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MONUSCO

Bayanai
Suna a hukumance
United Nations Organization Stabilization Mission in the Democratic Republic of the Congo
Gajeren suna MONUSCO
Iri peacekeeping mission (en) Fassara da organization established by the United Nations (en) Fassara
Mulki
Hedkwata Kinshasa
Mamallaki United Nations Department of Peace Operations (en) Fassara
Tarihi
Ƙirƙira 1 ga Yuli, 2010
Wanda yake bi United Nations Mission in the Democratic Republic of Congo (en) Fassara

monusco.unmissions.org


Ofishin Jakadancin Majalisar Dinkin Duniya a Jamhuriyar Demokradiyyar Kongo, ko MONUSCO (ƙaddamarwa bisa ga sunanta na Faransanci Mission de l'Organisation des Nations Unies pour la stabilisation en République démocratique du Congo), rundunar kiyaye zaman lafiya ce ta Majalisar Dinkinobho a Jamhuryar Demokiradiyyar Kongo . [1] A halin yanzu an shirya janyewa daga ƙasar saboda ci gaban da kungiyar M23 ta samu a lardunan Arewa da Kivu ta Kudu.[2]

Majalisar Tsaro ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ce ta kafa MONUSCO a cikin Sai dai hazo da mai albarka Dhofar, dukkan gabar teku da }asashen da ke kewaye da tsaunukan Hajar, wani yanki ne na hamadar Tekun Oman da kuma yankin hamada, yayin da tsaunukan da kansu ke zama na musamman. 1279 (1999) da 1291 (2000) don saka idanu kan tsarin zaman lafiya na Yaƙin Kongo na Biyu, kodayake yawancin mayar da hankali daga baya ya juya zuwa rikici na Ituri, rikici na Kivu da rikici na Dongo. [3] An san aikin ne a matsayin Ofishin Jakadancin Majalisar Dinkin Duniya a Jamhuriyar Demokradiyyar Kongo ko MONUC, acronym na sunansa na Faransanci Mission de l'Organisation des Nations Unies en République démocratique du Congo, har zuwa 2010.

Ƙasashe masu zuwa (a cikin haruffa) sun ba da gudummawa tare da ma'aikatan soja: Bangladesh, Belgium, Benin, Bolivia, Bosnia da Herzegovina, Brazil, Burkina Faso, Kamaru, Kanada, China, Jamhuriyar Czech, Masar, Faransa, Ghana, Guatemala, Indiya, Indonesia, Ireland, Ivory Coast, Jordan, Kenya, Malawi, Malaysia, Mali, Mongolia, Morocco, Nepal, Netherlands, Nijar, Najeriya, Pakistan, Peru, Poland, Romania, Rasha, Senegal, Amurka ta Kudu, Sri Lanka, Sweden, Switzerland, Tanzania, Ukraine, Tunisiya, United Kingdom, United Kingdom

Bugu da kari, ƙasashe masu zuwa sun ba da gudummawa tare da ma'aikatan 'yan sanda: Bangladesh, Benin, Brazil, Burkina Faso, Kamaru, Kanada, Chadi, Djibouti, Masar, Faransa, Ghana, Guinea, Jordan, Madagascar, Mali, Nijar, Najeriya, Romania, Rasha, Senegal, Sweden, Switzerland, Togo, Tunisia, Turkiyya, Ukraine da Yemen.[1]

Kasancewar Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta farko a Jamhuriyar Demokradiyyar Kongo, kafin wucewar Majalisar Tsaro ta Majalisar Dinkinobho (UNSCR) 1291, rundunar masu sa ido ce ta soja don lura da bayar da rahoto game da bin ƙungiyoyi tare da yarjejeniyar zaman lafiya, turawa da UNSCR 1258 ta baya ta ba da izini (1999). UNSCR 2556 (2020) yana ba da iko ga umarnin MONUSCO na yanzu.[4][5]

Kimanin dala biliyan 8.74 aka kashe don tallafawa kokarin kiyaye zaman lafiya na MONUC a lokacin 1999 zuwa 2010.[6]  Ya zuwa Oktoba , jimlar ƙarfin sojojin kiyaye zaman lafiya na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya a DRC kusan 18,300.[4] Fiye da ƙasashe talatin sun ba da gudummawar sojoji da 'yan sanda don kokarin kiyaye zaman lafiya, [6] tare da Indiya kasancewa mafi girman mai ba da gudana. [7]

Tarihi

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Shekaru na 1990

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Asalin wannan kasancewar soja na biyu na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya a Jamhuriyar Demokradiyyar Kongo (DRC) an samo shi a cikin Yarjejeniyar Cire-Age ta Lusaka a ranar 17 ga Yulin 1999 da kuma Resolution 1258 na Majalisar Tsaro ta Majalisar Dinkinobho na 6 ga Agusta 1999, wanda ya ba da izinin tura matsakaicin jami'ai 90.

Jami'an hulɗa na farko sun isa DRC a ranar 3 ga Satumba 1999. A watan Nuwamba na shekara ta 1999 yawan jami'an hulɗa sun kai 55, waɗanda aka rarraba a cikin manyan biranen ƙasashe masu yaƙi (Rwanda, Uganda, Burundi, Zambia, Namibia, Zimbabwe, Habasha) ciki har da 24 waɗanda aka ajiye a Kinshasa. A watan Janairun 2000 sun kai adadin 79 kuma an yada su a duk yankin DRC. Manufar su ita ce su yi hulɗa da dukkan bangarorin da ke yaƙi, su ba da taimako na fasaha da kuma shirya tura masu lura da soja.

Shekaru na 2000

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2000

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A ranar 24 ga Fabrairu 2000 tare da ƙuduri na 1291, Majalisar Tsaro ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta ba da izinin tura matsakaicin ma'aikatan soja 5,537 a cikin DRC, gami da masu lura da soja 500. A ranar 4 ga Afrilu 2000 an naɗa Manjo Janar Mountaga Diallo na Senegal a matsayin kwamandan sojojin MONUSCO. Manufar ita ce ta sa ido kan aiwatar da Yarjejeniyar tsagaita wuta da sake tura dakarun da ke faɗa, don samar da shirin aiki don aiwatar da Yarinyar tsagaita gobara gaba ɗaya, don yin aiki tare da ɓangarorin don samun sakin dukkan fursunonin yaki, fursunonin soja da dawo da ragowar, don sauƙaƙe taimakon jin kai da kuma taimakawa Mai Gudanar da Tattaunawar Kasa.

