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Lightning

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Daga Wikipedia, Insakulofidiya ta kyauta.
Lightning
type of meteorological phenomenon (en) Fassara
Bayanai
Ƙaramin ɓangare naelectrical breakdown (en) Fassara, electrometeor (en) Fassara, electrostatic discharge (en) Fassara, meteorological phenomenon (en) Fassara da atmospheric process (en) Fassara
Bangare naThunderstorm
Yana haddasathunder
Immediate cause of (en) FassaraWalƙiya mai haɗari
Described at URL (en) Fassaraneal.fun… da gweiadur.com…
Measurement scale (en) Fassaralightning detector (en) Fassara
Hasken walƙiya daga girgije zuwa ƙasa ya buge Tekun Bahar Rum daga Port-la-Nouvelle a kudancin Faransa.

Walkiya (Lightning) wani al’amari ne na halitta wanda ya ƙunshi fitarwar wutar lantarki ta tsaye (electrostatic discharge) da ke faruwa ta cikin yanayi (atmosphere) tsakanin yankuna biyu masu ɗauke da cajin lantarki. Ɗaya ko kuma duka biyun daga cikin waɗannan yankuna suna cikin yanayi, yayin da yanki na biyu a wasu lokuta yake kasancewa a ƙasa. Bayan faruwar walkiya, waɗannan yankuna sukan zama ba su da caji ko kuma cajin lantarkinsu ya ragu sosai, gaba ɗaya ko kuma wani ɓangare.

Walkiya tana haifar da sakin makamashi kusan nan take, wanda yawanci yake tsakanin megajoules miliyan 200 da gigajoules 7.[1][2][3] Iskar da ke kewaye da hasken walkiya tana yin zafi cikin sauri har ta kai kusan 30,000°C (54,000°F).[4]

Haka kuma, ana fitar da hasken lantarki (electromagnetic radiation) mai yaɗuwa a kan nau’o’in tsawon igiyoyin haske daban-daban, kuma wasu daga cikinsu ana iya ganinsu a matsayin hasken walkiya mai tsananin haske. Walkiya kuma tana haifar da tsawa (thunder), wato sautin da ke samuwa daga guguwar matsin iska (shock wave) da ke tasowa yayin da iskar gas mai zafi da ke kusa da wurin fitarwar wutar lantarki ta samu ƙaruwa cikin sauri a matsin lamba.

Mafi yawan faruwar walkiya tana kasancewa ne a cikin tsawa (thunderstorm), duk da cewa tana iya faruwa a wasu nau’o’in yanayin da ke ɗauke da kuzari mai yawa, kamar lokacin fashewar aman wuta (volcanic eruptions).

Walkiya tana da tasiri a kan da’irar wutar lantarki ta duniya da ke cikin yanayi (global atmospheric electrical circuit) da kuma sinadaran da ke cikin yanayi (atmospheric chemistry). Haka kuma, walkiya wata halitta ce da ke iya haifar da kunna gobarar daji (wildfires).

Hukumar Kula da Yanayi ta Duniya (World Meteorological Organization) tana ɗaukar walkiya a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin Muhimman Sauye-sauyen Yanayi (Essential Climate Variables)[5]Ana kiran nazarin kimiyya na walkiya da suna fulminology.

Hanyoyi

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An rarrabe nau'ikan walƙiya guda uku ta hanyar inda suke faruwa: [6]

  • Intra-cloud (IC) ko in-cloud - A cikin girgije gudagirgije mai tsawa
  • Cloud-to-cloud (CC) ko inter-cloud - Tsakanin girgije biyu
  • Cloud-to-ground (CG) - Tsakanin girgije da ƙasa, a wannan yanayin ana kiransa da walƙiya.

Ana kuma gane wasu nau’o’in walkiya da dama ta fuskar yadda ake lura da su, ciki har da:

  • Walkiyar aman wuta (volcanic lightning), wadda za ta iya faruwa a lokacin fashewar aman wuta (volcanic eruptions).
  • “Walkiyar zafi” (heat lightning), wadda za a iya ganin haskenta daga nesa sosai, amma ba a jin sautinta.
  • Walkiyar busasshiya (dry lightning), wadda za ta iya haifar da gobarar daji.
  • Walkiyar ƙwallo (ball lightning), wadda ba kasafai ake samun damar yin nazarin ta a kimiyyance ba.

Mafi tasirin walkiya kai tsaye ga mutane yana faruwa ne sakamakon walkiyar da ke tsakanin gajimare da ƙasa (cloud-to-ground lightning), duk da cewa walkiyar da ke faruwa a cikin gajimare (intra-cloud) da kuma wadda ke faruwa tsakanin gajimare da gajimare (cloud-to-cloud) sun fi yawan faruwa.

Walkiyar da ke faruwa a cikin gajimare da wadda ke faruwa tsakanin gajimare da gajimare suna yin tasiri ga mutane a kaikaice, ta hanyar tasirinsu ga sinadaran da ke cikin yanayi (atmospheric chemistry).

Akwai bambance-bambance a cikin kowane nau’i, kamar “walkiyar CG mai kyau (positive)” da “walkiyar CG mara kyau (negative)”, waɗanda kowannensu yana da halayen zahiri daban-daban waɗanda za a iya auna su.

