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Likitan annoba

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Likitan annoba
historical profession (en) Fassara
Bayanai
Suturaplague doctor costume (en) Fassara
Uses (en) Fassaraplague mask (en) Fassara
Yadda ake kira namijimédico da peste da kužni zdravnik
Zane-zanen jan ƙarfe na likitan annoba na Roma na ƙarni na 17, na Paulus Fürst, 1656. [1]

Likitan annoba likita ne wanda ke kula da waɗanda suka kamu da cutar bulbonic a lokacin annoba a Turai ta ƙarni na 17. [2] Waɗannan likitocin biranen da abin ya shafa sun ɗauki hayar su don kula da marasa lafiya da suka kamu da cutar ba tare da la'akari da kuɗin shiga ba, musamman talakawa, waɗanda ba za su iya biyan kuɗi ba. [2] [3]

Likitocin da ke fama da cutar ebola suna da suna iri ɗaya, inda wasu 'yan ƙasa ke ganin kasancewarsu a matsayin gargaɗi na barin yankin ko kuma mutuwa ta kusa. [1] Wasu likitocin da ke fama da cutar ebola ana cewa suna cajin marasa lafiya da iyalansu ƙarin kuɗi don magani na musamman ko maganin ƙarya. [1] A lokuta da yawa, waɗannan likitocin ba likitoci ne masu ƙwarewa ko ƙwararru ba; maimakon haka, likitoci ne masu sa kai, likitoci masu matsayi na biyu, ko kuma matasa likitoci waɗanda suka fara aiki. [2] Likitocin da ke fama da cutar ebola ba sa yawan warkar da marasa lafiya, maimakon haka suna yin aiki don rubuta adadin waɗanda suka mutu da kuma adadin waɗanda suka kamu da cutar don dalilai na alƙaluma. [1]

A Faransa da Netherlands, likitocin annoba galibi ba su da horon likitanci kuma ana kiransu da " empirics ". Likitocin annoba ana kiransu da "likitocin annoba na birni" ko "likitocin annoba na al'umma", yayin da "masu aikin gabaɗaya" likitoci ne daban-daban kuma duka biyun suna iya kasancewa a birni ɗaya ko gari ɗaya a lokaci guda. [2] [4] [5] [6]

Tarihi

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A cewar littafin Michel Tibayrunc mai suna Encyclopedia of Infectious Diseases, an fara ambaton likitan annoba mai suna Charles de Lorme a lokacin barkewar annoba a birnin Paris a shekarar 1619, a cikin tarihin rayuwar likitan sarauta Charles de Lorme, wanda ya yi wa Sarki Louis XIII na Faransa hidima a lokacin. [7] Bayan De Lorme, mai sassaka Jamus Gerhart Altzenbach ya buga wani shahararren zane a shekarar 1656, wanda shahararren Likitan mawallafin Paulus Fürst mai suna Doctor Schnabel von Rom ya wallafa. (1656) an gina shi ne a kan wannan aikin barkwanci, Fürst ya bayyana yadda likitan yake tsoratar da mutane da kuma zambatar matattu da kuma mutuwa. [8]

Birnin Orvieto ya ɗauki Matteo Angelo a matsayin likitan annoba a shekara ta 1348, wanda ya ninka adadin likitocin da aka saba bayarwa na florin 50 a shekara sau huɗu. [5] Paparoma Clement VI ya ɗauki ƙarin likitocin annoba da yawa a lokacin annobar Black Death don kula da marasa lafiya na Avignon . Daga cikin likitoci 18 a Venice, ɗaya ne kawai ya rage a shekara ta 1348: biyar sun mutu sakamakon annobar, kuma 12 sun ɓace kuma wataƙila sun gudu. [5]

Hanyoyi da ayyuka

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Likitocin annoba sun yi aikin zubar jini da sauran magunguna kamar sanya kwaɗi ko tsutsotsi a kan buboes don "sake daidaita barkwanci ." [9] Babban aikin likitan annoba, ban da kula da mutanen da ke fama da annobar, shine tattara bayanan jama'a na mutuwar annoba. [5] A wasu biranen Turai kamar Florence da Perugia, an nemi likitocin annoba su yi gwajin gawarwaki don taimakawa wajen tantance musabbabin mutuwar da kuma yadda annobar ta shafi mutane. [10] Likitocin annoba wani lokacin suna ɗaukar wasiyya ta ƙarshe ta marasa lafiya a lokacin annobar annoba, [10] kuma suna ba wa marasa lafiya shawara game da halayensu kafin mutuwa. [11] Wannan shawara ta bambanta ga kowane majiyyaci, kuma bayan Tsakiyar Zamani, yanayin dangantakar da ke tsakanin likita da majiyyaci yana ƙarƙashin ƙa'idar ɗabi'a mai rikitarwa. [12] [12]