Da yake aiki a karkashin Babi na VII na Yarjejeniyar Majalisar Dinkin Duniya, Majalisar Tsaro ta Majalisar Dinkinobho ta ba da izini ga MONUC don ɗaukar matakin da ya dace, a wuraren da aka tura battalions din sojanta, don kare ma'aikatan Majalisar Dinkin duniya, wurare, shigarwa da kayan aiki, tabbatar da tsaro da 'yancin motsi na ma'aikatanta, da kuma kare fararen hula a ƙarƙashin barazanar tashin hankali na jiki.

A watan Disamba na shekara ta 2000 an tura ma'aikatan soja 224, ciki har da masu kallo 148 a wurare goma sha uku a fadin kasar. Masu lura za su iya yin rikodin rashin amfani da tsagaita wuta, tashin hankali a Kisangani da lardunan Équateur da Katanga da kuma kasancewar sojojin kasashen waje a cikin DRC. A tura sojojin Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ba zai yiwu ba saboda yanayin tsaro da rashin amincewar gwamnatin Kongo.

2001

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Ko da yake farkon shekara ta 2001 har yanzu yana da matsala ta hanyar fadace-fadace, masu lura da soja na iya cika aikinsu dangane da rabuwar sojoji da kuma janyewar wasu sojojin Rwandan da Uganda.

A watan Maris na shekara ta 2001, ƙungiyar tsaro ta farko ta Uruguay ta isa Kalemie. An tura rundunar a bangarori huɗu a Kananga, Kisangani, Kalemie da Mbandaka. A watan Yulin shekara ta 2001, ƙarfin rundunar ya kai sojoji 2,366, ciki har da masu lura da soja 363 da aka rarraba a cikin birane 22, da ƙungiyoyi 28 da ke sa ido kan rabuwar sojojin. Sojojin da suka rage sun kai 1,869. Sun fito ne daga Afirka ta Kudu, Uruguay, Morocco, Senegal da Tunisia. Rukunin tsaro sun kare kayan aikin MONUC a Kinshasa, Kananga, Kisangani, Kalemie, Goma, da Mbandaka. An kuma tura ƙungiyar kogin Uruguay da ƙungiyar kula da iska ta Afirka ta Kudu. Sojojin da aka tura sun kasance ne kawai don kare shafukan daga fashi da sata, rundunar ba ta da umarni ko ƙarfin kare fararen hula, ko ma don cire ma'aikatan MONUC. Bayan UNSCR 1355, masu lura da soja, a cikin iyawarsu, na iya ba da gudummawa ga zubar da makamai na son rai, sakewa, dawowa da sake hadewa na kungiyoyin makamai.

Tare da Resolution na Majalisar Tsaro 1376, Majalisar Tsaro ta kaddamar da mataki na uku na tura sojojin MONUC, a gabashin DRC. An shirya shafin don tushen kayan aiki ya zama Kindu, Lardin Maniema.

2002

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A shekara ta 2002, masu lura da sojoji 450, sun rabu cikin ƙungiyoyi 95, sun ci gaba da saka idanu kan tsagaita wuta tare da tsoffin layin gaba. Kungiyoyin sun kuma bincika keta dokar ta baci. Sojojin kasashen waje sun ci gaba da barin kasar. Rukunin kogin sun raka jiragen ruwa na farko a kan Kogin Kongo, wanda ya sake buɗewa ga zirga-zirgar kasuwanci. A watan Yunin 2002 jimlar sojojin Majalisar Dinkin Duniya sun kai 3,804. Sojoji daga Ghana da Bolivia sun shiga rundunar, wanda fiye da kashi ɗaya bisa uku na sojoji 'yan Uruguay ne. Fiye da sojoji dubu daya ne aka tura a Kisangani. A ranar 14 ga Mayu 2002, wani mai lura da soja ya mutu a kusa da Ikela bayan fashewar ma'adinai a ƙarƙashin motarsa.

A ranar 30 ga watan Yulin shekara ta 2002, bangarori daban-daban sun sanya hannu kan Yarjejeniyar Pretoria kuma yanayin aikin masu zaman lafiya ya canza. Masu lura da soja sun sa ido kan janyewar sojoji 20,000 na Rwanda, amma kuma sun lura da karuwar tashin hankali na kabilanci a lardin Ituri. A ƙarshen 2002 akwai jimlar sojoji 4,200 na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya a cikin DRC. Ta hanyar UNSCR 1445, Majalisar Tsaro ta ba da izinin karuwar ma'aikatan soja zuwa 8,500. An kuma amince da ka'idar dakarun shiga tsakani guda biyu masu zaman kansu - farar hula da sojoji. An ba da umurni ga MONUC don tallafawa tsarin zubar da makamai na son rai, demobilization, repatriation, reintegration and resettlement (DDRR), ba tare da amfani da karfi ba.

2003

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An gudanar da ayyukan DDRR da yawa tare da hadin gwiwar farar hula a farkon shekara ta 2003. Kafin farawar sauyawa, an tura sojojin Majalisar Dinkin Duniya a kan layin gaba. An fara babban sake turawa zuwa gabas. An rufe cibiyoyin daidaitawa guda huɗu da sansanoni 22 a yammacin ƙasar. Fiye da masu kallo ɗari sun sake turawa kuma sojojin Uruguay sun isa Bukavu, Kivu ta Kudu da Lubero, Arewacin Kivu. Kungiyoyin masu lura sun sa ido kan mummunar gwagwarmaya da keta haƙƙin ɗan adam a Ituri. A watan Afrilu na shekara ta 2003, an tura sojoji 800 na Uruguay a Bunia, Lardin Ituri a karkashin kudurin 1484. A cikin wannan watan wani mai kallo ya mutu a fashewar bam. A watan Mayu na shekara ta 2003 'yan bindiga sun kashe masu lura da sojoji biyu.