Girgije zuwa ƙasa (CG)

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Girgije zuwa ƙasa da aka gani a hankali

Hasken girgije zuwa ƙasa (CG) walƙiya ne tsakanin girgije da ƙasa. An fara shi ne ta hanyar jagora mai tsalle-tsalle wanda ke motsawa daga girgije, wanda mai rafi ke motsawa sama daga ƙasa ya sadu da shi.

CG shine mafi ƙarancin kowa, amma mafi kyawun fahimta daga kowane nau'in walƙiya. Yana da sauƙin nazarin kimiyya saboda ya ƙare a kan wani abu na zahiri, wato ƙasa, kuma yana ba da kansa ga auna shi ta kayan aiki a ƙasa. Daga cikin manyan nau'ikan walƙiya guda uku, yana haifar da babbar barazana ga rayuwa da dukiya, tunda ya ƙare a ƙasa ko "ya buge".

Gabaɗaya fitarwa, wanda ake kira walƙiya, ya ƙunshi matakai da yawa kamar rushewar farko, shugabannin da suka hau, shugabannin da ke haɗa, bugun dawowa, shugabannin dart, da bugun dawowa na gaba. Gudanar da ƙasa ta lantarki, ko ƙasa ce, ruwa mai laushi, ko ruwan gishiri, na iya shafar yawan walƙiya kuma ta haka ne halaye masu ganuwa.

Hasken wuta mai kyau da mara kyau

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Hasken girgije zuwa ƙasa (CG) ko dai yana da kyau ko mara kyau, kamar yadda aka bayyana ta hanyar jagorancin wutar lantarki na al'ada tsakanin girgije da ƙasa. Yawancin walƙiya na CG ba su da kyau, ma'ana cewa ana canja wurin cajin mara kyau (yankin lantarki suna gudana) ƙasa zuwa ƙasa tare da tashar walƙiya (yanayin yanzu na al'ada yana gudana daga ƙasa zuwa girgije). Sabanin haka yana faruwa a cikin haske mai kyau na CG, inda electrons ke tafiya sama tare da tashar walƙiya, yayin da kuma ana canja caji mai kyau zuwa ƙasa (a halin yanzu na al'ada yana tafiya daga girgije zuwa ƙasa).

Hasken walƙiya mai kyau ba ya zama ruwan dare fiye da walƙiya mara kyau kuma a matsakaita ya zama ƙasa da 5% na duk walƙiya.[7]

Wani bolt daga walƙiya mai launin shudi wanda ya bayyana ya fara daga sararin sama, amma sararin sama sama sama sama da girgije yana fitar da bolt na plasma ta cikin girgije kai tsaye zuwa ƙasa. Ana kiran su da haske mai kyau, duk da gaskiyar cewa yawanci ba su da kyau a cikin polarity.

Akwai hanyoyi da yawa da aka tsara don haifar da samar da walƙiya mai kyau.[8] Wadannan galibi sun dogara ne akan motsi ko karfafa cibiyoyin caji a cikin girgije. Irin waɗannan canje-canje a cikin cajin girgije na iya faruwa ne sakamakon bambance-bambance a cikin iska mai tsaye ko hazo, ko ɓacewar guguwar. Hasken haske mai kyau na iya haifar da wasu halaye na fitarwa a cikin girgije, misali fashewa ko reshe daga hasken da ke akwai.

Hasken walƙiya mai kyau yana da ƙarfi sosai fiye da takwarorinsu marasa kyau. Matsakaicin walƙiya mara kyau yana haifar da wutar lantarki na 30,000 Amperes (30 kA), yana canja wurin jimlar 15 C (coulombs) na cajin lantarki da 1 Gigajoule na makamashi.   Manyan ƙuƙwalwar walƙiya mai kyau na iya ƙirƙirar har zuwa 120 kA kuma canja wurin 350 C. Matsakaicin haske mai kyau na ƙasa yana da kusan ninki biyu na saman yanzu na hasken wuta mara kyau, kuma yana iya samar da saman lantarki har zuwa 400 kA da caji na daruruwan coulombs.    Bugu da ƙari, hasken ƙasa mai kyau tare da manyan raƙuman ruwa ana bin sautin da ke ci gaba da dogon lokaci, haɗin da ba a gani a cikin hasken ƙasa mara kyau ba.[9]

A sakamakon karfin da suka fi girma, walƙiya mai kyau sun fi haɗari fiye da mummunan.[8] Hasken walƙiya mai kyau yana samar da manyan raƙuman ruwa da kuma ci gaba da raƙuman wuta, yana sa su iya dumama wurare zuwa matakan da suka fi girma wanda ke ƙara yiwuwar wuta ta kunna. Hasken walƙiya mai tsawo zai iya yaduwa ta hanyar iska mai tsabta ya bayyana dalilin da ya sa aka san su da "bolts daga shuɗi", ba tare da gargadi ga masu kallo ba.

