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Lorraine Bahrick

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Lorraine Bahrick
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Lorraine E. Bahrick masanin ilimin halayyar dan adam ne wanda aka sani da bincikenta game da fahimtar juna da kuma tasirin tasirin rikice-rikice a kan ilmantarwa a jariri da ƙuruciya. Ayyukanta a cikin waɗannan yankuna sun haɗa da bincika yadda haɗin bayanai daga hanyoyi daban-daban na ji, kamar hangen nesa, ji, da taɓawa, ke ba da gudummawa ga fahimta, fahimta, da ci gaban zamantakewa na jarirai da yara. Ta kuma bincika yadda redundancy ko overlap of ji information, tasiri wadannan ci gaba hanyoyin. Ita ce Farfesa a fannin ilimin halayyar dan adam a Jami'ar Florida ta Duniya kuma Daraktan Ci gaban Yara. [1]

Tarihin rayuwa

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

An haifi Lorraine Bahrick a cikin dangin masu ilimin halayyar dan adam. Mahaifinta, Harry Bahrick, babban gwani ne a kan ƙwaƙwalwar ɗan adam, memba ne a sashen ilimin halayyar dan adam a Jami'ar Ohio Wesleyan . [2] Mahaifiyarta, Phyllis Bahrick, ta yi aiki a matsayin masanin ilimin halayyar dan adam a Jami'ar Ohio Wesleyan kuma ta koyar da darussan a sashen ilimin halayya.[3] Bahrick ta girma tare da burin bin sawun kwararru na iyayenta, [2] amma ta tsara hanya ta musamman ta hanyar mai da hankali kan ci gaban fahimta da fahimta a jariri da ƙuruciya, ta bambanta sosai daga aikin mahaifinta tare da manya.[4]

Bahrick ta sami digiri na BA daga Kwalejin Hampshire a 1975. Ta halarci makarantar digiri a Jami'ar Cornell, inda ta sami Ph.D. a 1979 a cikin gwaji da ilimin halayyar mutum a karkashin kulawar Ulric Neisser da Eleanor Gibson . [5] Kodayake binciken Bahrick da farko ya mayar da hankali kan fahimta manya, abubuwan da take so sun koma jariri da ci gaban yara saboda ta yi imanin cewa yara sun ba da taga don fahimtar halayyar manya.[4] A Cornell, ta gudanar da bincike kan ci gaban jarirai tare da Neisser da Gibson, kuma ta yi nazarin motsawa a karkashin kulawar A. Wade Boykin. [6][7][8] Tare da Gibson da sauransu, ta buga takarda ta farko mai taken Detection of elasticity a matsayin kayan aiki na abubuwa ta kananan jarirai , yana nuna farkon aikin bincikenta da nufin gano ka'idojin ci gaban fahimta jarirai.[9] Binciken karatun ta na Ph.D. game da fahimtar jarirai game da daidaituwa ta lokaci a cikin abubuwan da suka faru na multimodal, ya ba da shawarar cewa fitowar fahimta ta intermodal ta dogara da gano alaƙar da ba ta canzawa a cikin abubuwan gani da na ji ba.[5]

Bahrick ta kasance Postdoctoral Fellow a Jami'ar California, Berkeley daga 1979 zuwa 1980, inda ta yi aiki a karkashin jagorancin John S. Watson . [1] A lokacin postdoc, ta ci gaba da zurfafawa cikin fagen fahimtar jarirai. Takardar ta Detection of intermodal proprioceptive-visual contingency a matsayin yiwuwar tushen fahimtar kai a jariri ya ba da shawarar cewa daidaito da aka bayar ta hanyar gabatarwar jiki na mutum ana gane shi ta hanyar gano haɗin haɗin da ba ya canzawa tsakanin bayanin proprioceptive don motsi da nuni na gani na wannan motsi. Sanin waɗannan alaƙa yana da mahimmanci ga ci gaban jariri na fahimtar kai.

