Maƙaryaci na Paisley

Maƙaryaci na Paisley
witch trial (en)
Bayanai
Ƙasa	Birtaniya

An gwada maƙaryacin Paisley, wanda aka fi sani da Maƙaryaci na Bargarran ko maƙaryacen Renfrewshire, a Paisley. Christian Shaw mai shekaru goma sha ɗaya, 'yar Laird na Bargarran, ta koka game da azabtar da ita ta wasu mayu na yankin; sun haɗa da ɗaya daga cikin bayin iyalinta, Katherine Campbell, wanda ta ba da rahoton mahaifiyarta bayan ta shaida ta sace madara.

Mutane bakwai - Margaret Lang, John Lindsay, James Lindsay, John Lindsay na Barloch, Katherine Campbell, Margaret Fulton, da Agnes Naismith - an same su da laifi na yin sihiri da Shaw kuma an yanke musu hukuncin kisa. An rataye su sannan aka ƙone su a kan Gallow Green a Paisley a ranar 10 ga Yuni 1697, kisan kiyashi na ƙarshe don maita a yammacin Turai.  

Agnes Naismith ta la'anta duk wanda ke wurin shari'arta da zuriyarsu, kuma shekaru da yawa bayan haka duk wani bala'i a Paisley an zarge shi da la'anar ta. Christian Shaw ya ci gaba da zama mai cin nasara da kuma masana'anta na zaren.

Abubuwan da suka faru

A ranar 17 ga watan Agustan shekara ta 1696, mai shekaru 11 mai suna Christian Shaw, 'yar wani mai mallakar gida, John Shaw na Bargarran, ta ga daya daga cikin bayin iyalinta, Catherine Campbell, ta sace madara. Shaw ta ba da rahoton sata ga mahaifiyarta, inda Campbell ya la'anta ta, yana fatan cewa Iblis zai "yi amfani da ranta ta jahannama". Kwanaki hudu bayan haka Shaw ya sadu da Agnes Naismith, wata tsohuwar mace da ake zaton maƙaryaciya ce. Kashegari, 22 ga watan Agusta, Shaw ya yi rashin lafiya sosai, kamar alamun da aka ruwaito a 'yan shekaru da suka gabata a gwajin maƙaryaci na Salem na Amurka na shekara ta 1693. [1] Bayan makonni takwas iyayen Shaw sun dauke ta don ganin fitaccen likitan Glasgow Matthew Brisbane, wanda bai sami dalilin alamun ta ba. Kwanaki takwas bayan ziyararta Shaw kamar ta warke, amma sai "hawan ya dawo tare da karuwar tashin hankali. Za ta zama mai tsayi kamar gawar kuma ba ta da ma'ana kuma ba ta motsawa".[2]

Iyayen Shaw sun dawo da ita ga Dokta Brisbane, kuma a lokacin da suka dawo Glasgow ta fara fitar da gashin gashi daga bakinta da ta yi iƙirarin cewa wadanda ke damun ta sun sanya ta a can. Ba da daɗewa ba ta fara cire wasu "sharar gida" daga bakinta, gami da kara, kwal, dutse, gashin kaza, da toka. A lokacin da ta yi fitsari wani lokacin ana jin ta tana magana da Catherine Campbell marar ganuwa, tana rokon dawowa ga tsohuwar abokantakarsu.[2]

Tare da Brisbane ba ta iya ba da wani bayani mai ma'ana game da yanayin Shaw ba iyalinta da ministan Ikklisiya na yankin sun kammala cewa dole ne mayu su mallake ta kuma su azabtar da ita, wanda aka yi imanin ya zama abin da ya faru a Ingila da Scotland kuma wani muhimmin abu ne a cikin gwajin maƙaryaci na Salem 'yan shekaru da suka gabata. Cocin ya kafa azumi da addu'a na mako-mako a gidan Bargarron, kuma mahaifin Shaw ya yi kira ga hukumomi cewa ya kamata a kama wadanda 'yarsa ta kira suna azabtar da ita. Da farko ta gano Catherine Campbell da Agnes Naismith ne kawai, amma yayin da lokaci ya ci gaba ta nuna wasu, kuma a ƙarshe an zargi 35. Goma maza ne kuma mata ashirin; ba a san maza da kuma asalin sauran biyar ba.[3]