An kuma nuna walƙiya mai kyau don haifar da faruwar walƙiya sama daga saman gine-gine masu tsawo kuma yana da alhakin farawar sprites da yawa na kilomita sama da matakin ƙasa. Hasken walƙiya mai kyau yana faruwa akai-akai a cikin hadari na hunturu, kamar yadda yake tare da tsawa, a lokacin guguwa mai tsanani [10] da kuma a cikin matakin ɓacewar tsawa. [11] Hakanan ana samar da Raƙuman rediyo masu yawa na ƙananan mita (ELF) da ƙananan mita (VLF).[12]

Sabanin imanin da aka fi sani, walƙiya mai kyau ba lallai ba ne ya samo asali ne daga anvil ko yankin caji mai kyau kuma ya buge yankin da ba shi da ruwan sama a waje da tsawa. Wannan imani ya dogara ne akan tsohuwar ra'ayin cewa shugabannin walƙiya suna da daidaituwa kuma sun samo asali ne daga yankin cajin su.  [ana buƙatar hujja]Duk da kuskuren da aka fi sani da cewa hasken da ya samo asali daga ƙuƙwalwar yana da kyau, saboda suna da alama sun samo asali ne daga yankin caji mai kyau, abubuwan lura sun nuna cewa waɗannan a zahiri hasken da ba shi da kyau. Suna farawa ne yayin da IC ke haskakawa a cikin girgije, jagoran mara kyau sannan ya fita daga girgije daga yankin caji mai kyau kafin ya yada ta hanyar iska mai tsabta kuma ya buge ƙasa nesa.[13][14]

Cloud zuwa girgije (CC) da intra-cloud (IC)

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Hasken walƙiya na iya faruwa tsakanin wuraren girgije ba tare da tuntuɓar ƙasa ba. Lokacin da ya faru tsakanin girgije biyu daban-daban, an san shi da girgije-zuwa-girgije (CC) ko walƙiya tsakanin girgije; lokacin da ya faru ne tsakanin yankuna masu iyawar lantarki daban-daban a cikin girgije ɗaya, an saninsa da walƙiya ta cikin girgije (IC). IC walƙiya ita ce mafi yawan faruwa.[11]

Hasken IC yafi faruwa tsakanin ɓangaren sama da ƙananan tsawa da aka ba da tsawa. Ana iya lura da wannan walƙiya a wasu lokuta a nesa da dare kamar yadda ake kira "walƙiya mai laushi". A irin waɗannan lokuta, mai kallo na iya ganin haske kawai ba tare da jin wani tsawa ba.

Wani kalma da aka yi amfani da shi don girgije-girgije ko walƙiya-girgije-ƙasa ita ce "Anvil Crawler", saboda al'adar caji, yawanci yana samo asali ne a ƙasa ko a cikin anvil kuma yana shiga cikin saman girgije na tsawa, sau da yawa yana haifar da bugun reshe mai yawa. Wadannan galibi ana ganin su yayin da tsawa ta wuce mai kallo ko ta fara lalacewa. Halin da ya fi dacewa yana faruwa a cikin tsawa mai kyau wanda ke nuna tsawa mai yawa na baya.

Kafawa

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Hanyoyin da ke tattare da samar da walƙiya sun fada cikin waɗannan rukunoni:

  1. Abubuwan da ke faruwa a yanayi masu yawa waɗanda ke iya haifar da rabuwa da caji (misali guguwa)
  2. Microscopic da macroscopic matakai wanda ke haifar da rabuwa da caji
  3. Kafa filin lantarki
  4. Fitarwa ta hanyar walƙiya

Abubuwan da ke faruwa a sararin samaniya inda walƙiya ke faruwa

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Hasken wuta da farko yana faruwa ne lokacin da iska mai dumi ta haɗu da iska mai sanyi, wanda ke haifar da rikice-rikicen yanayi da ake buƙata don daidaita yanayin. Rikicin yana haifar da hadari, kuma lokacin da waɗannan hadari suna haifar da walƙiya da tsawa, ana kiransu tsawa.

Hasken wuta na iya faruwa a lokacin guguwa ƙura, gobarar daji, guguwa, fashewar dutse, har ma a cikin sanyi na hunturu, inda aka san walƙiya da tsawa.[15] Guguwa yawanci suna haifar da walƙiya, galibi a cikin ruwan sama har zuwa 160 kilometres (99 mi) km (99 daga tsakiyar.[16][17][18]

Wutar daji mai tsanani, kamar waɗanda aka gani a Lokacin gobarar daji na Australiya na 2019-20, na iya ƙirƙirar tsarin yanayi na kansu wanda zai iya samar da walƙiya (wanda ake kira walƙiya ta wuta) da sauran abubuwan da suka faru[19]Rashin zafi mai tsanani daga wuta yana haifar da iska ta tashi cikin hanzari a cikin hayaki, wanda ke haifar da samar da girgije na pyrocumulonimbus. Wannan iska mai sanyi tana jawowa ta hanyar iska mai tasowa, mai tasowa. Ruwan da ke tashi yana ƙara sanyaya ta hanyar matsin yanayi a babban tsawo, yana ba da damar danshi a ciki ya taru a cikin girgije. Pyrocumulonimbus girgije ya samo asali ne a cikin yanayi mara daidaituwa. Wadannan tsarin yanayi na iya samar da walƙiya mai bushe, guguwar wuta, iska mai ƙarfi, da ƙanƙara mai datti.[20]

Kazalika da yanayin thermodynamic da yanayin yanayi, ana tunanin abun da ke cikin aerosol (misali ƙura ko hayaki) yana tasiri ga mitar walƙiya a cikin guguwa.[21] Wani takamaiman misali na wannan shi ne cewa ana ganin sautin walƙiya mai yawa a kan hanyoyin jirgin ruwa.[22]

An kuma lura da ƙarancin jirgin sama don rinjayar walƙiya zuwa ƙaramin mataki. Rashin ruwa mai yawa na jiragen sama na iya samar da ƙananan hanyar juriya ta hanyar yanayi yana da tasiri a kan kafa hanyar ionic don walƙiya ta bi.[23]Ruwan hayaki na Rocket ya ba da hanya ga walƙiya lokacin da aka ga ta buga rokar Apollo 12 jim kadan bayan tashi.

