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Little Ephraim Robin John da Ancona Robin John

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Little Ephraim Robin John da Ancona Robin John

Little Ifraimu Robin John da Ancona Robin Robin John sun kasance masu fataucin bayi na Afirka na ƙarni na 18, daga baya sun zama bayi, kuma a ƙarshe, ’yantattun maza waɗanda ke cikin gidan sarauta na Old Town, Calabur, Nigeria. Ancona ko dai ɗa ne ko ɗan wa na Little Ifraimu.[1]

Membobin dangin Efik, ana ganin mutanen a matsayin masu dukiya domin suna magana da harsuna da yawa (ciki har da Ingilishi), suna da ilimi, suna iya yin shawarwari, kuma suna da ƙwararrun masaniya game da cinikin bayi. [2]

An yi garkuwa da Robin Johns yayin da suke gudanar da balaguron cinikin bayi. An sayar da su ga 'yan kasuwa na bayi na Birtaniya yayin da sarkin Old Town, Grandy King George, ke tattaunawa da Duke na New Town.

Kyaftin ɗin sun yaudari Robin Johns har sau biyu ta hanyar alkawurran da suka yi na dawo da su gida Afirka. Yayin da suke cikin Masarautar Burtaniya, mutanen biyu sun yi nasarar shigar da ƙarar kotunan Burtaniya don neman 'yancinsu. [3]

Rayuwar farko da kamawa

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A tsakiyar shekarun 1700, hamayya ta kaure tsakanin Tsohon Gari da Sabon Gari a Old Calabar. A cikin shekarar 1767, tattaunawar kasuwanci tsakanin Grandy King George da Duke Ifraimu na New Town ya zama mara daɗi, wanda ya dakatar da cinikin bayi na gida.[4][5][6] Daga nan ne ’yan kasuwar bayi na Afirka ta New Town suka ɗauki taimakon ’yan kasuwar bayi na Biritaniya don samun nasarar kaddamar da harin kwanton bauna kan masu safarar bayi a tsohon garin.

Dukansu Robin Johns an yi garkuwa da su a lokacin kwanton bauna kuma aka sayar da su zuwa bauta. [7]

Kamawa

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Dominika

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Kyaftin Bivins na Duke na York ne ya kai su Dominica. Da zarar sun isa tsibirin, an sayar da mutanen ga wani likitan Faransa.

Bayan watanni da yawa, Kyaftin William Sharp na Liverpool ya shawo kan Robin Johns cewa zai mayar da su Afirka idan za su iya tserewa zuwa jirginsa. A cikin wata wasika, ɗaya daga cikin mutanen ya bayyana cewa "ya kuduri aniyar komawa gida".[8] Wani dare, Robin Johns ya zame ya hau jirgin Sharp.

Maimakon ya yi tafiya zuwa Afirka, Sharp ya tashi zuwa Virginia, inda ya sayar da Robin Johns ga John Thompson.

Virginia

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Sabon mai bautar su, John Thompson na Williamsburg, Virginia, mai cinikin bayi ne. Thompson yakan ɗauki mutanen tare da shi akan tafiye-tafiyensa. Mutum mai ɗan gajeren fushi, Thompson ya doke Robin Johns akai-akai. A cikin watan Maris 1772, Thompson ya mutu.[9][10][11]

Ba da daɗewa ba bayan mutuwar Thompson, Robin Johns ya ci karo da wasu ma'aikatan jirgin ruwa daga Old Town waɗanda ke tashar jiragen ruwa a Virginia a kan jirgin cinikin bayi na Greyhound. Ma’aikatan jirgin sun gane mutanen biyu kuma suka tuna da labarin kwanton bauna da suka yi a Afirka. Sun ba da labarin ga kyaftin ɗin su, Kyaftin Terence O'Neil, inda suka buƙaci shi da ya taimaki Robin Johns. O'Neil ya ce a karshe zai kwashe mutanen zuwa Afirka idan suka tsere daga kangin da suke ciki.

Robin Johns ya tsere zuwa Greyhound, wanda ya tashi zuwa Bristol, Ingila.

Liverpool

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Bayan isa Liverpool, O'Neil ya tura Robin Johns zuwa wani jirgi ya koma Virginia tare da shirin sake sayar da su. Robin Johns sun shafe makonni biyu a kulle a cikin jirgin ruwa kafin su aika da wasiƙa zuwa ga fitaccen ɗan kasuwa Thomas Jones, wanda ya san Robin Johns da kansa, saboda ya yi tafiye-tafiye da yawa zuwa Old Calabar a cikin shekarar 1760s. Jones ya kulla dangantaka ta kud da kud da dangin da ke mulki na Old Town. Nan da nan bayan kwanton bauna, Grandy King George ya rubuta wa Thomas Jones, yana neman taimakonsa wajen dawo da ɗan uwansa da ɗan uwansa gida.

