Maƙarƙashiya game da haƙƙoƙi

Maƙarƙashiya game da haƙƙoƙi
Bayanai
Ƙasa	Tarayyar Amurka

Maƙaryaci game da haƙƙoƙi laifi ne na tarayya a Amurka a ƙarƙashin 18 U.S.C. §:

Idan mutane biyu ko fiye sun yi makirci don raunata, zalunta, barazana, ko tsoratar da kowane mutum [...] a cikin 'yancin yin amfani ko jin daɗin kowane haƙƙi ko gata da Kundin Tsarin Mulki ko dokokin Amurka suka ba shi, ko kuma saboda ya yi amfani da shi; ... Za a ci su tarar a ƙarƙashin wannan taken ko kuma a ɗaure su ba fiye da shekaru goma ba, ko duka biyun; kuma idan mutuwa ta haifar da ayyukan da aka aikata ta hanyar keta wannan sashe ko idan irin waɗannan ayyukan sun haɗa da satar mutane ko yunkurin satar mutane, cin zarafin jima'i mai tsanani ko yunkuri na yin cin zarafin mata, ko yunkurarin kashewa, za a ci su a ci tarar su a ƙarƙashin wannan lakabi ko a ɗaure musu shekaru ko a ɗaurin rai da rai, ko duka biyu, ko kuma a iya yanke musu hukuncin kisa.

Tarihi

An kafa dokar ne da farko, tare da kalmomi daban-daban, a Sashe na 6 na Dokar Tilasta ta 1870.  : sake fasalin rubutun doka a cikin 1909 kuma a cikin 1948, lokacin da ya zama Sashe na 241 na Title 18 na Dokar Amurka. : Da farko an yi kira ga makirci game da haƙƙoƙi a kan ƙungiyoyin masu tsaro kamar Ku Klux Klan waɗanda suka yi aiki don hana 'yan Black Southerners da aka 'yantar kwanan nan daga aiwatar da haƙƙoƙinsu da aka ba su ta hanyar sake ginawa a bayan Yaƙin basasar Amurka. Manufar majalisa ta dokar an yi niyya ne ga laifukan zabe wanda ya tsoma baki cikin aiwatar da Kwaskwarimar goma sha huɗu da goma sha biyar. Kamar yadda doka ba ta bayyana sabbin hakkoki ba kuma ba ta bayyana dalla-dalla game da kewayon hakkoki ko gata, kotuna gabaɗaya sun fassara cewa yunkurin hana haƙƙoƙi da yawa ya fada ƙarƙashin ikon dokar. Kotun Koli daga baya za ta lura a cikin Amurka v. Price (1966) cewa "ba zai yiwu ba cewa Majalisa ta yi niyyar §241 don amfani da shi kawai ga wani karamin kuma ba shi da mahimmanci na haƙƙoƙi". : 486-487 

Gaskiya a karkashin sashi na 241 yana buƙatar gwamnati ta nuna cewa wanda ake tuhuma ya yi makirci don keta dokar tsarin mulki ko dokar karewa ta tarayya. Dokar ba ta kafa a bayyane abin da ake buƙata cewa waɗanda ake tuhuma sun yi aiki da gangan a ƙarƙashin launi na doka ba, amma kotuna sun haɗa waɗannan abubuwa a cikin fassararsu na doka. : 32-33 Wani zargi na makirci game da haƙƙoƙi ba ya buƙatar cewa makircin ya ci nasara wajen cimma burinsa, : 35 kuma ba ya buƙatar aiwatar da wani abu ba kamar sauran ka'idojin da suka shafi makirci. Sashe na 241 ana tuhumar keta doka a matsayin laifuffuka tare da yiwuwar tarar har zuwa $ 10,000 ko ɗaurin kurkuku har zuwa shekaru goma, ciki har da yanayin da za a tuhume shi ne kawai a matsayin laifi. Dokar kuma tana ba da izinin hukunci mai tsanani (ciki har da ɗaurin rai da rai ko hukuncin kisa) idan makircin ya yi ƙoƙari ya haifar ko ya haifar da mutuwa, satar mutane, ko cin zarafin jima'i. : 1 Zarge-zarge na makirci game da haƙƙoƙi an tsara su ne ta hanyar manufar majalisa kuma an iyakance su ta hanyar yanke shawara na Kotun Koli, kamar a cikin US v. Cruikshank (1876).  : 487 Kotun Koli ta yanke hukunci a Cruikshank cewa haƙƙin da dokar ta rufe ba su haɗa da waɗanda suka fito daga dokar halitta ba. A cikin shekarun da suka biyo baya, kotun za ta bambanta a kan batun batun girman makirci game da haƙƙoƙi. :-916 Kotun za ta yanke hukunci a cikin Farashin cewa sashi na 241 ya kare haƙƙoƙi a bayyane da a bayyane a cikin Kundin Tsarin Mulki. : 919 Amfani da dokar ya fadada a cikin karni na 20, kuma §241 yanzu yana da mahimmanci na tilasta haƙƙin jama'a kuma an yi amfani da shi a cikin gurfanar da rashin halayyar tilasta bin doka, Laifuka ƙiyayya, da kuma lalata shaidu, da kuma gurfanar fataucin mutane kafin karɓar ka'idojin makircin fataucin ɗan adam.

An yi amfani da dokar ne tun da daɗewa a cikin gurfanar da tarayya game da laifuffukan Zaben tarayya, game da soke haƙƙin jefa kuri'a, amma kwanan nan an yi amfani da ita ga jihohi ko na gida tare da bangarorin tarayya, da kuma wasu kotuna a cikin zaɓe kawai a matakin jihar ko na gida. Duk da yake Kotun Koli ta yanke hukuncin cewa haƙƙin jefa kuri'a a cikin jihohi da na gida an kare shi ta hanyar kundin tsarin mulki, ba ta yanke hukunci a bayyane game da amfani da sashi na 241 ga irin waɗannan zaɓen ba. : 487 Zarge-zarge na makirci game da haƙƙoƙi game da laifukan zaɓen tarayya sun rufe ayyukan da ke rushe amincin zaɓen tarayya kuma ba sa buƙatar mataki kai tsaye ga kowane mai jefa kuri'a. Za'a iya rarraba makircin zaɓe da aka gurfanar da su a ƙarƙashin makircin da aka yi wa haƙƙin mallaka a matsayin ko dai makircin jama'a (inda jami'an gwamnati ke aikata laifuka 241 a ƙarƙashin launi na doka) ko makircin masu zaman kansu (inda masu makircin suka shafi ikon masu jefa kuri'a su jefa kuri'u). Duk da yake ana iya gabatar da tuhume-tuhume a ƙarƙashin dokar don kowane makircin jama'a, gabatar da kara na tarayya na tsare-tsare masu zaman kansu yana buƙatar cewa an yi niyya da makircin a takamaiman takarar tarayya ko kuma ya shafi irin wannan takarar. : Masu gabatar da kara na Tarayya 360 sun kawo tuhumar makirci game da haƙƙoƙi a cikin shari'o'in da suka shafi cika kuri'a, cirewa, lalata kuri'un, zamba na masu jefa kuri'a

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A cikin Screws v. Amurka, Kotun Koli ta yanke hukuncin cewa hukunci a ƙarƙashin wata doka mai alaƙa, 18 USC §242, yana buƙatar hujja game da takamaiman niyyar wanda ake tuhuma don hana wanda aka azabtar da haƙƙin tsarin mulki. A cikin Amurka v. Guest, Kotun Koli ta karanta wannan buƙata a cikin sashi na 241, dokar makirci.

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