An ga fashewar thermonuclear, ta hanyar samar da ƙarin kayan aiki don gudanar da wutar lantarki da kuma yanayin tashin hankali, wanda ke haifar da walƙiya a cikin girgije. Bugu da kari, radiation na gamma mai karfi daga manyan fashewar nukiliya na iya bunkasa yankuna masu caji sosai a cikin iska da ke kewaye da su ta hanyar watsawar Compton. Yankunan cajin sararin samaniya masu yawa suna haifar da walƙiya mai haske ba da daɗewa ba bayan na'urar ta fashe.[24]

Wasu hasken sararin samaniya masu ƙarfi da supernovas suka samar da su da kuma ƙwayoyin hasken rana daga iskar hasken rana, sun shiga cikin yanayi kuma sun ba da wutar lantarki ga iska, wanda zai iya haifar da hanyoyi don tashoshin walƙiya.[25]

Rarraba caji

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Rarraba caji a cikin tsawa

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(Hoto 1) Babban yankin caji a cikin tsawa yana faruwa a tsakiyar ɓangaren guguwar inda iska ke motsawa sama da sauri (updraft) kuma yanayin zafi ya kasance daga -15 zuwa -25 ° C (5 zuwa -13 ° F).
(Hoto 2) Lokacin da lu'ulu'u masu tasowa suka yi karo da graupel, lu'ulu-lu'u masu kankara sun zama masu caji kuma graupel ya zama mummunan caji.
Sashe na sama na girgije ya zama caji mai kyau yayin da tsakiya zuwa ƙananan ɓangaren girgije ya kasance caji mara kyau.

Har yanzu masana kimiyya suna nazarin cikakkun bayanai game da tsarin caji, amma akwai yarjejeniya ta gaba ɗaya akan wasu mahimman ra'ayoyin rabuwa na cajin tsawa, wanda aka fi sani da wutar lantarki. Electrification na iya zama ta hanyar Tasirin triboelectric wanda ke haifar da canja wurin lantarki ko ion tsakanin jikin da ke haɗuwa.

Babban yankin caji a cikin tsawa yana faruwa a tsakiyar ɓangaren guguwar inda iska ke motsawa sama da sauri (updraft) kuma yanayin zafi yana daga -15 zuwa -25 ° C (5 zuwa -13 ° F); duba Hoto 1. A wannan yanki, haɗuwa da zafin jiki da saurin motsi na iska yana samar da cakuda ruwan sama mai sanyaya (ƙananan ruwan da ke ƙasa da daskarewa), ƙananan lu'ulu'u na kankara, da graupel (ƙanƙara mai laushi). Updraft yana ɗauke da raƙuman girgije masu sanyaya da ƙananan ƙanƙara zuwa sama. A lokaci guda, graupel, wanda ya fi girma kuma ya fi yawa, yana faɗuwa ko kuma a dakatar da shi a cikin iska mai tasowa.

Bambance-bambance a cikin motsi na barbashi na girgije yana haifar da haɗari. Lokacin da lu'ulu'u masu tasowa suka yi karo da graupel, lu'ulu-lu'u masu kankara sun zama masu caji kuma graupel ya zama marasa caji; duba Hoto 2. Updraft yana ɗauke da lu'ulu'u masu caji sosai zuwa sama zuwa saman girgije. Babban graupel mai yawa ko dai an dakatar da shi a tsakiyar girgije na tsawa ko ya faɗi zuwa ƙananan ɓangaren guguwar. Yawanci, ɓangaren sama na girgije na tsawa ya zama caji mai kyau yayin da tsakiya zuwa ƙananan ɓangaren girgije na ƙanƙanta ya zama cajin mara kyau.[26][27] Tsarin da ke sama na rabuwa da caji sakamakon haɗuwa da ƙwayoyin girgije galibi ana kiransa da tsarin caji wanda ba mai haifar da shi ba.[28]

Motsawa zuwa sama a cikin guguwa da iskõki a matakan da suka fi girma a cikin yanayi suna haifar da ƙananan lu'ulu'u na kankara (da caji mai kyau) a saman girgije don yadawa a kwance daga tushen girgije na tsawa. Wannan bangare na girgije ana kiransa anvil. Duk da yake wannan shine babban tsarin caji don girgije, wasu daga cikin waɗannan cajin za a iya sake rarraba su ta hanyar motsi na iska a cikin guguwar (updrafts da downdrafts). Bugu da kari, akwai karamin amma mai mahimmanci caji mai kyau a kusa da ƙasan girgije saboda hazo da yanayin zafi. Yankunan caji masu kyau-marasa kyau galibi suna faruwa a cikin tsawa masu girma, kuma ana kiransu tsarin caji na tripolar.[28]