Tufafi

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Ɗaya daga cikin abubuwan rufe fuska guda biyu da aka sani da suka tsira daga annobar; wanda aka tsara tsakanin 1650 da 1750; wanda Gidan Tarihi na Jamus, Berlin ke riƙe da shi [13]

Zane-zanen kayan kwalliya na likitan annoba na gargajiya na abin rufe fuska mai kama da baki, rigar kariya mai kakin zuma mai tsawon idon sawu, safar hannu, takalma, hula mai faɗi, hular lilin, da hular kariya sun samo asali ne tun farkon zamanin zamani. Duk da cewa waɗannan zane-zanen sun fito ne daga rubuce-rubucen barkwanci, zane-zanen siyasa, da haruffan wasan kwaikwayo; wataƙila sun dogara ne akan gaskiyar tarihi. [8] [14] [15] 24] [16] [9] Asalin kayan kariya na annoba ba a san su ba amma an gano su ne a ƙarni na 17 a Italiya da Faransa. [17] Likitocin annoba na iya sanya abin rufe fuska na wani nau'i tun aƙalla 1373, lokacin da Johannes Jacobi ya ba da shawarar amfani da abin rufe fuska, amma Jacobi bai ba da bayanin abin rufe fuska na zahiri ba. Babu wata shaida da ta haɗa hoton rigar kariya na farko na likitan annoba da likitocin annoba na zamanin da. [18] [8]

Akwai abubuwa guda biyu kacal da aka sani na abin rufe fuska na annoba, duka an samo su ne tun ƙarni na 17 kuma duka an same su a Jamus. Duk da barkewar cutar a wasu yankuna kamar Italiya, babu wata shaida ta tarihi ta annoba a tsakiyar Turai da ta yi daidai da waɗannan abin rufe fuska. [13] Abin rufe fuska an yi shi ne da gilashi ko lu'ulu'u a kan idanu da kuma "bakin fata mai lanƙwasa". [17] Abin lura ne cewa ramukan da aka rufe da gilashi suna da yawa don samar da hangen nesa mai aiki. [17] Wani abin rufe fuska yana da ƙananan ramuka biyu na hanci kuma ana iya amfani da shi azaman nau'in numfashi wanda ke ɗauke da tsire-tsire ko abubuwa masu ƙamshi. [17]

Bayanin farko da aka rubuta game da abin rufe fuska mai cike da ganye ya faru ne a lokacin annobar Roma ta 1656-1658 . [17] Bakin zai iya ɗaukar busassun furanni (kamar wardi da carnations ), ganye (kamar lavender da peppermint ), camphor, jan ƙarfe, ko soso mai vinegar, da kuma juniper berry, ambergris, cloves, labdanum, mur, da storax . [ <span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2025)">ana buƙatar ambato</span> ] Abin rufe fuska mai ɗauke da ganye zai ba likita damar amfani da hannu biyu wajen duba majiyyaci. [17] Manufar abubuwan da ke cikin abin rufe fuska shine don kare mai sawa daga miasma, wani nau'in "mummunan iska" wanda ake tsammanin yana nuna warin mara kyau, kamar ƙamshin marasa lafiya ko gawarwakin da suka ruɓe. [19] [20] Hulba mai faɗi ta fata ta taimaka wajen nuna aikin likita na annoba. Sun yi amfani da sandunan katako don nuna wuraren da ke buƙatar kulawa da kuma duba marasa lafiya ba tare da taɓa su ba. [21] An kuma yi amfani da sandunan don nisantar da mutane. An yi doguwar rigar likita da lilin saboda an ce kamuwa da cuta ba ta manne da lilin cikin sauƙi kamar sauran kayan aiki. [17] Wani lokaci ana yin rigar ne da fatar akuya, wanda aka ce ta fi ƙarfi wajen yaƙar annobar fiye da lilin saboda ƙananan ramuka da kuma laushin da aka goge. Ana iya rufe rigar da mai ko kakin zuma don ƙarin kariya ta yadda miasma ba za ta iya ratsa ramukan kayan lilin ba.