Daga 1981 zuwa 1983, Bahrick ya kasance Mataimakin Masanin Bincike na II a Jami'ar California, Berkeley . A shekara ta 1983, ta shiga bangaren koyarwa na Jami'ar Kasa da Kasa ta Florida a matsayin Mataimakin Farfesa na Psychology a Kwalejin Fasaha, Kimiyya & Ilimi, kuma ta kasance a can a duk lokacin da take aiki. Ta kasance Masanin Ziyarar a Sashen Psychology, Jami'ar Stanford a cikin 2010. Cibiyar Kula da Lafiya ta Kasa [10] Cibiyar Kimiyya ta Kasa, [11] da Autism Speaks [12] ne suka ba da kuɗin bincikenta kuma an buga shi a cikin manyan mujallu a cikin ilimin halayyar ci gaba.[13][14]

Bincike da tallafi

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Binciken farko na Bahrick ya mayar da hankali kan gano ka'idojin gaba ɗaya na ci gaban fahimta na jarirai, da nufin fahimtar abubuwan da suka faru na ci gaba - yadda ƙwarewar kulawa ta asali a jariri ke aiki a matsayin tubalan gini don harshe da ci gaban zamantakewa daga baya, kuma bi da bi, shirye-shiryen makaranta (misali sarrafa kai da ƙwarewar kafin karatu da rubutu). [14][4] A daya daga cikin karatun farko, ta nuna cewa daidaituwa ta lokaci tsakanin murya da motsi na abu yana taka muhimmiyar rawa a cikin ilmantarwa na jariri.[15] Daga baya, ta fara aiki tare da Robert Lickliter, masanin ilimin halayyar dan adam, a kan nazarin ci gaban fahimta mai yawa, kulawa mai zaɓaɓɓu, zamantakewa, da aiki na harshe a cikin jarirai, yara, da yara masu ci gaba da ci gaba. Sun ba da shawarar Intersensory Redundancy Hypothesis, cewa redundancy na bayanai a cikin hanyoyi daban-daban na ji yana tasiri ga yadda jarirai ke ba da hankali da kuma koyon abubuwan fahimta. [16][17] Duk da yake gabatarwar unimodal tana jawo hankali ga takamaiman fasalulluka, gabatarwar multimodal tana inganta ilmantarwa na rabawa, kaddarorin amodal. Peter Mundy ya zama mai sha'awar aikinsu kuma ya fara bincika sarrafawa da ci gaba da farko a cikin mahallin autism, yana ba da ƙarin shaidar cewa zaɓin hankali da ilmantarwa a cikin jariri ana jagorantar su ta hanyar rashin amfani.[4][18]

Bahrick ta yi amfani da kwarewarta na bincike don bunkasa Yarjejeniyar Binciken Bincike na Multisensory, wanda ke auna mahimman ƙwarewar kulawa guda uku a cikin jarirai na preverbal: mai da hankali, saurin canza hankali, da ganowa tare.[19] A matsayin sabon abu, wannan yarjejeniyar tana ba da damar tattara bayanan lokacin kallon bidiyo daga nesa.[20][21] Ta kuma haɓaka Intersensory Processing Efficiency Protocol, gwajin da ya fi wuya wanda ke kimanta ingancin jarirai, yara, da manya wajen daidaita bayanan ji da na gani ta hanyar buƙatar su ɗaure rafi na bayanan ji zuwa wani takamaiman abin gani daga tsararru. [22][23]

Bahrick ya sami goyon baya mai yawa daga Cibiyoyin Lafiya na Kasa don nazarin ci gaban ƙwarewar kulawa da yawa.[24] Ɗaya daga cikin ayyukan, wanda ya haɗa da jarirai daga watanni uku zuwa shekaru uku, ya bincika yadda jan hankali na jarirai ke tasiri tasirin amsawar uwa akan sakamakon harshe na farko.[25] Tare da masu bincike Elizabeth V. Edgar James Todd, Shannon Pruden, da Bethany Reeb-Sutherland, Bahrick ya sami tallafi daga Cibiyar Kula da Lafiya ta Yara da Ci gaban Dan Adam don bincika yadda sarrafawa a cikin jariri ke tasiri alaƙar tsakanin matsayin zamantakewa da tattalin arziki da ƙwaƙwalwar aiki a farkon ƙuruciya.[26] Sauran aiki, wanda ya goyi bayan tallafi daga Gidauniyar Kimiyya ta Kasa, ya bincika alaƙar da ke tsakanin ƙwaƙwalwar yara, damuwa, da aiki na tunanin mutum bayan Guguwar Andrew, haɓaka fahimtar yadda yara ke tunawa da jimrewa da Abubuwan da suka faru.[27]

