Littafin wasan kwaikwayo na masana'antar taba
 Littafin wasan kwaikwayo na masana'antar taba | |
|---|---|
marketing strategy (en)  | |
| Bayanai | |
| Ƙaramin ɓangare na | gurɓataccen bayani |
| Fuskar |
Tobacco Master Settlement Agreement (en) |
| Significant person (en) |
John W. Hill (en) da Steven Milloy (en) |
| Maƙirƙiri |
tobacco industry (en) |
| Gagarumin taron |
A Frank Statement to Cigarette Smokers (en) |
| Has cause (en) |
health effects of tobacco (en) da Profit motive (en) |
| Amfani wajen |
tobacco company (en) da American Petroleum Institute (en) |
| Uses (en) |
talking point (en) |
Littafin wasan kwaikwayo na Masana'antar taba, dabarun taba ko kawai littafin wasan kwaikwayo na karya [1] ya bayyana dabarun da masana'antar Taba ta yi amfani da su a cikin shekarun 1950 don kare kudaden shiga a fuskar karuwar shaidar alaƙar tsakanin hayakin taba da cututtuka masu tsanani, da farko ciwon daji. [2] An yi amfani da irin waɗannan dabarun har ma a baya, tun daga farkon shekarun 1920, ta masana'antar mai don tallafawa amfani da tetraethyllead a cikin man fetur. Sauran masana'antu suna ci gaba da amfani da su, musamman masana'antar man fetur, har ma da amfani da kamfanonin PR da masu bincike.[3]
Yawancin littafin wasan kwaikwayon an san su ne daga takardun masana'antu da masu ba da labari suka yi wa jama'a ko kuma sakamakon Yarjejeniyar Yarjejeniyar Taba. Wadannan takardun yanzu ana tsara su ne ta hanyar aikin UCSF Truth Tobacco Industry Documents kuma sune tushen tushe don sharhi da yawa akan littafin wasan taba da kamanceceniya da dabarun da wasu masana'antu ke amfani da su kamar masana'antar man fetur.[3]
Wani yarjejeniya na ciki na R. J. Reynolds na 1969 ya lura, "Sakamani shine samfurinmu tunda ita ce hanya mafi kyau ta yin gasa da 'jiki na gaskiya' wanda ke cikin tunanin jama'a".[4][5]
A cikin Merchants of Doubt, Naomi Oreskes da Erik Conway sun rubuta yadda kamfanonin taba suka yi kamfen a cikin shekaru da yawa don jefa shakku kan Shaidar kimiyya na cutar da kayayyakinsu suka haifar, kuma sun lura da irin dabarun da wasu masana'antu ke amfani da su wadanda kayayyakinsu masu cutarwa sun kasance manufofi na tsarin mulki da kokarin muhalli.[6] Wannan sau da yawa yana da alaƙa da musanta canjin yanayi wanda masana'antar man fetur ke ingantawa: [7] kungiyoyin man fetur na burbushin halittu kamar su Cibiyar Man Fetur ta Amurka sun yi amfani da wannan dabarun don yin shakku game da kimiyyar yanayi daga shekarun 1990 kuma wasu daga cikin kamfanonin PR da mutane da suka yi iƙirarin cewa shan taba yana da aminci, daga baya an ɗauke su don kai farmaki ga kimiyyar sauyin yanayi.
Tarihi
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]A shekara ta 1953, Reader's Digest ta buga takamaiman labarin daga Christian Herald mai taken "Cancer by the Carton", yana nuna abubuwan da masu binciken cututtukan cututtuka suka hada da Richard Doll da Austin Bradford Hill. A mayar da martani, shugabannin taba na Amurka da John Hill, na kamfanin hulɗa da jama'a Hill & Knowlton, sun gudanar da taron rikicin a Otal din New York Plaza . Ya haifar da fitowar 1954 na A Frank Statement, wani talla da aka tsara don jefa shakku kan kimiyya wanda ke nuna mummunar tasirin lafiya daga shan sigari.