Fitar da sojojin Uganda 7,000 a watan Afrilu na shekara ta 2003 ya haifar da mummunan yanayin tsaro a lardin Ituri, wanda ya jefa tsarin zaman lafiya cikin haɗari. Sakatare Janar na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya Kofi Annan ya yi kira ga kafawa da tura dakarun kasa da yawa na wucin gadi zuwa yankin har sai an karfafa aikin MONUC da ya raunana. A cikin rahotonsa na biyu na musamman ga Majalisar Tsaro, Sakatare Janar na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ya ba da shawarar sake fasalin ayyukan MONUC: don samar da tallafi ga sauyawa da kuma kula da tsaro a manyan yankuna na kasar. Dangane da haka, ya ba da shawarar kirkirar brigade a Ituri don tallafawa tsarin zaman lafiya.

sansanin IDP a kusa da wani tushe a Kitshanga

A ranar 30 ga Mayu 2003, UNSCR 1493 ta ba da izinin tura rundunar sojan gaggawa ta wucin gadi (IEMF) a Bunia tare da aiki don tabbatar da filin jirgin sama da kare mutanen da suka rasa muhallinsu a sansanoni da fararen hula a garin. UNSCR 1493 ya ba da izinin karuwar ma'aikatan soja zuwa 10,800, ya sanya takunkumin makamai, kuma ya ba da damar MONUC don amfani da duk hanyoyin da suka dace don cika aikinta a Gundumar Ituri da kuma Arewa da Kivu ta Kudu, yayin da ya ɗauki ƙarin larduna su kasance cikin ikon MONUC.

Gwamnatin Faransa ta riga ta nuna sha'awar jagorantar aikin. Ba da daɗewa ba ya fadada zuwa aikin da Tarayyar Turai (EU) ke jagoranta tare da Faransa a matsayin al'umma mai tsarawa wanda ke ba da yawancin ma'aikata kuma ya haɗa da gudummawa daga kasashen EU da wadanda ba na EU ba. Jimlar rundunar ta kunshi kimanin ma'aikata 1,800 kuma jirgin saman Faransa ne ya goyi bayan su a filayen jirgin sama a N'Djamena, Chadi da Entebbe, Uganda. An kuma kara karamin rukuni na 'yan Sweden na Musamman (SSG) mai shekaru 80.

An kaddamar da aikin da ake kira Operation Artemis a ranar 12 ga Yuni kuma IMEF ta kammala turawa a cikin makonni uku masu zuwa. Rundunar ta yi nasara wajen tabbatar da halin da ake ciki a Bunia da kuma tilasta kasancewar Majalisar Dinkin Duniya a cikin DRC. A watan Satumbar shekara ta 2003, an ba da alhakin tsaro na yankin ga aikin MONUC. [8]

Girman rikice-rikicen soja a DRC ya sa Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta nemi ƙarin taimakon soja daga manyan iko. A watan Yulin shekara ta 2003, Indiya ta ba da sanarwar cewa za ta aika da ƙarin ma'aikata 300 da jirgin yaki daga Sojojin Sama na Indiya don ƙarfafa kokarin kiyaye zaman lafiya na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya a DRC.

A watan Satumbar shekara ta 2003, ƙungiyar Ituri ta kasance, gami da sojoji daga Uruguay, Bangladesh, Nepal, Pakistan, Indonesia, Indiya da Morocco.

A watan Nuwamba na shekara ta 2003, jimlar masu kiyaye zaman lafiya 10,415 sun kasance a cikin DRC, wanda ya hada da raka'a na sojan ƙasa, raka'a injiniyoyi, raka'o'in helikofta, raka'ar kayan aiki, raka'an kiwon lafiya da raka'o-tafiye.

2004

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2010s

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2010

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A bisa ga kudurin Kwamitin Tsaro mai lamba 1925 na 28 ga Mayu, 2010, an canza sunan MONUC a ranar 1 ga Yuli zuwa Ofishin Majalisar Dinkin Duniya na Daidaita Hukuma a Jamhuriyar Dimokradiyyar Kongo (MONUSCO) don nuna sabon matakin da aka cimma a kasar. A watan Agusta 2010, 'yan tawayen Mai Mai sun yi kwanton bauna a wani sansani na 19th Kumaon Regiment na Sojan Indiya, inda suka kashe jami'an wanzar da zaman lafiya na Indiya uku.[9] Harin ya sake farfado da kiraye-kiraye a Indiya don rage kasancewar sojojin kasar a Kongo saboda karuwar rikici a yankin.

2011

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A watan Mayu 2011, ministan hadin gwiwar kasa da kasa na DRC ya bayyana burin gwamnatinsa na "ja da baya mai tsari, mai ci gaba" na MONUSCO saboda "daidaitawa" na dangantakar DRC da kasashe makwabta da kuma killace 'yan tawaye zuwa "wasu yankuna masu ware".[10]

A watan Yuni 2011, Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta sanar da cewa za ta janye kimanin jami'an wanzar da zaman lafiya 2,000 kafin karshen watan.[11] Sanarwar Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta zo ne bayan 'yan kwanaki da yanke shawarar Indiya na janye dukkan jirage masu saukar ungulu na yaki guda hudu kirar Mi-35 daga MONUSCO da kuma daga karshe ta dakatar da ayyukan wanzar da zaman lafiya a DRC.[12]

2012

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File:UN-12-049 (8137919009).jpg|thumb|Mambobin Kamfanin Riverine na Uruguay suna sintiri a Tafkin Tanganyika, Maris 2012

Main article: 2012 East DR Congo conflict

A ranar 15 ga Nuwamba, an tura jirage masu saukar ungulu na MONUSCO don tallafa wa sojojin gwamnati yayin da suke yaki don dakatar da harin March 23 Movement a kudancin Kibumba; hadin gwiwar sojoji da na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya sun kashe kimanin mayaƙan M23 64.[13]

A ranar 20 ga Nuwamba 2012, March 23 Movement sun kwace babban birnin lardin Goma bayan sojojin kasa sun ja da baya. Sojojin MONUSCO sun lura ba tare da shiga tsakani ba, domin umarnin su ya ba su izini kawai su kare fararen hula.[14] Ministan harkokin wajen Faransa Laurent Fabius ya kira halin da ake ciki "matsala", yana mai lura da yawan adadin MONUSCO, kuma ya yi kira da a sake duba umarnin kungiyar.[15] Mai magana da yawun Majalisar Dinkin Duniya Eduardo del Buey ya ce jami'an wanzar da zaman lafiya "ba za su iya maye gurbin" sojojin kasa na Congo ba, ya kara da cewa sojojin Majalisar Dinkin Duniya 1,500 da ke Goma sun dakatar da harbin su saboda ba sa so su jefa rayukan fararen hula cikin hadari.[16]