Littattafan wakilci

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
  • [Inda Aka Ɗauko Hoto da ke shafi na 9] Koyon Intermodal a jariri: Koyon bisa ga nau'ikan dangantaka guda biyu a cikin abubuwan da ake ji da kuma abubuwan da ake gani. Ci gaban Yara, 59 (1), 197-209.
  • [Hotuna a shafi na 9] Intersensory redundancy yana jagorantar zaɓin hankali da ilmantarwa a jariri. Ilimin Halitta na Ci gaba, 36 (2), 190-201.
  • [Hotuna a shafi na 9] Intersensory redundancy yana jagorantar ci gaban kulawa ta zaɓaɓɓu, fahimta, da fahimta a jariri. Jagoranci na yanzu a cikin Kimiyya ta Halitta, 13 (3), 99-102
  • [Hasiya] An samo asali ne daga Ibrananci da aka yi amfani da ita. Haɗuwa da fuska da muryoyi a jariri yana hango sakamakon harshe a cikin yara ƙanana. Ilimin Halitta na Ci gaba, 58 (8), 1413-1428.
  • [Hasiya] An samo asali ne daga Ibrananci. Bambance-bambance na Mutum a cikin Kwarewar Kulawa ta Multisensory a cikin Yara da ke da rikicewar Autism Spectrum Tsinkaya Harshe da Alamun Alamar: Shaida daga Yarjejeniyar Binciken Kulawa ta Multi-sensory (MAAP). Jaridar Autism da Ciwon Ci gaba, 1-26.