Hanyoyin sun hada da: [8]
- Yin ko yaudarar bincike na kimiyya da gabatar da shi a matsayin bincike na halal, misali ta amfani da hanyoyin da ba su dace ba wanda ke haifar da nuna bambanci, ta hanyar zaɓar buga sakamako mai kyau kawai [9] (wani nau'in rashin halin bincike)
- Harin kai farmaki da tsoratar da masana kimiyya waɗanda suka buga "kimiyya mara kyau" ta hanyar barazanar samun kuɗi, ci gaba, zama, da suna.[2][9][10]
- Samar da "tsoro, rashin tabbas da shakku" ta hanyar da'awar cewa akwai rashin tabbas game da Yarjejeniyar kimiyya da aka yarda da ita, ta hanyar ayyuka kamar tallafawa "kimiyya mara kyau" da aka tsara don lalata yarjejeniyar kimiyya, da kuma maimaita ikirarin da aka karyata [9]
- Yin amfani da alaƙa da manyan kungiyoyi na ilimi ko ƙwararru don rinjayar bincike da ci gaba da tattalin arziki, siyasa, ko manufofin akida [9]
- Tallafin siyasa don sarrafa gwamnati, tasiri ga manufofi, ko sarrafa manyan matsayi na yanke shawara, a cikin ƙin yarda da kimiyya, mai yuwuwa yana haifar da haɗari ga lafiyar jama'a da aminci [9][11]
- Tsayayya da ka'idojin jama'a da jaddada tsarin kula da kai da alhakin mutum.[12][13]
- Astroturfing: ƙirƙirawa, ko kai tsaye ko a kaikaice tallafawa, "ƙungiyoyin gaba" don yin aiki a madadin bukatun masana'antu. Sau da yawa ana kiran ƙungiyoyi da sunaye na yaudara, kuma suna iya da'awar ƙarya don wakiltar ra'ayi na ƙauyuka.[14][15]
An yi amfani da takardu irin su Bad Science: A Resource Book don gabatar da batutuwan magana da aka nufa don jefa shakku game da 'yancin kai na kimiyya da tsoma baki na siyasa.[16]
- ↑ Reed, Genna; Hendlin, Yogi; Desikan, Anita; MacKinney, Taryn; Berman, Emily; Goldman, Gretchen T. (December 2021). "The disinformation playbook: how industry manipulates the science-policy process—and how to restore scientific integrity". Journal of Public Health Policy. 42 (4): 622–634. doi:10.1057/s41271-021-00318-6. PMC 8651604 Check
|pmc=value (help). Retrieved 30 January 2025. - ↑ 2.0 2.1 "The Disinformation Playbook". Union of Concerned Scientists (in Turanci). Archived from the original on 2020-04-21. Retrieved 2020-04-09. Cite error: Invalid
<ref>tag; name "UCS" defined multiple times with different content - ↑ 3.0 3.1 Hulac, Benjamin (July 20, 2016). "Tobacco and Oil Industries Used Same Researchers to Sway Public" (in Turanci). ClimateWire – via Scientific American. Cite error: Invalid
<ref>tag; name "Hulac" defined multiple times with different content - ↑ Empty citation (help) alt link
- ↑ "Smoking and Health Proposal". University of California San Francisco. 1969. pp. 4–5.
- ↑ Empty citation (help)
- ↑ Supran, Geoffrey; Oreskes, Naomi (2017-08-01). "Assessing ExxonMobil's climate change communications (1977–2014)". Environmental Research Letters (in Turanci). 12 (8): 084019. Bibcode:2017ERL....12h4019S. doi:10.1088/1748-9326/aa815f. ISSN 1748-9326.
- ↑ Brownell, Kelly D; Warner, Kenneth E (March 2009). "The Perils of Ignoring History: Big Tobacco Played Dirty and Millions Died. How Similar Is Big Food?". The Milbank Quarterly. 87 (1): 259–294. doi:10.1111/j.1468-0009.2009.00555.x. ISSN 0887-378X. PMC 2879177. PMID 19298423.
- ↑ 9.0 9.1 9.2 9.3 9.4 "The Disinformation Playbook | Union of Concerned Scientists". Union of Concerned Scientists (in Turanci). Retrieved 8 March 2025.
- ↑ Rohr, Jason R. (2021). "The Atrazine Saga and its Importance to the Future of Toxicology, Science, and Environmental and Human Health". Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry (in Turanci). 40 (6): 1544–1558. doi:10.1002/etc.5037. ISSN 1552-8618. Retrieved 8 March 2025.
- ↑ Smith, Philip; Bansal-Travers, Maansi; O'Connor, Richard; Brown, Anthony; Banthin, Chris; Guardino-Colket, Sara; Cummings, K. Michael (1 June 2011). "Correcting Over 50 Years of Tobacco Industry Misinformation". American Journal of Preventive Medicine. 40 (6): 690–698. doi:10.1016/j.amepre.2011.01.020. ISSN 0749-3797.
- ↑ Watts, Christina; Rose, Shiho; McGill, Bronwyn; Yazidjoglou, Amelia (1 October 2024). "New image, same tactics: global tobacco and vaping industry strategies to promote youth vaping". Health Promotion International. 39 (5): daae126. doi:10.1093/heapro/daae126. ISSN 0957-4824. PMC 11533144 Check
|pmc=value (help). Retrieved 8 March 2025. - ↑ Wolfs, Wouter; Veldhuis, Jan Jaap (31 December 2023). "Regulating social media through self-regulation: a process-tracing case study of the European Commission and Facebook". Political Research Exchange. 5 (1): 2182696. doi:10.1080/2474736X.2023.2182696.
- ↑ Cho, Charles H.; Martens, Martin L.; Kim, Hakkyun; Rodrigue, Michelle (1 December 2011). "Astroturfing Global Warming: It Isn't Always Greener on the Other Side of the Fence". Journal of Business Ethics (in Turanci). 104 (4): 571–587. doi:10.1007/s10551-011-0950-6. ISSN 1573-0697. Retrieved 8 March 2025.
- ↑ "How Fossil Fuel Lobbyists Used "Astroturf" Front Groups to Confuse the Public | Union of Concerned Scientists". Union of Concerned Scientists (in Turanci). Retrieved 8 March 2025.
- ↑ "Bad Science: a Resource Book". Tobacco Industry Documents Library. Archived from the original on 2020-03-26. Retrieved 2020-04-09.