2013

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See also: United Nations Force Intervention Brigade

File:FIB-training-22 (9311333487).jpg|thumb|Sojojin musamman na Tanzania People's Defence Force yayin atisayen horo a Sake, Yuli 2013

A watan Janairu 2013 shugaban MONUSCO Herve Ladsous ya gaya wa Kwamitin Tsaro na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya a wani taro na sirri cewa manufar tawagar ita ce tura jirage marasa matuka guda uku a yankunan gabashin DRC. Amurka, Birtaniya da sauran membobin Kwamitin Tsaro sun goyi bayan ra'ayin. Sai dai, Rwanda, wacce ta musanta zargin kwararrun Majalisar Dinkin Duniya cewa tana goyon bayan March 23 Movement, ta nuna adawa da wannan shawarar. Tawagar Rwanda ta sanar da Kwamitin Tsaro na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya cewa Monusco za ta zama "mai tashin hankali" idan ta tura jirage marasa matuka a gabashin DRC. Sauran jami'an diflomasiyya, ciki har da Rasha, China, da wasu daga Turai, sun kuma nuna shakku. Sun ce akwai tambayoyin da ba a amsa ba game da wanda zai karbi bayanan daga jirage marasa matuka da kuma yadda za a yada su, suna bayyana rashin jin dadi game da ra'ayin Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta zama mai tattara bayanan sirri.[17]

A watan Maris 2013, Kwamitin Tsaro na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ya ba da izini ga tura wata rundunar shiga tsakani a cikin MONUSCO don gudanar da ayyukan kai hari, tare da ko ba tare da sojojin kasa na Congo ba, kan kungiyoyin masu dauke da makamai da ke barazana ga zaman lafiya a gabashin DRC. Rundunar tana zaune a Sake, North Kivu, kuma tana kunshe da jimillar jami'an wanzar da zaman lafiya 3,069. An dora mata alhakin kashe kungiyoyin masu dauke da makamai, rage barazanar da ke fuskantar ikon Jiha da tsaron fararen hula da kuma samar da sarari don ayyukan daidaitawa.[18] Rundunar farko ta kunshe da bataliyoyi uku, daya daga kowace daga Afirka ta Kudu, Tanzania da Malawi tare da Rundunar da James Aloizi Mwakibolwa na Tanzania ke jagoranta.[19]

A ranar 30 ga Yuli 2013, Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta ba March 23 Movement wa'adin sa'o'i 48 don barin yankin Goma ko kuma fuskantar "amfani da karfi".[20] Tsakanin 21 da 29 ga Agusta, gwagwarmaya mai tsanani a wajen Goma ta bar 'yan tawaye 57, sojojin gwamnati 10–23, fararen hula 14 da jami'an wanzar da zaman lafiya na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya guda daya daga Tanzania sun mutu. Sojojin gwamnati dari bakwai da ashirin da jami'an wanzar da zaman lafiya na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya goma ma sun ji rauni.[21][22][23][24]

File:A team of technicians prepares for the inaugural flight of an Unmanned-Unarmed Aerial Vehicles (UAV) in Goma, North Kivu province (11189522286).jpg|thumb|Wata tawagar kwararru tana shirye-shirye don fara jigilar jiragen sama marasa matuka (UAV) a Goma, lardin North Kivu, Disamba 2013

2014

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Bayan harin South Kivu na 2014 a watan Yuni 2014, Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta sanar da cewa za ta tura sojojin wanzar da zaman lafiya na MONUSCO zuwa yankin don kare al'ummar. "Wadannan ayyukan tashin hankali ba za a amince da su ba kuma suna bukatar dakatar da su nan da nan," in ji Kobler.[25]

2015

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A watan Mayu 2015, 'yan tawayen Uganda na Allied Democratic Forces sun yi kwanton bauna a wani ayarin MONUSCO kimanin mil 7 daga Beni, inda suka kashe sojojin Tanzania biyu. An bayar da rahoton cewa wasu jami'an wanzar da zaman lafiya hudu sun bata.[26]

A watan Oktoba 2015, Maman Sambo Sidikou ya gaji Martin Kobler a matsayin shugaban MONUSCO.[27]

File:Bintou Keita in Kalemie during covid-19 on 26 MARS 2021 (cropped).jpg|thumb|Shugaban MONUSCO Bintou Keita (a dama) a Kalemie a 2021, tana lura da matakan rigakafin COVID-19

2017

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A ranar 8 ga Disamba 2017, sansanin aiki na Semuliki, mil 27 daga garin Beni, an kai masa hari mai tsawo wanda ya yi sanadiyar mutuwar jami'an wanzar da zaman lafiya na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya 15 da sojojin Congo 5. An kuma raunata jami'an wanzar da zaman lafiya na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya 53. Akalla 12 daga cikin jami'an wanzar da zaman lafiya na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya da suka mutu 'yan Tanzania ne.[28][29] An yi zargin cewa masu kai harin 'yan tawaye ne na Allied Democratic Forces (ADF).[30] Wannan ya kawo jimillar asarar sojojin Majalisar Dinkin Duniya tun lokacin da aka fara aikin a Kongo zuwa 93.[31]

2020s

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2022

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A watan Maris, saboda mamayewar Rasha na Ukraine na 2022, Ukraine ta janye rukunin jiragen sama na helikopta guda takwas.[32]

Zanga-zangar adawa da MONUSCO ta barke a karshen watan Yuli a tsakanin zarge-zargen 'yan siyasa da fararen hula na Congo na rashin daukar mataki don kawo karshen rikicin Kivu a cikin kasar. Masu zanga-zangar sun bukaci MONUSCO ta fice daga kasar.[33] A ranar 26 ga Yuli, mutane goma sha biyar sun mutu yayin da wasu 50 suka ji rauni yayin da jami'an wanzar da zaman lafiya na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya suka bude wuta a wata zanga-zanga a Goma, North Kivu.[33] A ranar guda, jami'an wanzar da zaman lafiya uku da fararen hula bakwai sun mutu yayin wani hari kan sansanin MONUSCO da masu zanga-zanga suka kai a Butembo.[33] A ranar 27 ga Yuli, masu zanga-zanga hudu a sansanin MONUSCO a Uvira sun mutu sakamakon girgizar lantarki bayan sojoji sun harbi kebul na lantarki wanda ya fado a kansu. Gwamnan South Kivu Théo Ngwabidje Kasi ya yi kira da a gudanar da bincike kan ko sojojin tsaro na Congo ne ko jami'an wanzar da zaman lafiya na MONUSCO suka harbi kebul din.[34]