Duk da cewa ra'ayoyin zamani game da yanayin yaduwar annoba ba daidai ba ne, akwai yiwuwar wannan rigar ta samar da kariya. Tufafin sun rufe fuska da jiki, suna kare kansu daga digo-digo na iska, jini da ya bazu, da ruwan lymphatic. Rigar, wacce aka yi da fata ko kuma ta yi kakin zuma, ta hana ƙuma su manne wa tufafin masu sawa su mamaye su. [22] [17] Rigar likitan annoba tana ɗaya daga cikin misalan farko na kayan kariya na mutum a fannin likitanci. [19]

Manazarta

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  1. ↑ Mattie, Herbert J. (2025). "The Raven and the Plague". Nuncius: 1–24. doi:10.1163/18253911-bja10152.
  2. 1 2 3 Cipolla 1977.
  3. ↑ Andrew Whalen (2020-03-19). "Are surgical masks the new plague masks? A history of the not-always-helpful ways we've reacted to pandemics". Newsweek. Retrieved 2021-03-09.
  4. ↑ Ellis 2004.
  5. 1 2 3 4 Byrne 2006.
  6. ↑ Simon, Matthew, Emergent Computation: emphasizing bioinformatics, Publisher シュプリンガー・ジャパン株式会社, 2005, p. 3. ISBN 0-387-22046-1
  7. ↑ Mattie, Herbert J. (2023). ""Men in Tights: Charles De Lorme (1584–1678) and the First Plague Costume"". European Journal for the History of Medicine and Health (Published Online Ahead of Print 2023) (in Turanci). 81: 1–13. doi:10.1163/26667711-bja10033.
  8. 1 2 3 Black, Winston (19 May 2020). "Plague doctors: Separating medical myths from facts". Live Science. Retrieved 30 June 2026. An even more iconic image of a plague doctor is Paulus Fürst’s satirical 1656 engraving called "Doctor Schnabel von Rom," or "Doctor Beaky from Rome." Copied from Altzenbach's illustration, Fürst alternately describes how the doctor does nothing but terrify people and take money from the dead and dying.
  9. 1 2 Byfield 2010.
  10. 1 2 Wray 2009.
  11. ↑ "The Plague Doctor". Jhmas.oxfordjournals.org. 2012-04-02. Archived from the original on 2013-02-12. Retrieved 2012-06-12.
  12. 1 2 Gottfried 1983.
  13. 1 2 Bresky, Stephan; Witt, Sabine (2020). "Suddenly On Point? 'Dr. Beak' at the DHM". Deutsches Historisches Museum Blog. Archived from the original on March 18, 2025. Retrieved June 30, 2026. Acquired on the art market in 2006, the object has only yielded very vague information about where it was created (Germany or Austria?) and when (mid-17th to mid-18th century?). There’s no doubt it’s rare, though: there’s only one other known example, located at the Deutsches Medizinhistorisches Museum in Ingolstadt. ~. [T]he mask is made of ochre-coloured velvet with a waxed linen lining and two ‘eyes’ made of selenite crystal (historically known in German as Marienglas, or ‘Mary’s glass’). The material around these spectacle-like lenses is bordered with leather. However, the most striking feature is the long beak-shaped nose crafted from hard leather. A number of holes have been punched into the underside of the beak, which contains a meshwork of strips of leather. The object shows clear signs of use: the leather and fabric are worn, hardened, and show signs of discolouration – possibly because herbal and vinegar essences were put inside the beak in an effort to ward off ‘miasma’ (the foul air believed to spread diseases). Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; name ":9" defined multiple times with different content.
  14. ↑ Mussap, Christian J. (2019). "The Plague Doctor of Venice". Internal Medicine Journal. 49 (5): 671–676. doi:10.1111/imj.14285. ISSN 1444-0903. PMID 31083805.
  15. ↑ Pommerville 2010.
  16. ↑ Bauer 2003.
  17. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Ruisinger, Marion Maria (June 2020). "Die Pestarztmaske im Deutschen Medizinhistorischen Museum Ingolstadt". NTM Zeitschrift für Geschichte der Wissenschaften, Technik und Medizin (in Jamusanci). 28 (2): 235–252. doi:10.1007/s00048-020-00255-7. ISSN 0036-6978. PMC 8156585 Check |pmc= value (help). PMID 32451562.
  18. ↑ Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named "cohn".
  19. 1 2 Glatter, Kathryn A.; Finkelman, Paul (February 2021). "History of the Plague: An Ancient Pandemic for the Age of COVID-19". The American Journal of Medicine (in Turanci). 134 (2): 176–181. doi:10.1016/j.amjmed.2020.08.019. PMC 7513766. PMID 32979306.
  20. ↑ Irvine Loudon. Missing or empty |title= (help)
  21. ↑ "Imagery From the History of Medicine". art-bin.com. Retrieved 2021-03-09.
  22. ↑ Smith, Kiona. "A Look Behind the Plague Doctor Mask". Forbes. Retrieved 15 February 2023.
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