Har ila yau, akwai wasu matakai na caji waɗanda zasu iya taka rawa a cikin tsawa, amma galibi ana zaton ba su da mahimmanci. An yi nazarin tsarin caji na inductive, kuma zai taso ne daga polarization na ɗigon girgije a gaban filin lantarki mai kyau.[28] An kuma bayyana cewa ba a caji ba, ruwan da ke haɗuwa zai iya caji saboda canja wurin caji tsakanin su (a matsayin ions na ruwa) a cikin filin lantarki kamar yadda zai kasance a cikin tsawa.[29]

The induced separation of charge in pure liquid water has been known since the 1840s as has the electrification of pure liquid water by the triboelectric effect. William Thomson (Lord Kelvin) demonstrated that charge separation in water occurs in the usual electric fields at the Earth's surface and developed a continuous electric field measuring device using that knowledge.[30] The physical separation of charge into different regions using liquid water was demonstrated by Kelvin with the Kelvin water dropper. The most likely charge-carrying species were considered to be the aqueous hydrogen ion and the aqueous hydroxide ion.[31] An electron is not stable in liquid water concerning a hydroxide ion plus dissolved hydrogen for the time scales involved in thunderstorms. The electrical charging of solid water ice has also been considered. The charged species were again considered to be the hydrogen ion and the hydroxide ion.[32][33]

Shugabannin walƙiya

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Jagora mai saukowa yana tafiya zuwa ƙasa, yana rarraba yayin da yake tafiya.
Hasken walƙiya wanda ya haifar da haɗin shugabannin biyu, mai kyau da aka nuna a cikin shuɗi da mara kyau a cikin ja

A cikin wani tsari da ba a fahimta ba, ana fara tashar iska mai ma'ana, wanda ake kira "shugaba", tsakanin yankuna masu caji a cikin girgije. Shugabannin su ne tashoshin lantarki na iskar gas wanda ke yaduwa ta hanyar, ko kuma suna janyo hankalin yankuna tare da cajin da ya saba da na shugaban. Ƙarshen mummunan shugaban bi-directional ya cika yankin caji mai kyau, wanda ake kira rijiyar, a cikin girgije yayin da ƙarshen mai kyau ya cika caji mara kyau. Shugabannin sau da yawa suna rabuwa, suna samar da rassa a cikin tsari mai kama da itace. Bugu da kari, wasu shugabannin da ba su da kyau suna tafiya a cikin hanyar da ba ta da kyau, a cikin tsari da ake kira "mataki". Za'a iya lura da motsi mai saurin motsi na shugabannin a cikin bidiyon saurin motsin walƙiya.

Yana yiwuwa ga wani ƙarshen jagora ya cika maɓallin da aka caji gaba ɗaya yayin da ɗayan ƙarshen yake aiki. Lokacin da wannan ya faru, ƙarshen jagora wanda ya cika rijiyar na iya yaduwa a waje da girgije kuma ya haifar da hasken girgije zuwa iska ko hasken girgizar ƙasa. A cikin walƙiya ta girgije zuwa ƙasa, jagora mai ma'ana biyu ya fara tsakanin manyan yankuna marasa kyau da ƙananan yankuna masu kyau a cikin girgije. Yankin da ya fi rauni yana cike da sauri ta hanyar jagoran da ba shi da kyau wanda ke yaduwa zuwa ƙasa mai caji.

Abokan hulɗa

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Da zarar shugaba mai saukowa ya haɗu da shugaba mai hawa, tsari da ake kira haɗewa, an kafa hanyar da ba ta da ƙarfi kuma fitarwa na iya faruwa. An dauki hotuna inda ake iya ganin raƙuman da ba a haɗa su ba. Shugabannin da ba a haɗa su ba a bayyane suke a cikin walƙiya mai rassa, babu wani daga cikinsu da ke da alaƙa da ƙasa, kodayake yana iya bayyana su ne. Bidiyo masu saurin gudu na iya nuna tsarin haɗewa a ci gaba.[34]

Fitar da wutar lantarki – bugun dawowar wuta.

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Hotuna masu saurin gudu da ke nuna sassa daban-daban na walƙiya yayin tsarin fitarwa kamar yadda aka gani a Toulouse, Faransa.

Da zarar tashar mai gudanarwa ta mamaye gibin iska tsakanin cajin da ba shi da kyau a cikin girgije da cajin da ke ƙasa, akwai babban raguwa a juriya a fadin tashar walƙiya. Electrons suna hanzarta sauri a sakamakon wani yanki da ke farawa a wurin haɗewa, wanda ke fadada a duk hanyar sadarwar jagora har zuwa kashi ɗaya bisa uku na saurin haske. Wannan shi ne "ƙaddamarwa" kuma shine mafi haske da kuma sanannen ɓangaren walƙiya.

A large electric charge flows along the plasma channel, from the cloud to the ground, neutralising the positive ground charge as electrons flow away from the strike point to the surrounding area. This huge surge of current creates large radial voltage differences along the surface of the ground. Called step potentials,[ana buƙatar hujja] they are responsible for more injuries and deaths in groups of people or of other animals than the strike itself. Electricity takes every path available to it. Such step potentials will often cause current to flow through one leg and out another, electrocuting an unlucky human or animal standing near the point where the lightning strikes.