A watan Satumba, Ukraine ta janye sojojinta 250 daga tawagar.[32]

2023

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See also: 2023 DRC anti-MONUSCO protests

A watan Agusta 2023, masu zanga-zanga sun yi arangama da sojoji a wata zanga-zanga a Goma, Jamhuriyar Dimokradiyyar Kongo, game da sojojin MONUSCO saboda kasa hana tashin hankalin 'yan tawaye a kan fararen hula. A cewar rahotanni, adadin wadanda suka mutu ya kai 56 a ranar 5 ga Satumba, 2023.[35]

2024

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Jamhuriyar Dimokradiyyar Kongo ta yi kira ga MONUSCO da ta fice daga kasar a tsakanin karuwar fahimtar cewa suna kasa kare fararen hula.[36] MONUSCO ta fara amincewa da cikakken janye sojojinta kafin karshen shekara, tare da farkon matakin janyewar da aka fara a watan Yuli, wanda ya hada da rufe babban ofishinsu a Bukavu, South Kivu.[37] A watan Yuli, a tsakanin tsanantar hare-hare na M23 a North Kivu,[38] an dakatar da janyewar kuma an dage shi har abada. Ministan Harkokin Waje Thérèse Kayikwamba Wagner ta bayyana damuwa game da haifar da raunin tsaro, tana mai cewa "za mu yi la'akari da ci gaban da muka gani a kasa kafin mu yanke shawarar da ta dace kuma mu fara wannan tsari lokacin da aka cimma mafi kyawun yanayi."[2]

2025

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
Mai Rahoto na Musamman, Paula Gaviria Betancur, a 2025 a DRC

A watan Janairu 2025, M23 ta kwace iko da birnin Goma, kuma akalla sojoji 13 daga Rundunar Tsaro ta Kasa ta Afirka ta Kudu da daya daga Sojan Uruguay sun mutu.[39][40]

A shekarar 2025, Mai Rahoto na Musamman na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya Paula Gaviria Betancur ta ziyarci Jamhuriyar Dimokradiyyar Kongo (DRC) lokacin da akwai mutane miliyan 7 da suka rasa matsugunansu. Bugu da kari, akwai rikicin makamai kuma ta sadu da wasu daga cikin shugabannin. Ta yi kira da a ba da taimakon kasa da kasa da jagoranci daga gwamnati.[41]

Tsari

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Hedikwatar tawagar tana Kinshasa, DRC. Tawagar tana kallon DRC a matsayin mai sassa 6, kowanne da nasa hedkwatar ma'aikata. A 2005-2006, an kafa sashin Gabas a Kisangani kuma ya karbi brigades a North Kivu, South Kivu, da Ituri, tare da biyu ko uku na Hedikwatar Sassa.

Kudin da aka amince da shi na MONUC, daga 1 ga Yuli 2007 zuwa 30 ga Yuni 2008, ya kai dala biliyan 1.16, mafi girma ga duk wani aikin wanzar da zaman lafiya na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya na yanzu.

Kwamandojin Sojoji

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
Wurare da aka tura sassan MONUC a Disamba 2009

Hedikwatar Sassa

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
  • Hedikwatar MONUSCO: Kinshasa
  • Sashe na 1: Mbandaka
  • Sashe na 2 da Hedikwatar Sashen Gabas: Kisangani
  • Sashe na 3: Kananga
  • Sashe na 4: Kalemie
  • Sashe na 5: Kindu
  • Sashe na 6: Bunia

Adadin Sojoji da Rashe-rashe

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

A watan Yuli 2004 akwai sojojin Majalisar Dinkin Duniya 10,531 karkashin umarnin MONUC. A ranar 1 ga Oktoba 2004, Kwamitin Tsaro na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ya yanke shawarar tura karin sojoji 5,900 zuwa Congo, duk da cewa Sakatare-Janar na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya Kofi Annan ya nemi kimanin 12,000.

A ranar 25 ga Fabrairu 2005, 'yan wanzar da zaman lafiya na Bangladesh tara sun mutu a hannun 'yan kungiyar tsaron Nationalist and Integrationist Front a lardin Ituri. FNI ta kashe wani dan wanzar da zaman lafiya na Nepali kuma ta kama bakwai a watan Mayu 2006. Biyu daga cikin bakwai an sako su a karshen watan Yuni kuma Majalisar Dinkin Duniya tana kokarin tabbatar da sakin sauran biyar.[42] Zuwa Nuwamba 2005, MONUC ta kunshe da sojoji masu uniform 16,561. A ranar 30 ga Yuli 2006, an dora wa sojojin MONUC alhakin gudanar da babban zaben Jamhuriyar Dimokradiyyar Kongo na 2006 - zaben farko na jam'iyyu da yawa a DRC tun 1960 - cikin lumana da tsari. Sojojin MONUC sun fara sintiri a yankunan gabashin DRC bayan barkewar rikice-rikice a ranar 5 ga Agusta biyo bayan rudanin tattara sakamakon zabe. Hukumar Majalisar Dinkin Duniya kuma tana shirya shirye-shiryen horo daban-daban da gasa a Kongo ga sojojin Congo da na kasa da kasa. An gudanar da wata gasa makamanciyar haka tsakanin sojoji daga dukkan sojojin kasa da kasa kuma bataliyar sojojin Pakistan ce ta ci.

