Ludwig Mies van der Rohe
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Ludwig Mies van der Rohe ( /m iː s ... r oʊ / MEESS -...- ROH ; An haifi Maria Ludwig Michael Mies a ranar 27 ga Maris, 1886 – A ranar 17 ga Agusta, 1969) ƙwararren mai zane ne na Jamus da Amurka, masanin ilimi, kuma mai tsara cikin gida . Ana kiransa da Mies, sunan mahaifinsa. Ana ɗaukarsa a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin waɗanda suka fara kafa tsarin gine-gine na zamani .
A shekarun 1930, Mies shine darakta na ƙarshe na Bauhaus, wata makarantar fasaha ta zamani, ƙira da gine-gine a Jamus. [1] Bayan hawan Nazism kan mulki, saboda tsananin adawa da zamani, ya yi ƙaura zuwa Amurka a 1937 ko 1938. Ya karɓi matsayin shugaban makarantar gine-gine a abin da a yau ake kira Illinois Institute of Technology (IIT).
Mies ya yi ƙoƙarin kafa nasa salon gine-gine wanda zai iya wakiltar zamanin yau . Gine-ginensa sun yi amfani da kayan zamani kamar ƙarfe na masana'antu da gilashin farantin don fayyace sararin samaniya. Sau da yawa ana danganta shi da son da yake yi wa kalmomin " ƙasa da ƙari " da " Allah yana cikin cikakkun bayanai ".
Farkon aikina
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]An haifi Mies a ranar 27 ga Maris, 1886, a Aachen, Jamus. Ya yi aiki a shagon sassaka dutse na mahaifinsa [2] da kuma a wasu kamfanonin ƙira na gida kafin ya koma Berlin, inda ya shiga ofishin mai tsara cikin gida Bruno Paul . Ya fara aikinsa na gine-gine a matsayin mai koyon aiki a ɗakin studio na Peter Behrens daga 1908 zuwa 1912, inda ya fuskanci ka'idojin ƙira na yanzu da kuma al'adun Jamus masu ci gaba. Ya yi aiki tare da Le Corbusier da Walter Gropius, wanda daga baya shi ma ya shiga cikin ci gaban Bauhaus . Mies ya yi aiki a matsayin manajan gini na Ofishin Jakadancin Daular Jamus a Saint Petersburg a ƙarƙashin Behrens. [3]
Ludwig Mies ya sake masa suna a matsayin wani ɓangare na canjinsa daga ɗan ma'aikacin sana'a zuwa mai zane-zane wanda ke aiki tare da manyan masana al'adu na Berlin, yana ƙara "van der" da sunan mahaifiyarsa "Rohe" [4] kuma yana amfani da "van der" na Holland, saboda sigar Jamusanci " von " wani sinadari ne na sarauta da aka takaita bisa doka ga waɗanda suka fito daga zuriyar manyan Jamusawa . [5] Ya fara aikinsa na ƙwararru mai zaman kansa yana tsara gidaje masu daraja . [6]
Rayuwa ta sirri
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]A shekarar 1913, Mies ta auri Adele Auguste (Ada) Bruhn (1885–1951), 'yar wani attajiri mai masana'antu. Ma'auratan sun rabu a shekarar 1918, bayan sun haifi 'ya'ya mata uku: Dorothea (1914–2008), wata 'yar wasan kwaikwayo kuma mai rawa wacce aka fi sani da Georgia, Marianne (1915–2003), da Waltraut (1917–1959), [7] wacce ta kasance masanin bincike kuma mai kula da Cibiyar Fasaha ta Chicago . A lokacin aikinsa na soja a shekarar 1917, Mies ta haifi ɗa ba tare da aure ba . [8]
A shekarar 1925, Mies ta fara dangantaka da mai zane Lilly Reich wanda ya ƙare lokacin da ya ƙaura zuwa Amurka ; daga 1940 har zuwa mutuwarsa, mai zane Lora Marx (1900–1989) ita ce babbar kawarsa. Mies ta ci gaba da dangantaka ta soyayya da mai sassaka kuma mai tattara zane-zane Mary Callery wadda ya tsara mata ɗakin zane a Huntington, New York . Ya yi ɗan gajeren dangantaka ta soyayya da Nelly van Doesburg . Bayan sun haɗu a Turai shekaru da yawa da suka gabata, sun sake haɗuwa a New York a 1947 a lokacin cin abincin dare tare da Josep Lluís Sert inda ya yi mata alƙawarin zai taimaka wajen shirya wani baje koli a Chicago wanda ke nuna ayyukan mijinta Theo van Doesburg . Wannan baje kolin ya gudana daga 15 ga Oktoba zuwa 8 ga Nuwamba, 1947, soyayyarsu ta ƙare ba da daɗewa ba. Duk da haka sun ci gaba da kasancewa cikin kwanciyar hankali, suna yin bikin Ista tare a 1948 a wani gidan gona na zamani da Mies ya gyara a Long Island, da kuma haɗuwa sau da yawa a wannan shekarar.