Rashin wutar lantarki na dawowar bugun jini yana da matsakaicin kiloamperes 30 don hasken CG mara kyau, sau da yawa ana kiransa "marar CG" walƙiya. A wasu lokuta, walƙiya daga ƙasa zuwa girgije (GC) na iya samo asali ne daga yankin da ke da caji mai kyau a ƙasa a ƙarƙashin guguwa. Wadannan fitarwa yawanci sun samo asali ne daga saman tsaunuka masu tsayi, kamar antennas na sadarwa. An gano adadin da dawowar bugun jini na yanzu ke tafiya a kusa da 100,000 km / s (ɗaya bisa uku na saurin haske). [35]  Hasken walƙiya na al'ada daga girgije zuwa ƙasa ya ƙare a cikin samar da tashar Plasma mai gudanar da lantarki ta iska sama da 5 kilometres (3.1 mi) tsawo, daga cikin girgije zuwa farfajiyar ƙasa.

Babban kwararar wutar lantarki da ke faruwa a lokacin dawowar bugun jini tare da adadin da ya faru (an auna shi a cikin microseconds) da sauri ya cika tashar jagorancin da aka kammala, yana samar da tashar plasma mai amfani da wutar lantarki sosai. Babban zafin jiki na plasma a lokacin dawowar bugun jini na iya wucewa 50,000 °F (27,800 °C) ° C (50,000 ° F), [36] wanda ke haifar da haskakawa tare da haske, launin shudi-farin. Da zarar wutar lantarki ta daina gudana, tashar ta yi sanyi kuma ta ɓace a kan dubban ko daruruwan milliseconds, sau da yawa ta ɓace azaman raguwar gas mai haske. Kusan zafi nan take a lokacin bugun jini yana haifar da iska ta fadada sosai, tana haifar da raƙuman ruwa masu ƙarfi waɗanda ake ji a matsayin tsawa.

Rarraba, mitar da kaddarorin

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
Bayanan da aka samu daga Afrilu 1995 zuwa Fabrairu 2003 daga NASA's Optical Transient Detector wanda ke nuna na'urori masu auna sigina da ke nuna rarrabawar walƙiya a duniya
Fayil:Megaflash of 477 miles.png
A 768 kilometres (477 mi) km (477 megaflash daga Texas zuwa Louisiana, a Amurka.[37]

Global monitoring indicates that lightning on Earth occurs at an average frequency of approximately 44 (± 5) times per second, equating to nearly 1.4 billion flashes per year. Median duration is 0.52 seconds[38] made up from a number of much shorter flashes (strokes) of around 60 to 70 microseconds. Occurrences are distributed unevenly across the planet with about 70% being over land in the tropics where atmospheric convection is the greatest.

Abubuwa da yawa suna shafar mitar, rarraba, ƙarfi da kaddarorin jiki na walƙiya ta al'ada a wani yanki na duniya. Wadannan dalilai sun hada da tsawo na ƙasa, latitude, iskar iska, zafi mai dangi, da kusanci da ruwa mai dumi da sanyi.  [ana buƙatar hujja][<span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2025)">citation needed</span>]

Ana samar da walƙiya ta girgije na cumulonimbus, wanda ke da tushe wanda yawanci ke da nisan kilomita 1-2 (0.62-1.24 sama da ƙasa kuma yana saman har zuwa kilomita 15 kilometres (9.3 mi) (9.3 a tsawo.

An kama walƙiya a 240 FPS a lokacin wata babbar tsawa a Mango Hill, Australia.

Gabaɗaya, walƙiya ta CG tana da kashi 25% kawai na duk walƙiya a duk duniya. Adadin intra-cloud, girgije-da-girgije, da walƙiya-girgije-ƙasa na iya bambanta ta hanyar yanayi a latitude.[39][40] A cikin wurare masu zafi, inda matakin daskarewa ya fi girma a cikin yanayi, kawai 10% na walƙiya sune CG. A latitude na Norway (kimanin 60 ° North latitude), inda tsawo mai daskarewa ya fi ƙasa, 50% na walƙiya shine CG.

Rashin walƙiya da yawa a Poland a watan Agusta 2020

The place on Earth where lightning occurs most often is over Lake Maracaibo, wherein the Catatumbo lightning phenomenon produces 250 bolts of lightning a day.[41] This activity occurs on average, 297 days a year. The second most lightning density is near the village of Kifuka in the mountains of the eastern Democratic Republic of the Congo, where the elevation is around 975 metres (3,200 ft). On average, this region receives 158 per square kilometre per year (410/sq mi/yr)*. Other lightning hotspots include Singapore and Lightning Alley in Central Florida.[42]

Masu bincike a Jami'ar Florida sun gano cewa saurin karshe na da aka lura ya kasance tsakanin 1.0 da 1.4× m / s, tare da matsakaicin 4.4×105 m / s.[43]