Ya zuwa 31 ga Oktoba 2007, jimillar karfin sojojin Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ya kai ma'aikata masu uniform 18,407, ciki har da sojoji 16,661; masu sa ido na soja 735; da 'yan sanda 1,011; tare da goyon bayan ma'aikatan farar hula na kasa da kasa 931, ma'aikatan farar hula na gida 2,062, da masu aikin sa kai na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya 585. Zuwa watan Agusta 2024, a wani bangare ta hanyar rufe sansanonin Majalisar Dinkin Duniya a Kudancin Sashe,[43] kasancewar Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ya kai sojoji 14,000; masu sa ido na soja 660; 'yan sanda 591; da ma'aikata 1,050 na sassan 'yan sanda da aka kafa.[44]

Ya zuwa watan Agusta 2024, Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta rubuta jimillar mutuwar mutane 444 a tsakanin ma'aikatan MONUC da MONUSCO.[45] Wadanda suka mutu a MONUC (jimillar 161) sun hada da sojoji 100; masu sa ido na soja 10; 'yan sanda na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya 6; fararen hula na kasa da kasa 12; da fararen hula na gida 33. Wadanda suka mutu a MONUSCO (jimillar 283) sun hada da sojoji 159; masu sa ido na soja 3; 'yan sanda na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya 18; fararen hula na kasa da kasa 28; da fararen hula na gida 71.[46]

Ma'aikata da Sojoji

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

A ranar 31 ga Oktoba 2007 MONUC tana da jimillar ma'aikata masu uniform 18,407, ciki har da sojoji 16,661, masu sa ido na soja 735, 'yan sanda 1,011, wadanda ma'aikatan farar hula na kasa da kasa 931, ma'aikatan farar hula na gida 2,062 da masu aikin sa kai na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya 585 suka tallafa musu. Ya zuwa watan Yuni 2022, manyan masu ba da gudummawar sojoji, a tsarin adadin sojojin baki daya sune Pakistan, Indiya, Bangladesh, Afirka ta Kudu, Nepal, Indonesia, da Maroko (kusan 10,000).

A ranar 20 ga Nuwamba 2008, Kwamitin Tsaro na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ya kada kuri'a baki daya don karfafa MONUC da karin jami'an wanzar da zaman lafiya 3,085 don magance matsala a rikicin Nord-Kivu na 2008.[47] Sun kada kuri'a bayan kungiyoyi 44, karkashin jagorancin Ma'aikatar Harkokin Waje ta Faransa, sun yi wa kwamitin takarda don tura karin sojoji don daidaita yankin.[48]

Ya zuwa 31 ga Agusta 2011, sojojin MONUSCO sun hada da ma'aikata masu uniform 19,084, daga cikinsu 16,998 sojoji ne, 743 masu sa ido na soja ne kuma 1,343 'yan sanda ne (ciki har da sassan da aka kafa). Bugu da kari, sojojin sun hada da ma'aikatan farar hula na kasa da kasa 983, ma'aikatan farar hula na gida 2,828 da masu aikin sa kai na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya 600.[49]

Ma'aikatan Kwamanda

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

File:MONUSCO Ml-24 flight reconnaissance in North Kivu.jpg|thumb|Ofishin jirgin sama na Ukraine yana sintiri a North Kivu Sunayen ma'aikatan kwamanda na MONUSCO sune kamar haka:

  • A watan Janairu 2021, an nada Bintou Keita don jagorantar MONUSCO kuma ta zama Wakiliyar Musamman ta Sakatare-Janar na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya a DRC.[50]
    • 2018–21: Leila Zerrougui (Algeria)
    • 2015–17: Maman Sambo Sidikou (Nijar)[51]
    • 2013–15: Martin Kobler (Jamus)
    • 2010–13: Roger A. Meece (Amurka)
    • 2007–10: Alan Doss (Birtaniya)
    • 2003–07: William L. Swing (Amurka)
    • 2001–03: Amos Namanga Ngongi (Kamaru)
    • 1999–2001: Kamel Morjane (Tunisiya)
  • Mataimakin Wakilin Musamman na Sakatare-Janar: Abdallah Wafy (Nijar)
  • Mataimakin Wakilin Musamman na Sakatare-Janar: Kim Bolduc (Kanada)[52]
  • Kwamandan Sojoji: Lieutenant General Derrick Mgwebi (Afirka ta Kudu)
  • Kwamishinan 'Yan Sanda: Général Pascal Champion (Faransa)

Kasashe Masu Ba da Gudummawa

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Ya zuwa 28 ga Fabrairu, 2025, jimillar ma'aikata a cikin tawagar sun kai 11,774:[53][54][55]

  Gudummawar Sojoji (Jimilla)

Samfuri:Table alignment

Kasa 'Yan sanda Kwararru Sojoji da jami'an ma'aikata Jimilla
Samfuri:Flag icon:Algeria 0 2 0 2
Samfuri:BAN 183 5 1756 Samfuri:Sum
Samfuri:Flag:Benin 0 3 4 Samfuri:Sum
Samfuri:Flag:Bhutan 0 0 1 1
Samfuri:Flag:Bolivia 0 1 0 1
Samfuri:Flag:Botswana 0 0 2 2
Samfuri:Flag:Brazil 0 1 12 Samfuri:Sum
Samfuri:Flag:Burkina Faso 19 1 0 Samfuri:Sum
Samfuri:Flag:Cameroon 12 0 0 12
Samfuri:Flag:Canada 3 0 8 Samfuri:Sum
Samfuri:Flag:Chad 19 0 0 19
Samfuri:Flag:China 0 6 7 Samfuri:Sum
Samfuri:Flag:Ivory Coast 17 0 0 17
Samfuri:Flag:Czech Republic 0 1 0 1
Samfuri:Flag:Djibouti 21 0 0 21
Samfuri:Flag:Egypt 190 1 5 Samfuri:Sum
Samfuri:Flag:France 2 0 3 Samfuri:Sum
Samfuri:Flag:Gambia 8 0 2 Samfuri:Sum
Samfuri:Flag:Ghana 3 8 7 Samfuri:Sum
Samfuri:Flag:Guatemala 0 1 183 Samfuri:Sum
Samfuri:Flag:India 159 8 1098 Samfuri:Sum
Samfuri:Flag:Indonesia 9 5 1028 Samfuri:Sum
Samfuri:Flag:Jordan 11 1 137 Samfuri:Sum
Samfuri:Flag:Kenya 5 2 395 Samfuri:Sum
Samfuri:Flag:Malawi 0 1 744 Samfuri:Sum
Samfuri:Flag:Malaysia 0 3 5 Samfuri:Sum
Samfuri:Flag:Mali 20 0 0 20
Samfuri:Flag:Morocco 2 3 924 Samfuri:Sum
Samfuri:Flag:Nepal 5 8 979 Samfuri:Sum
Samfuri:Flag:Niger 20 1 2 Samfuri:Sum
Samfuri:Flag:Nigeria 3 1 1 Samfuri:Sum
Samfuri:Flag:Pakistan 3 10 361 Samfuri:Sum
Samfuri:Flag:Paraguay 0 3 3 Samfuri:Sum
Samfuri:Flag:Peru 0 0 2 2
Samfuri:Flag:Russia 10 2 2 Samfuri:Sum
Samfuri:Flag:Senegal 548 1 11 Samfuri:Sum
Samfuri:Flag:Sierra Leone 0 0 1 1
Samfuri:Flag:South Africa 0 0 1086 1086
Samfuri:Flag:Sweden 3 0 0 3
Samfuri:Flag:Switzerland 0 0 1 1
Samfuri:Flag:Tanzania 18 1 856 Samfuri:Sum
Samfuri:Flag:Togo 9 0 0 9
Samfuri:Flag:Tunisia 23 2 7 Samfuri:Sum
Samfuri:Flag:Turkey 5 0 0 5
Samfuri:Flag:United Kingdom 0 0 3 3
Samfuri:Flag:United States 0 0 3 3
Samfuri:Flag:Uruguay 0 4 704 Samfuri:Sum
Samfuri:Flag:Zambia 0 2 0 2
Samfuri:Flag:Zimbabwe 0 0 3 3
Jimilla 1334 89 10351 Samfuri:Sum