Sauya daga tsarin gargajiya zuwa tsarin zamani
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
YyBayan Yaƙin Duniya na Ɗaya, yayin da yake ci gaba da tsara gidajen gargajiya na neoclassical, Mies ya fara wani gwaji a lokaci guda. Ya haɗu da takwarorinsa na avant-garde a cikin dogon bincike don neman sabon salo wanda zai dace da zamanin masana'antu na zamani. Masu ra'ayin ci gaba sun sha kai hari ga raunin salon gargajiya tun daga tsakiyar ƙarni na sha tara, musamman saboda sabanin ɓoye fasahar gini ta zamani tare da fasalin salon gargajiya da aka yi wa ado.
Sukar da ake yi wa salon tarihi ta samu karbuwa sosai bayan Yaƙin Duniya na Ɗaya, wani bala'i da ake gani a matsayin gazawar tsohon tsarin duniya na shugabancin daular Turai. Mutane da yawa sun yi Allah wadai da salon farfaɗo da tsofaffin tsarin gargajiya a matsayin alamar gine-gine na tsarin zamantakewa da aka ƙi amincewa da shi yanzu. Masu tunani masu ci gaba sun yi kira da a samar da sabon tsarin zane na gine-gine wanda ke jagorantar warware matsaloli masu ma'ana da kuma bayyanar kayan zamani da tsari na waje maimakon abin da suke ɗauka a matsayin aikace-aikacen fuskokin gargajiya na sama.
Yayin da yake ci gaba da tsarin zane na gargajiya na neoclassical, Mies ya fara ƙirƙirar ayyukan hangen nesa waɗanda, kodayake galibi ba a gina su ba, suka sa shi shahara a matsayin mai zane mai iya samar da tsari wanda ya dace da ruhin al'ummar zamani mai tasowa. Da ƙarfin hali ya bar kayan ado gaba ɗaya, Mies ya fara yin wasan kwaikwayo na zamani a shekarar 1921 tare da tayin gasa mai ban mamaki na ginin Friedrichstraße mai gilashi mai fuska, sannan kuma ya biyo baya da wani sigar lanƙwasa mai tsayi a shekarar 1922 mai suna Gilashin Sama.
Ya gina gidansa na zamani na farko tare da Villa Wolf a shekarar 1926 a Guben (wanda a yau ake kira Gubin, Poland) ga Erich da Elisabeth Wolf. [9] Ba da daɗewa ba sai Haus Lange da Haus Esters suka biyo baya a shekarar 1928.
Ya ci gaba da yin wasu ayyuka na farko, wanda ya ƙare a cikin manyan ayyukansa guda biyu na Turai: Babban Tashar Jamus ta wucin gadi don nunin Barcelona (wanda aka fi sani da Babban Tashar Barcelona) a 1929 (an gina ginin 1986 a wurin da aka fara ginawa) da kuma kyakkyawan Villa Tugendhat a Brno, Czechoslovakia, wanda aka kammala a 1930.
Ya shiga ƙungiyar avant-garde ta Jamus, yana aiki tare da mujallar ƙira mai ci gaba G, wadda ta fara a watan Yulin 1923. Ya sami shahara a matsayin darektan gine-gine na Werkbund, inda ya shirya wani gagarumin bikin baje kolin gidaje na zamani na Weissenhof Estate . Shi ma yana ɗaya daga cikin waɗanda suka kafa ƙungiyar gine-gine ta Der Ring . Ya shiga makarantar zane ta avant-garde Bauhaus a matsayin darektan gine-gine, inda ya rungumi amfani da siffofi masu sauƙi na geometric wajen tsara abubuwa masu amfani. Ya yi aiki a matsayin darakta na ƙarshe.
Kamar sauran masu gine-ginen zamani, Mies ya dogara da manufarsa ta gine-gine da ƙa'idodinsa bisa fahimtarsa da fassarar ra'ayoyin da masu nazari da masu suka suka haɓaka waɗanda suka yi tunani game da raguwar mahimmancin salon zane na gargajiya. Ya zaɓi ya ɗauki ra'ayoyin ka'idoji kamar kyawawan halaye na Tsarin Gine-gine na Rasha tare da akidarsu ta haɗa kayan zamani na zamani na sassaka. Mies ya sami sha'awa wajen amfani da siffofi masu sauƙi na kusurwa da na sama, layuka masu tsabta, amfani da launi sosai, da faɗaɗa sarari a kusa da bangon ciki da bayansa wanda ƙungiyar De Stijl ta Dutch ta bayyana. Musamman ma, shimfida ƙananan wurare masu aiki a cikin sararin samaniya gabaɗaya da kuma bambancin sassa kamar yadda Gerrit Rietveld ya bayyana ya burge Mies. [ <span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2017)">ana buƙatar ambato</span> ]
Ganin yadda gidaje a cikin matsakaicin matsayi da manyan mutane za su iya ƙara samun kayan aikin gida, masu gine-ginen zamani kamar Mies, Le Corbusier, Walter Gropius da Adolf Loos sun ƙi gine-ginen ado kuma suka zama masu jagorantar wani motsi na Fasaha da Sana'o'i na zamani a Turai.