Manazarta

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  1. ↑ Communications, Florida International University-Digital. "Lorraine Bahrick". case.fiu.edu (in Turanci). Retrieved 2023-11-15.
  2. 1 2 Hébert, Richard (2007-10-01). "When Harry Met Psychology: A Profile of Harry Bahrick". APS Observer (in Turanci). 20.
  3. ↑ "Obituary information for Phyllis Bahrick". www.robinsonfuneralhomeinc.com (in Turanci). Retrieved 2023-11-16.
  4. 1 2 3 4 Garcia, Ashley (March 28, 2019). "Women in Research: Lorraine Bahrick". Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; name "Garcia-2019" defined multiple times with different content
  5. 1 2 Bahrick, Lorraine E. (1983-10-01). "Infants' perception of substance and temporal synchrony in multimodal events". Infant Behavior and Development. 6 (4): 429–451. doi:10.1016/S0163-6383(83)90241-2. ISSN 0163-6383.
  6. ↑ Bahrick, Lorraine E.; Walker, Arlene S.; Neisser, Ulric (1981-07-01). "Selective looking by infants". Cognitive Psychology. 13 (3): 377–390. doi:10.1016/0010-0285(81)90014-1. ISSN 0010-0285. PMID 7237992. S2CID 5339719.
  7. ↑ Walker, Arlene S; Owsley, Cynthia J; Megaw-Nyce, Jane; Gibson, Eleanor J; Bahrick, Lorraine E (1980). "Detection of Elasticity as an Invariant Property of Objects by Young Infants". Perception (in Turanci). 9 (6): 713–718. doi:10.1068/p090713. ISSN 0301-0066. PMID 7220243. S2CID 11370618.
  8. ↑ "Lorraine E Bahrick". ResearchGate.
  9. ↑ Walker, Arlene S; Owsley, Cynthia J; Megaw-Nyce, Jane; Gibson, Eleanor J; Bahrick, Lorraine E (1980). "Detection of Elasticity as an Invariant Property of Objects by Young Infants". Perception. 9 (6): 713–718. doi:10.1068/p090713. ISSN 0301-0066. PMID 7220243. S2CID 11370618.
  10. ↑ "Intersensory Perception of Social Events: Typical and Atypical Development (Project Number 5K02HD064943-02)".
  11. ↑ "Intersensory Processing, Developmental Trajectories, and Longitudinal Outcomes (Project Number 2R01HD053776-06)".
  12. ↑ "NSF Award Search: Award # 0350201 – SLC Catalyst: South Florida Research Consortium on the Development of Attention, Perception, Learning, and Memory". www.nsf.gov. Retrieved 2023-11-03.
  13. ↑ "NSF Award Search: Award # 9300956 – SGER: Young Children's Reaction to a Natural Disaster: Memory and Stress". www.nsf.gov. Retrieved 2023-11-03.
  14. 1 2 Communications, Florida International University-Digital. "Lorraine Bahrick". case.fiu.edu (in Turanci). Retrieved 2023-10-15. Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; name "Communications" defined multiple times with different content
  15. ↑ Gogate, Lakshmi J.; Bahrick, Lorraine E. (1998-05-01). "Intersensory Redundancy Facilitates Learning of Arbitrary Relations between Vowel Sounds and Objects in Seven-Month-Old Infants". Journal of Experimental Child Psychology. 69 (2): 133–149. doi:10.1006/jecp.1998.2438. ISSN 0022-0965. PMID 9637756.
  16. ↑ Bahrick, Lorraine E.; Lickliter, Robert (2000). "Intersensory redundancy guides attentional selectivity and perceptual learning in infancy". Developmental Psychology (in Turanci). 36 (2): 190–201. doi:10.1037/0012-1649.36.2.190. ISSN 1939-0599. PMC 2704001. PMID 10749076.
  17. ↑ Lickliter, Robert; Bahrick, Lorraine E. (2000). "The development of infant intersensory perception: Advantages of a comparative convergent-operations approach". Psychological Bulletin (in Turanci). 126 (2): 260–280. doi:10.1037/0033-2909.126.2.260. ISSN 1939-1455. PMID 10748643.
  18. ↑ Rhea Invalid |url-status=Klin (help); Check date values in: |access-date= (help); Missing or empty |title= (help); |access-date= requires |url= (help)
  19. ↑ Todd, James Torrence; Bahrick, Lorraine E. (2022-10-01). "Individual Differences in Multisensory Attention Skills in Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder Predict Language and Symptom Severity: Evidence from the Multisensory Attention Assessment Protocol (MAAP)". Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders (in Turanci). 53 (12): 4685–4710. doi:10.1007/s10803-022-05752-3. ISSN 0162-3257. PMC 10065966 Check |pmc= value (help). PMID 36181648 Check |pmid= value (help).
  20. ↑ Eschman, Bret; Todd, James Torrence; Sarafraz, Amin; Edgar, Elizabeth V.; Petrulla, Victoria; McNew, Myriah; Gomez, William; Bahrick, Lorraine E. (2022). "Remote Data Collection During a Pandemic: A New Approach for Assessing and Coding Multisensory Attention Skills in Infants and Young Children". Frontiers in Psychology. 12. doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2021.731618. ISSN 1664-1078. PMC 8815727 Check |pmc= value (help). PMID 35126224 Check |pmid= value (help).
  21. ↑ Bahrick, Lorraine E.; Todd, James Torrence (2017). "Databrary". doi:10.17910/b7.326. Retrieved 2023-10-23. Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  22. ↑ "Do you see what I mean? The role of visual speech information in lexical representations". Trace Tennessee Research and Creative Exchange. 2017.
  23. ↑ Bahrick, Lorraine E.; Todd, James Torrence (2017). "Databrary". doi:10.17910/b7.336. Retrieved 2023-10-23. Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  24. ↑ "Table #121 Nih Research Career Development (K) Awards: Competing and Noncompeting Grant Listing Fiscal Year 2013 | PDF | Universities And Colleges | Higher Education". Scribd (in Turanci). Retrieved 2023-10-25.
  25. ↑ Testa, Kaitlyn; McNew, Myriah E.; Todd, James Torrence; Eschman, Bret; Bahrick, Lorraine E. (2023-05-01). "Infant distractibility from social events mediates the relation between maternal responsiveness and infant language outcomes". Infant Behavior and Development. 71: 101840. doi:10.1016/j.infbeh.2023.101840. ISSN 0163-6383. PMC 10512971 Check |pmc= value (help). PMID 37210883 Check |pmid= value (help).
  26. ↑ Edgar, Elizabeth V.; Eschman, Bret; Todd, James Torrence; Testa, Kaitlyn; Ramirez, Bethany; Bahrick, Lorraine E. (2023-08-01). "The effects of socioeconomic status on working memory in childhood are partially mediated by intersensory processing of audiovisual events in infancy". Infant Behavior and Development. 72: 101844. doi:10.1016/j.infbeh.2023.101844. ISSN 0163-6383. PMC 10527496 Check |pmc= value (help). PMID 37271061 Check |pmid= value (help).
  27. ↑ Sales, Jessica McDermott; Fivush, Robyn; Parker, Janat; Bahrick, Lorraine (2005). "Stressing Memory: Long-Term Relations Among Children's Stress, Recall and Psychological Outcome Following Hurricane Andrew". Journal of Cognition and Development (in Turanci). 6 (4): 529–545. doi:10.1207/s15327647jcd0604_5. ISSN 1524-8372. S2CID 2939326.
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