Fararen Hula

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Ma'aikatan fararen hula na kasa da kasa da masu aikin sa kai, da 'yan kasar DRC: 2,636

  • Ma'aikatan kasa da kasa: 816
  • Masu aikin sa kai na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya: 482
  • 'Yan kasar DRC: 1,338

Manazarta

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 "MONUSCO Fact Sheet". United Nations Peacekeeping (in Turanci). Archived from the original on 19 April 2009. Retrieved 2022-07-27. Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; name ":0" defined multiple times with different content
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 "Congo UN peacekeepers pausing pullout, no timeline for next phase". Reuters. 9 July 2024.
  3. ↑ "25 Years, 224 Abuse Allegations, No Peace: A Timeline of the UN Peacekeeping Mission in DRC". Global Press Journal (in Turanci). 2024-02-12. Retrieved 2025-04-26.
  4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 "UNSCR 2348". United Nations. Archived from the original on 2017-05-23. Retrieved 17 January 2018. Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; name "UNSCR_2348(archived)" defined multiple times with different content
  5. ↑ "Security Council Resolution 2348". United Nations Security Council. 2017-03-31. Archived from the original on 25 June 2022. Retrieved 2022-07-27.
  6. ↑ 6.0 6.1 "MONUC Facts and Figures". United Nations. 2010-06-30. Archived from the original on 2011-08-26. Retrieved 2022-07-27.
  7. ↑ Pop, Valentina (2008-11-19). "Europeans call for more UN troops in Congo". EUobserver. Retrieved 15 March 2016.
  8. ↑ "Operation Artemis: The Lessons of the Interim Emergency Multinational Force". United Nations Department of Peacekeeping Operations. October 2004. Archived from the original on 5 June 2011. Retrieved 31 October 2008.
  9. ↑ https://web.archive.org/web/20120905125527/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2010-08-19/india/28311544_1_indian-peacekeepers-indian-soldiers-congo-government 3 Indian peacekeepers killed in Congo, Times of India, 19 August 2010
  10. ↑ http://www.rnw.nl/africa/bulletin/dr-congo-calls-un-withdraw-peacekeepers DR Congo calls on UN to withdraw peacekeepers Archived 17 Oktoba 2012 at the Wayback Machine, Radio Netherlands, 18 May 2011
  11. ↑ https://web.archive.org/web/20121018203957/http://thestar.com.my/news/story.asp?file=%2F2010%2F6%2F17%2Fworldupdates%2F2010-06-17T001737Z_01_NOOTR_RTRMDNC_0_-493692-1&sec=Worldupdates U.N. peacekeepers start Congo withdrawal, The Star, 17 June 2010
  12. ↑ Lynch, Colum (2011-06-14). "India's withdrawal of helicopters from Congo points to wider trend". Washington Post (in Turanci). ISSN 0190-8286. Archived from the original on 20 December 2020. Retrieved 2022-07-27.
  13. ↑ "UN defends failed attempt to halt capture of Congo's Goma". Reuters. 21 November 2012. Archived from the original on 29 November 2012. Retrieved 21 November 2012.
  14. ↑ Jeffrey Gettleman and Josh Kron (20 November 2012). "Congo Rebels Seize Provincial Capital". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 20 November 2012. Retrieved 18 November 2012.
  15. ↑ Jonny Hogg (20 November 2012). "Congo rebels seize eastern city as U.N. forces look on". Reuters. Archived from the original on 21 November 2012. Retrieved 20 November 2012.
  16. ↑ "DR Congo M23 rebels 'enter Goma city'". BBC News. 20 November 2012. Archived from the original on 5 December 2012. Retrieved 20 November 2012.
  17. ↑ "Rwanda opposes use of drones in DRC". News 24. 9 December 2013. Archived from the original on 14 December 2013. Retrieved 11 December 2013.
  18. ↑ "Tanzanian troops arrive in eastern DR Congo as part of UN intervention brigade". United Nations. 10 May 2013. Archived from the original on 28 September 2013. Retrieved 8 September 2013.
  19. ↑ "NGOs concerned about new DRC Intervention Brigade". IrinNews. 31 May 2013. Archived from the original on 8 August 2014. Retrieved 30 July 2014.
  20. ↑ http://www.aljazeera.com/news/africa/2013/07/201373017252298401.html UN gives ultimatum to DR Congo rebels – Africa Archived 1 ga Augusta, 2013 at the Wayback Machine. Al Jazeera English. Retrieved 4 September 2013.
  21. ↑ "International News | World News - ABC News | Casualties as Congo and UN Forces Fight Rebels". abcnews.go.com. Archived from the original on 28 August 2013. Retrieved 15 March 2016.
  22. ↑ "International News | World News - ABC News | Rebels Declare Ceasefire in Congo". abcnews.go.com. Archived from the original on 1 September 2013. Retrieved 15 March 2016.
  23. ↑ "United Nations News Centre - DR Congo: UN chief deplores killing of Tanzanian peacekeeper". un.org. 29 August 2013. Archived from the original on 5 November 2013. Retrieved 15 March 2016.
  24. ↑ eNCA. "SA snipers kill Congo rebels | eNCA". eNCA. enca.com. Archived from the original on 24 September 2015. Retrieved 15 March 2016.
  25. ↑ Crispin Kyalangalilwa (7 June 2014). "Dispute over cows leaves 37 dead, 20 others injured in eastern Congo". Chicago Tribune. Reuters. Archived from the original on 8 June 2014. Retrieved 8 June 2014.