Dubi kuma

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Manazarta

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
  1. ↑ Maggio, Christopher R.; Marshall, Thomas C.; Stolzenburg, Maribeth (2009). "Estimations of charge transferred and energy released by lightning flashes in short bursts". Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres. 114 (D14): D14203. Bibcode:2009JGRD..11414203M. doi:10.1029/2008JD011506.
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  4. ↑ "How Hot Is Lightning?". National Weather Service. weather.gov (in Turanci). NOAA. Retrieved 2025-02-03.
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  7. ↑ "NWS JetStream – The Positive and Negative Side of Lightning". National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Archived from the original on July 5, 2007. Retrieved September 25, 2007.
  8. 1 2 Nag, Amitabh; Rakov, Vladimir A. (2012). "Positive lightning: An overview, new observations, and inferences". Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres. 117 (D8). Bibcode:2012JGRD..117.8109N. doi:10.1029/2012JD017545.
  9. ↑ Saba, Marcelo M. F.; Schulz, Wolfgang; Warner, Tom A.; Campos, Leandro Z. S.; Schumann, Carina; Krider, E. Philip; Cummins, Kenneth L.; Orville, Richard E. (27 December 2010). "High-speed video observations of positive lightning flashes to ground". Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres. 115 (D24). Bibcode:2010JGRD..11524201S. doi:10.1029/2010JD014330.
  10. ↑ Perez, Antony H.; Wicker, Louis J.; Orville, Richard E. (September 1997). "Characteristics of Cloud-to-Ground Lightning Associated with Violent Tornadoes". Weather and Forecasting. 12 (3): 428–437. Bibcode:1997WtFor..12..428P. doi:10.1175/1520-0434(1997)012<0428:COCTGL>2.0.CO;2.
  11. 1 2 Christian, Hugh J.; McCook, Melanie A. "A Lightning Primer – Characteristics of a Storm". NASA. Archived from the original on March 5, 2016. Retrieved February 8, 2009.
  12. ↑ Boccippio, Dennis J.; Williams, Earle R.; Heckman, Stan J.; Lyons, Walter A.; Baker, Ian T.; Boldi, Robert (25 August 1995). "Sprites, ELF Transients, and Positive Ground Strokes". Science. 269 (5227): 1088–1091. Bibcode:1995Sci...269.1088B. doi:10.1126/science.269.5227.1088. PMID 17755531.
  13. ↑ Lu, Gaopeng; Cummer, Steven A.; Blakeslee, Richard J.; Weiss, Stephanie; Beasley, William H. (27 February 2012). "Lightning morphology and impulse charge moment change of high peak current negative strokes". Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres. 117 (D4). Bibcode:2012JGRD..117.4212L. doi:10.1029/2011JD016890.
  14. ↑ Krehbiel, Paul R.; Riousset, Jeremy A.; Pasko, Victor P.; Thomas, Ronald J.; Rison, William; Stanley, Mark A.; Edens, Harald E. (April 2008). "Upward electrical discharges from thunderstorms". Nature Geoscience. 1 (4): 233–237. Bibcode:2008NatGe...1..233K. doi:10.1038/ngeo162.
  15. ↑ "Bench collapse sparks lightning, roiling clouds". Volcano Watch. United States Geological Survey. June 11, 1998. Archived from the original on January 14, 2012. Retrieved October 7, 2012.
  16. ↑ Pardo-Rodriguez, Lumari (Summer 2009) Lightning Activity in Atlantic Tropical Cyclones: Using the Long-Range Lightning Detection Network (LLDN) Archived ga Maris, 9, 2013 at the Wayback Machine. MA Climate and Society, Columbia University Significant Opportunities in Atmospheric Research and Science Program.
  17. ↑ Hurricane Lightning Archived ga Augusta, 15, 2017 at the Wayback Machine, NASA, January 9, 2006.
  18. ↑ The Promise of Long-Range Lightning Detection in Better Understanding, Nowcasting, and Forecasting of Maritime Storms Archived ga Maris, 9, 2013 at the Wayback Machine. Long Range Lightning Detection Network
  19. ↑ Ceranic, Irena (November 28, 2020). "Fire tornadoes and dry lightning are just the start of the nightmare when a bushfire creates its own storm". ABC News. Australian Broadcasting Corporation.
  20. ↑ Ceranic, Irena (November 28, 2020). "Fire tornadoes and dry lightning are just the start of the nightmare when a bushfire creates its own storm". ABC News. Australian Broadcasting Corporation.
  21. ↑ Wang, Qianqian; Li, Zhanqing; Guo, Jianping; Zhao, Chuanfeng; Cribb, Maureen (6 September 2018). "The climate impact of aerosols on the lightning flash rate: is it detectable from long-term measurements?". Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics. 18 (17): 12797–12816. Bibcode:2018ACP....1812797W. doi:10.5194/acp-18-12797-2018.
  22. ↑ Thornton, Joel A.; Virts, Katrina S.; Holzworth, Robert H.; Mitchell, Todd P. (16 September 2017). "Lightning enhancement over major oceanic shipping lanes". Geophysical Research Letters. 44 (17): 9102–9111. Bibcode:2017GeoRL..44.9102T. doi:10.1002/2017GL074982.