Shari'ar kotu a Ingila

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Ta hanyar Thomas Jones, Robin Johns sun nemi 'yancinsu. Jones yayi amfani da hukuncin 1772 akan shari'ar James Somersett, yana ƙoƙarin amfani da Habeas Corpus don 'yantar da Robin Johns. Wani alkali ya yanke hukuncin cewa Robin Johns suna da 'yanci kuma ba za a iya mayar da su Amurka don a sake sayar da su ba. [3] Bayan an ba da sanarwar cewa mutanen biyu sun sake komawa Calabar. [3]

Rayuwa da martaba na baya

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Yayin da yake a Bristol Robin Johns ya yi hulɗa da Charles da John Wesley, kuma ya koma Methodism. [3] [12] Hadisin baka ya nuna cewa su ne ke da alhakin yaɗuwar addinin Kiristanci a Calabar bayan dawowarsu a shekara ta 1794. [13]

Wasu shaidu sun nuna cewa Ifraimu ya yi cinikin bayi bayan ya koma Calabur; A baya ya ba da shawara ga Charles Wesley cewa ya ga ɗan zaɓi idan zai biya Thomas Jones don taimakonsa. [13]

Ƙungiyar Robin Johns tare da John Wesley ana tsammanin ta yi tasiri a kan harin da ya kai ga cibiyar bauta a cikin ƙasidarsa Tunanin Bauta (1774). [13]

Duba kuma

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  • Jerin satar mutane
  • Jerin shari'o'in mutanen da suka ɓace

Manazarta

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  1. ↑ Roark, James L.; Johnson, Michael P.; Cohen, Patricia Cline; Stage, Sarah; Hartmann, Susan M. (2012). The American Promise, Volume A: A History of the United States: To 1800 (in Turanci). Macmillan Higher Education. pp. 123–124. ISBN 9781457626524.
  2. ↑ "Ancona Robin John and Little Ephraim Robin John | Slavery and Remembrance". slaveryandremembrance.org (in Turanci). Retrieved 2018-11-29.
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 3.3 Childs, Matt (2004). "Captors to Captives to Christians to Calabar: Navigating the Boundaries of Slavery and Freedom in the Trans-Atlantic Slave Trade". Common-place. 5: 1–4. Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; name ":2" defined multiple times with different content
  4. ↑ Akyeampong, Emmanuel K; Gates, Henry Louis, eds. (2012). "Robin, John, Little Ephraim and Ancona". Robin, John, Little Ephraim and Ancona - Oxford Reference (in Turanci). Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/acref/9780195382075.001.0001. ISBN 978-0-19-538207-5. Retrieved 2018-11-28.
  5. ↑ Clarkson, Thomas (1789). The Substance of the Evidence of Sundry Persons on the Slave-trade: Collected in the Course of a Tour Made in the Autumn of the Year 1788 (in Turanci). James Phillips.
  6. ↑ Kupperman, Karen Ordahl (2012). The Atlantic in World History (in Turanci). Oxford University Press. ISBN 9780199986552.
  7. ↑ (Henry Louis ed.). Missing or empty |title= (help)
  8. ↑ Sparks, Randy J. (2008). The two princes of Calabar : an eighteenth-century Atlantic odyssey. Harvard University Press. ISBN 9780674032057. OCLC 221175566.
  9. ↑ Akyeampong, Emmanuel K; Gates, Henry Louis, eds. (2012). "Robin, John, Little Ephraim and Ancona". Robin, John, Little Ephraim and Ancona - Oxford Reference (in Turanci). Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/acref/9780195382075.001.0001. ISBN 978-0-19-538207-5. Retrieved 2018-11-28.
  10. ↑ Clarkson, Thomas (1789). The Substance of the Evidence of Sundry Persons on the Slave-trade: Collected in the Course of a Tour Made in the Autumn of the Year 1788 (in Turanci). James Phillips.
  11. ↑ Kupperman, Karen Ordahl (2012). The Atlantic in World History (in Turanci). Oxford University Press. ISBN 9780199986552.
  12. ↑ Cruickshank, Johanna. "Charles Wesley, The Men of Old Calabar, and the Abolition of Slavery" (PDF). Aldersgate Papers V7.
  13. ↑ 13.0 13.1 13.2 Sparks, Randy J. (2002). "Two Princes of Calabar: An Atlantic Odyssey from Slavery to Freedom". The William and Mary Quarterly. 59 (3): 555–584 [582–583]. doi:10.2307/3491465. ISSN 0043-5597. JSTOR 3491465. Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; name ":3" defined multiple times with different content
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