  26. ↑ "Tanzanian UN peacekeepers killed in DR Congo near Beni". BBC News. 6 May 2015. Archived from the original on 9 January 2016. Retrieved 27 November 2015.
  27. ↑ "Secretary-General Appoints Maman Sambo Sidikou of Niger Special Representative for Democratic Republic of Congo". United Nations. 8 October 2015. Archived from the original on 4 December 2016. Retrieved 8 December 2016.
  28. ↑ Joe Sterling; Robyn Kriel; Eric Levenson (8 December 2017). "15 UN peacekeepers slain in Congo". CNN. Archived from the original on 17 November 2018. Retrieved 17 November 2018.
  29. ↑ "Fourteen UN peacekeepers killed in Democratic Republic of Congo attack". Archived from the original on 8 December 2017. Retrieved 17 November 2018.
  30. ↑ "UN peacekeepers killed in DR Congo". BBC News. 8 December 2017. Archived from the original on 16 November 2018. Retrieved 17 November 2018.
  31. ↑ Burke, Jason (8 December 2017). "Islamist attack kills at least 15 UN peacekeepers and five soldiers in DRC". the Guardian. Archived from the original on 22 October 2018. Retrieved 17 November 2018.
  32. ↑ 32.0 32.1 Cyuzuzo, Samba (19 September 2022). "Ukraine troops leave DR Congo peacekeeping mission Monusco". BBC. Archived from the original on 25 September 2022. Retrieved 24 September 2022.
  33. ↑ 33.0 33.1 33.2 "At least 15 killed as anti-UN protests spread in eastern DR Congo". Al Jazeera (in Turanci). 2022-07-26. Archived from the original on 26 July 2022. Retrieved 2022-07-27.
  34. ↑ Kyala, Crispin; Bujakera, Stanis (27 July 2022). "Four civilians electrocuted during Congo anti-U.N. protests". Reuters (in Turanci). Archived from the original on 27 July 2022. Retrieved 28 July 2022.
  35. ↑ "Two officers arrested over DR Congo crackdown as death toll rises to 56". Al Jazeera (in Turanci). Retrieved 2024-09-09.
  36. ↑ "All UN peacekeepers to leave DR Congo by end of 2024". Al Jazeera (in Turanci). Retrieved 2024-12-03.
  37. ↑ "PR: MONUSCO ending its mission in South Kivu after more than 20 Years of Service". MONUSCO (in Turanci). 25 June 2024. Retrieved 2024-12-03.
  38. ↑ "Security Council Renews Mandate of Stabilization Mission in Democratic Republic of Congo, Unanimously Adopting Resolution 2765 (2024)". press.un.org. Retrieved 2025-01-04. Text "Meetings Coverage and Press Releases" ignored (help)
  39. ↑ Koka, Mpho (28 January 2025). "SANDF denies surrendering to DRC's M23 rebels". Sunday World.
  40. ↑ "Murió un soldado uruguayo de los cascos azules en el Congo y otros están heridos: el comunicado del Ejército". EL PAIS (in Sifaniyanci). 2025-01-25. Retrieved 2025-02-01.
  41. ↑ "RDC: la rapporteuse spéciale de l'ONU tire la sonnette d'alarme sur le sort des déplacés". RFI (in Faransanci). 2025-05-30. Retrieved 2025-06-01.
  42. ↑ http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/5119918.stm "An saki jami'an wanzar da zaman lafiya na DR Congo biyu" Archived 8 ga Yuli, 2006 at the Wayback Machine, BBC, 27 Yuni 2006
  43. ↑ "MONUSCO ending its mission in South Kivu after more than 20 Years of Service".
  44. ↑ "Monusco".
  45. ↑ "Fatalities".
  46. ↑ https://peacekeeping.un.org/sites/default/files/stats_by_mission_appointment_type_3_102_august_2024.pdf [bare URL PDF]
  47. ↑ Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named CNN300
  48. ↑ Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named CNNCoalition
  49. ↑ "MONUSCO Facts and Figures – United Nations Organization Stabilization Mission in the Democratic Republic of the Congo". un.org. Archived from the original on 15 October 2011. Retrieved 16 October 2011.
  50. ↑ "Ms. Bintou Keita of Guinea - Special Representative of the Secretary-General in the Democratic Republic of the Congo and Head of the UN Organization Stabilization Mission in the Democratic Republic of the Congo (MONUSCO)". United Nations Secretary-General (in Turanci). 2021-01-14. Archived from the original on 1 August 2021. Retrieved 2021-07-02.
  51. ↑ "MONUSCO Leadership – United Nations Organization Stabilization Mission in the Democratic Republic of the Congo". un.org. Archived from the original on 14 February 2015. Retrieved 14 February 2015.
  52. ↑ "Secretary-General Appoints Kim Bolduc of Canada Deputy Special Representative, United Nations Mission in Democratic Republic of Congo". www.un.org (in Turanci). Archived from the original on 9 July 2021. Retrieved 2018-12-04. Text "Meetings Coverage and Press Releases" ignored (help)
  53. ↑ "Troop and police contributors". United Nations Peacekeeping (in Turanci). Archived from the original on 30 June 2019. Retrieved 2022-07-27.
  54. ↑ "UN Mission's Contributions by Country" (PDF). Page 5, UN. 30 June 2013. Archived (PDF) from the original on 13 September 2018. Retrieved 17 July 2013.
  55. ↑ http://kitekinto.hu/afrika/2012/06/04/magyar_katonak_kuzdelme_afrikai_hadurakkal/#.UiTGc9LWVlk Sojojin Hungary sun yi yaki da sarakunan yaki na Afirka Archived 1 Mayu 2016 at the Wayback Machine. Kitekinto.hu. An dawo da shi 4 Satumba 2013.
Daga "https://ha.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=MONUSCO&oldid=720169"