  23. ↑ Uman (1986) Ch. 4, pp. 26–34.
  24. ↑ Colvin, J. D.; Mitchell, C. K.; Greig, J. R.; Murphy, D. P.; Pechacek, R. E.; Raleigh, M. (1987). "An empirical study of the nuclear explosion-induced lightning seen on IVY-MIKE". Journal of Geophysical Research. 92 (D5): 5696–5712. Bibcode:1987JGR....92.5696C. doi:10.1029/JD092iD05p05696.
  25. ↑ "High-speed solar winds increase lightning strikes on Earth". Iop.org. May 15, 2014. Retrieved May 19, 2014.
  26. ↑ Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named "NOAA".
  27. ↑ "Lecture 11 – Thunderstorm electrification". www.atmo.arizona.edu. Retrieved 31 January 2025.
  28. 1 2 3 Yair, Y. (June 2008). "Charge Generation and Separation Processes". Space Science Reviews. 137 (1–4): 119–131. Bibcode:2008SSRv..137..119Y. doi:10.1007/s11214-008-9348-x.
  29. ↑ Jennings, S. G.; Latham, J. (June 1972). "The charging of water drops falling and colliding in an electric field". Archiv für Meteorologie, Geophysik und Bioklimatologie Serie A. 21 (2–3): 299–306. Bibcode:1972AMGBA..21..299J. doi:10.1007/bf02247978.
  30. ↑ Aplin, K. L.; Harrison, R. G. (3 September 2013). "Lord Kelvin's atmospheric electricity measurements". History of Geo- and Space Sciences. 4 (2): 83–95. arXiv:1305.5347. Bibcode:2013HGSS....4...83A. doi:10.5194/hgss-4-83-2013.
  31. ↑ Desmet, S; Orban, F; Grandjean, F (April 1989). "On the Kelvin electrostatic generator". European Journal of Physics. 10 (2): 118–122. Bibcode:1989EJPh...10..118D. doi:10.1088/0143-0807/10/2/008.
  32. ↑ Dash, J G; Wettlaufer, J S (January 1, 2003). "The surface physics of ice in thunderstorms". Canadian Journal of Physics. 81 (1–2): 201–207. Bibcode:2003CaJPh..81..201D. doi:10.1139/P03-011.
  33. ↑ Dash, J. G.; Mason, B. L.; Wettlaufer, J. S. (September 16, 2001). "Theory of charge and mass transfer in ice-ice collisions". Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres. 106 (D17): 20395–20402. Bibcode:2001JGR...10620395D. doi:10.1029/2001JD900109.
  34. ↑ Saba, M. M. F.; Paiva, A. R.; Schumann, C.; Ferro, M. A. S.; Naccarato, K. P.; Silva, J. C. O.; Siqueira, F. V. C.; Custódio, D. M. (2017). "Lightning attachment process to common buildings". Geophysical Research Letters. 44 (9): 4368–4375. Bibcode:2017GeoRL..44.4368S. doi:10.1002/2017GL072796.
  35. ↑ Idone, V. P.; Orville, R. E.; Mach, D. M.; Rust, W. D. (1987). "The propagation speed of a positive lightning return stroke". Geophysical Research Letters. 14 (11): 1150. Bibcode:1987GeoRL..14.1150I. doi:10.1029/GL014i011p01150.
  36. ↑ US Department of Commerce, NOAA. "Understanding Lightning: Thunder". www.weather.gov (in Turanci). Retrieved December 15, 2023.
  37. ↑ Peterson, Michael J.; Lang, Timothy J.; Logan, Timothy; Wee Kiong, Cheong; Gijben, Morne; Holle, Ron; Kolmasova, Ivana; Marisaldi, Martino; Montanya, Joan; Pawar, Sunil D.; Zhang, Daile; Brunet, Manola; Cerveny, Randall S. (April 2022). "New WMO Certified Megaflash Lightning Extremes for Flash Distance and Duration Recorded from Space". Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society. 103 (4): 257–261. Bibcode:2022BAMS..103..257P. doi:10.1175/BAMS-D-21-0254.1. |hdl-access= requires |hdl= (help)
  38. ↑ Kákona, Jakub (2023). "In situ ground-based mobile measurement of lightning events above central Europe". Atmospheric Measurement Techniques. 16 (2): 547–561. Bibcode:2023AMT....16..547K. doi:10.5194/amt-16-547-2023.
  39. ↑ Price, Colin; Rind, David (1993). "What determines the cloud-to-ground lightning fraction in thunderstorms?". Geophysical Research Letters. 20 (6): 463–466. Bibcode:1993GeoRL..20..463P. doi:10.1029/93GL00226.
  40. ↑ Bandholnopparat, K.; Sato, M.; Adachi, T.; Ushio, T.; Takahashi, Y. (2020). "Estimation of the IC to CG Ratio Using JEM-GLIMS and Ground-Based Lightning Network Data". Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres. 125 (23). Bibcode:2020JGRD..12532195B. doi:10.1029/2019JD032195.
  41. ↑ R. I. Albrecht; S. J. Goodman; W. A. Petersen; D. E. Buechler; E. C. Bruning; R. J. Blakeslee; H. J. Christian. "The 13 years of TRMM Lightning Imaging Sensor: From individual flash characteristics to decadal tendencies" (PDF). NASA Technical Reports Server. Retrieved November 23, 2022.
  42. ↑ "Staying Safe in Lightning Alley". NASA. January 3, 2007. Archived from the original on July 13, 2007. Retrieved September 24, 2007.
  43. ↑ Thomson, E. M.; Uman, M. A.; Beasley, W. H. (20 August 1985). "Speed and current for lightning stepped leaders near ground as determined from electric field records". Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres. 90 (D5): 8136–8142. Bibcode:1985JGR....90.8136T. doi:10.1029/JD090iD05p08136.
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