Daga baya Mies da Le Corbusier sun amince da tasirin da fayil ɗin Wasmuth na Frank Lloyd Wright ya yi bayan an nuna shi a Berlin.
Hijira zuwa Amurka
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
Tun daga shekarar 1930, Mies ya yi aiki a matsayin darakta na ƙarshe na Bauhaus mai rauni, bisa ga buƙatar abokin aikinsa kuma mai fafatawa da shi Gropius. A shekarar 1932, 'yan Nazi suka tilasta wa makarantar da gwamnati ta ɗauki nauyinta ta bar harabarta da ke Dessau, Mies kuma suka mayar da ita zuwa wani masana'antar wayar tarho da aka yi watsi da ita a Berlin. A watan Afrilun 1933, 'yan sanda suka kai samame makarantar, kuma a watan Yulin wannan shekarar, saboda 'yan Nazi sun hana ci gaba da gudanar da makarantar, Mies da malaman jami'a sun "kaɗa ƙuri'a" don rufe Bauhaus.
Wasu daga cikin zane-zanen Mies sun sami karbuwa a wurin Adolf Hitler, kamar zane-zanensa na tashoshin sabis na autobahn . [10] :319Mies da Gropius duk sun shiga sashen zane-zane na Reich Culture Chamber kuma sun shiga gasar gine-gine ta Nazi ta farko, tare da zane-zane da ke nuna gine-gine da aka yi wa ado da swastikas. [10] :340Tsarin ginin Reich Bank da ke Berlin na Mies ya kasance ɗaya daga cikin shida da aka bai wa kyautar, duk da cewa Hitler ya ƙi ta. Mies da Gropius sun so 'yan Nazi su karɓe su kuma dukansu sun sanya hannu kan takardar shaidar masu fasaha da ke goyon bayan maye gurbin Hitler ga Hindenburg. [10] :341Ba a ɗauki zane-zanen zamani na Mies na gilashi da ƙarfe a matsayin waɗanda suka dace da gine-ginen gwamnati a hannun 'yan Nazi ba, kuma a shekarar 1937 ko 1938 ya bi Gropius zuwa Amurka ba tare da son rai ba. [10] :341
Ya karɓi kwamiti na zama a Wyoming sannan aka ba shi tayin jagorantar sashen gine-gine na Cibiyar Fasaha ta Armour da ke Chicago. An ba Mies damar haɗa imanin akida da kasuwanci . Tun a shekarar 1919 ya tsara tsare-tsare don gina hasumiyar gilashin ofis. A New York ya sami masu zuba jari don Ginin Seagram, wanda aka kammala a shekarar 1958.
Aiki a Amurka
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
Bayan an ɗauke shi aiki a Cibiyar Fasaha ta Armour, Mies ya zauna a Chicago, Illinois. Lokacin da Cibiyar Armour ta haɗu da Cibiyar Lewis don kafa Cibiyar Fasaha ta Illinois (IIT) a 1940, Mies ya ci gaba da zama a cikin malaman IIT don jagorantar sashen gine-gine. An ɗauke shi aiki don tsara sabbin gine-gine da tsarin ginin Cibiyar Fasaha ta Illinois . Duk gine-ginensa har yanzu suna nan, ciki har da Ɗakin Tsofaffin Dalibai, Chapel na Carr Memorial, da kuma babban ɗakin SR Crown Hall, wanda aka gina a matsayin gidan Makarantar Gine-gine ta IIT.
Manazarta
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]- ↑ Dyckhoff, Tom (November 30, 2002). "Mies and the Nazis". the Guardian (in Turanci). Retrieved June 20, 2018.
- ↑ Cite error: Invalid
<ref>tag; no text was provided for refs named "Magill2014". - ↑ "German Embassy Building". Encyclopaedia of Saint Petersburg. Retrieved August 11, 2008.
- ↑ "Ludwieg Mies van der Rohe (1886–1969)". designboom.com. Archived from the original on August 10, 2001. Retrieved March 22, 2011.
- ↑ Adams, Cecil (April 6, 1990). "Do Italian last names beginning with "de," "del," or "della" indicate nobility?" (in Turanci). The Straight Dope. Retrieved March 10, 2023.
- ↑ "Ludwig Mies Van der Rohe". Architectuul.com. Retrieved April 7, 2020.
- ↑ "In Memoriam". Art Institute of Chicago Quarterly. 53/54: 32. February 1960. JSTOR 4120547.
- ↑ "Mies' Children". tugendhat.eu. Archived from the original on May 28, 2013. Retrieved October 22, 2012.
- ↑ "Die "Mies-Memory-Box"". Deutschlandfunk. July 29, 2006.
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