da aka yi, inda Dillon ya lashe zaɓen da aka yi da kyau.

Da yake Fine Gael yana adawa da gwamnati a shekarun 1960, Cosgrave ya sadaukar da kansa ga takardar Just Society bayan zaɓensa, ya yi taka-tsantsan a muhawarar cikin gida ta jam'iyyar kan shawarwarin lokacin da ya shaida wa Ard Fheis na 1964 cewa "wani sanannen ra'ayi ne na siyasa cewa jam'iyya don samun goyon bayan jama'a da kuma riƙe goyon bayan jama'a ya kamata ta kasance a gefen hagu na tsakiya." Duk da cewa Declan Costello ne ya aiwatar da daftarin daftarin, Cosgrave ne ya jagoranci kwamitin da ya fitar da rubutunsa na ƙarshe, kuma goyon bayansa, wanda ya fito daga wani mutum da ke da alaƙa da dabi'un jam'iyyar na gargajiya, ya tabbatar da cewa ya cancanci karɓuwa. "Zuwa ga Al'umma Mai Adalci" ya zama jigon yakin neman zaben Fine Gael na 1965, amma rarrabuwar kawuna tsakanin shugabannin da kuma takaita tallata manufar ya rage tasirinta, kuma Fianna Fáil ta ci gaba da lashe babban zaben 1965.

Shugaban Fine Gael

Lokacin da James Dillon ya yi murabus daga shugabancin Fine Gael bayan shan kaye a zaɓen 1965, Cosgrave ya kasance magaji a bayyane kuma an zaɓe shi da haɗin kai a wani taron jam'iyyar 'yan majalisa a ranar 21 ga Afrilu 1965. [1] Yana da shekaru arba'in da biyar, ya zama shugaban jam'iyyar mafi ƙarancin shekaru, kuma musamman, ya bi mahaifinsa har ya shiga wannan matsayi. [1] An kuma zaɓe shi a matsayin shugaban jam'iyyar a watan Oktoba, kodayake mutuwar mahaifinsa a watan da ya biyo baya ta mamaye wannan lamari. [1] An ɗauki hukuncin siyasa na Cosgrave a matsayin mai wayo kuma burinsa ga jam'iyyar a bayyane yake, amma ya fito daga wani tsarar siyasa mai tsufa, mai tsari, mai taka tsantsan da kuma rashin jin daɗi a gaban kyamarar talabijin; a bainar jama'a, sau da yawa ana ɗaukarsa a matsayin mai tsauri da kuma mai nisa. [1]

Shekarar farko ta shugabancinsa ta kawo wa Fine Gael kusantowar wani gagarumin nasara, lokacin da ɗan takararta Tom O'Higgins ya tsaya takarar shugaban ƙasa Éamon de Valera a zaɓen shugaban ƙasa na 1966, sakamakon da ya ɗaga kwarin gwiwar jam'iyya sosai. Wannan ƙarfin bai ci gaba ba. A ƙarshen shekarar 1968, shakku ya fara yaɗuwa game da shugabancin Cosgrave game da yadda ya gudanar da wani zaɓen raba gardama na Fianna Fáil don soke wakilcin da aka yi wa jama'a . Duk da cewa a da ya kasance mai sukar irin wannan matakin, Cosgrave ya yi imanin cewa soke dokar zai bai wa Fine Gael damar samun iko mafi kyau kuma ya fifita goyon bayan shawarar gwamnati, matsayin da ba a yarda da shi a tsakanin manyan jam'iyyun ba, wanda a ƙarshe ya yi kamfe a kan hakan. Fine Gael ya sake fafatawa a babban zaɓen 1969 a ƙarƙashin tutar "Just Society", amma da ƙaramin aiki da aka yi don haɓaka manufar ko gina goyon bayan jama'a a gare ta tun daga 1965, bai yi wani tasiri ga masu zaɓe ba, kuma Cosgrave ya sha kaye a hannun tsohon shugaban Taoiseach Jack Lynch .