M 22
 | |
| Iri |
rebellion (en)  |
|---|---|
| Kwanan watan | 22 ga Faburairu, 1972 – 1976 |
| Ƙasa | Jamhuriyar Kwango |
| Participant (en) |
Ange Diawara (mul) |
M 22 (ƙananan Mouvement 22 de febrero, 'Fabrairu 22 Movement') ƙungiya ce ta siyasa a Kongo-Brazzaville . Ya kasance mai aiki a cikin 1972 da 73 kafin a lalata sansanin 'yan tawaye kuma an kama mafi yawan ma'aikatansa ciki har da shugabansu Ange Diawara .
A shekara ta 1976 an sake dawo da wasu mambobin M 22 cikin rayuwar jama'a kuma an nada su a mukamai na iko bayan gafarar da shugaban Kongo, Ngouabi ya yi. M22 ya kasance mai karfi a cikin siyasar ƙasashe har zuwa taron jam'iyya na 1989 lokacin da aka cire duk kasancewar M 22 daga Kwamitin Tsakiya.
Tarihi
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Tawayen
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]M 22 ta fito ne daga hagu na jam'iyyar Congolese Party of Labour (PCT). An dakatar da motsi da karfi, kuma tsarkakewa kan wadanda ake zargi da motsi ya yi tasiri sosai ga siyasar Kongo. Yawancin ma'aikatan siyasa na kasar an wanke su a yakin neman zabe na M 22.[1]
Mabiyan Ange Diawara ne suka kafa wannan motsi, shugaban jam'iyyar hagu na Jam'iyyar Labour ta Kongo, wanda ya jagoranci yunkurin juyin mulki da ya gaza a kan gwamnatin Marien Ngouabi a ranar 22 ga Fabrairu, 1972. Wannan motsi ya tara wani rukuni na tsoffin 'yan bindiga na National Movement of the Revolution . Bayan an murkushe tashin hankali, Diawara da mabiyansa sun sake haɗuwa Ruwa sun kafa sansanin 'yan tawaye a yankin Pool. Diawara ya karɓi wahayi daga Che Guevara da Union of the Peoples of Cameroon . An dauki sunan 'M 22' daga takardar Autocritique du M 22 ('Self-criticism of M 22', wanda Diawara ya rubuta), wanda aka rarraba a ɓoye a Brazzaville. Tare da yunkurin 'yan tawaye na karkara cibiyar adawa ta birane ta ɓoye (wanda ya ƙunshi ɗalibai masu gwagwarmaya da sojoji) ya haɓaka, kuma a ƙarƙashin jagorancin Diawara.[2][3][4]
A farkon shekara ta 1973 ƙungiyar ta sha wahala sosai yayin da aka shiga sansanin 'yan tawaye. Diawara da sauran shugabannin sun gudu zuwa makwabciyar Zaire. A ranar 23 ga Fabrairu, 1973, biyo bayan tsoron cewa Diawara za ta yi yunkurin juyin mulki na biyu a ranar tunawa da juyin mulkin na 1972, an kama mutane da yawa a Brazzaville a kan wadanda ake zaton suna makircin Diawara. Daga cikin wadanda aka kama akwai fitattun mutane da yawa, 'yan siyasa da shugabannin kungiyoyin jama'a. Misali, Pascal Lissouba (tsohon Firayim Minista) da Sylvain Bemba (a lokacin Ministan Bayanai) suna daga cikin wadanda aka tsare.[2] An kama Diawara da sauran shugabannin M 22 kuma an kashe su.[5] An nuna gawawwakinsu a filin wasa na kasa.[5] Bemba ya yarda da hannu a cikin makircin juyin mulki a lokacin shari'arsa a watan Afrilu kuma, "saboda matsayinsa na kasa da kasa", an ba shi hukuncin dakatar da shekaru uku. An wanke Lissouba daga dukkan tuhume-tuhume a shari'ar kuma daga baya zai zama shugaban kasar a shekarar 1992.
Bayan gafartawa
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]A shekara ta 1976, an sake dawo da wasu masu adawa da M 22 cikin rayuwar jama'a, suna amfana daga gafarar da Ngouabi ya yi bayan yajin aikin Maris 24, 1974. A lokacin Camille Boungou shine shugaban M 22. [6]
A cikin Kwamitin Tsakiya na PCT da aka kafa a 1979, akwai mutane biyar daga M 22, Camille Boungou, Lt. Célestin Goma-Foutou (wanda kuma ya kasance memba a Kwamitin Tsakiyar 1974), Benoît Moundéllé-Ngolo, Bernard Combo-Matsiona da Alphonse Fongui . [7]
A ƙarshen rabin shekarun 1980, M 22 ta yi adawa da gabatar da Shirye-shiryen Gyara Tsarin.[8] A taron jam'iyyar na 1989, an cire duk kasancewar M 22 daga kwamitin tsakiya.[9] Daga baya, a wannan shekarar aka zabi Bernard Combo-Matsiona a matsayin shugaban Majalisar Dokoki ta Kasa (memba na karshe na M 22 a matsayi mai girma). [10]
Bayanan littattafai
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Bibiyar Tarihi
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]- Bayanai
- Bazenguissa-Ganga, Rémy (1997). Les voies du politique au Congo: essai de sociologie historique (in Faransanci) (1997 ed.). Paris: Karthala. ISBN 2-86537-739-3. - Total pages: 459
- Daloz, Jean-Pascal; Quantin, Patrick (January 1997). Transitions démocratiques africaines: dynamiques et contraintes (1990-1994) (in Faransanci) (1997 ed.). Paris: Karthala. ISBN 2-86537-714-8. - Total pages: 313
- Tsiba, Michel-Ange (2009). Pourquoi la violence refuse l'Etat et la République au Congo Brazzaville? (in Faransanci) (2009 ed.). Editions Publibook. ISBN 978-2-7483-4717-3. - Total pages: 548
- Rupture-Solidarité, (Organization) (1999). Congo-Brazzaville: dérives politiques, catastrophe humanitaire, désirs de paix (in Faransanci) (1999 ed.). Paris: Karthala. ISBN 2-86537-982-5. - Total pages: 239