Bincike da shari'a

A buƙatar Presbytery na Paisley Majalisar Privy ta Scotland ta kafa kwamiti don bincika lamarin.[1] A karkashin shugabancin Ubangiji Blantyre, an bude sauraron ne a ranar 5 ga Fabrairu 1697. [2] Ayyukan hukumar shine yanke shawara ko akwai wata shari'a ta farko a kan wadanda Shaw ya zarge su kafin a yi musu shari'a.[1] 

Daga baya aka kira bakwai don bayyana a gaban kwamiti na biyu a Paisley: Margaret Lang, John Lindsay, James Lindsay, John Reid, Catherine Campbell, Margaret Fulton, da Agnes Naismith. An tuhume su da kisan kai da azabtar da mutane da yawa, ciki har da Christian Shaw . [4] Mai ba da shawara, James Roberston, ya yi jayayya cewa an tilasta masu gabatar da kara su kawar da yiwuwar cewa abubuwan da suka faru da ke kewaye da shari'ar za a iya bayyana su ta hanyar halitta kafin a tabbatar da hukunci lafiya. Matthew Brisbane ya ba da shaida da ke nuna cewa bai iya samun irin wannan dalilin yanayin Shaw ba. James Hutchison, ministan Kilallan, kimanin kilomita 5 (8.0) a arewacin Paisley, ya gabatar da wa'azi ga hu; ya zama ruwan dare a lokacin ga wani memba na limami ya yi wa'azi a kotun a cikin gwajin maƙaryaci na Scotland, kuma ba su da yawa don tabbatar da hukunci. Hutchison ya sanya babban ajiya a kan kasancewar Alamun maƙaryaci a jikin wanda ake tuhuma, kuma ya sanya shakku game da bayanin halitta na waɗancan alamun da wasu likitoci suka bayar: "Kuma duk da haka likitoci na iya cewa irin waɗannan abubuwa [alamu na maƙaryaciya], ba mu san a kan wane dalili ba. Wataƙila an budged su kuma an ba su cin hanci don faɗi irin waɗannan abubuwa. " [5]

Masu juriya, sun fuskanci barazanar daga mai gabatar da kara cewa idan sun wanke wadanda ake tuhuma za su kasance "haɗin kai ga duk saɓo, afostacies, kisan kai, azabtarwa, da yaudara, da dai sauransu, inda daga cikin waɗannan abokan gaba na sama da ƙasa za su kasance masu laifi a nan gaba lokacin da suka fita", sun sami duk bakwai daga cikin wadanda ake tuhumar da laifi.[6]

Kashewa

Daya daga cikin wadanda aka yanke musu hukunci, an sami John Reid ya mutu a cikin tantaninsa 'yan makonni (Asabar, 22 ga Mayu, 1697) kafin a kashe shi. Yana da rigar wuyansa da aka ɗaure a wuyansa kuma an haɗa shi da wuta ta hanyar sanda, duk da haka yana zaune a kan kujera, kuma waɗanda suka same shi sun bayyana hanyar da ya mutu ba ta da isasshen ƙarfi don tallafawa nauyinsa. Tare da kulle tantanin kurkuku, kuma an rufe taga, ba a san yadda aka kammala mutuwarsa ba [1] Sauran bakwai an rataye su sannan aka ƙone su a kan Gallow Green a Paisley a ranar 10 ga Yuni 1697 kisan kiyashi na ƙarshe don maita a yammacin Turai.[4] John da James Lindsay, 'yan'uwa, sun riƙe hannayen juna yayin da aka rataye su tare. Katherine Campbell, bayan an dauke ta tana gwagwarmaya da ihu zuwa gungume, "ta kira fushin Allah da Iblis a kan masu tuhumar ta" kafin a aika ta.[2] Margaret Fulton ta bayyana ta zama mahaukaci, kuma "ta yi magana da farin ciki game da ziyarar Elfland da Gidan Fairies a kan bayan dawakai masu sihiri".[2] Margaret Lang ta yarda da yin tarayya da Iblis, amma ta ce ta yi watsi da zunubi kuma ta sulhunta da Allah. Agnes Naismith ta shimfiɗa "la'anar mace mai mutuwa" a kan kowa da kowa da zuriyarsu; shekaru da yawa bayan haka duk wani bala'i a garin an zarge shi da "la'anan mayu". [2] [2]

Ɗaya daga cikin asusun kisan ya bayyana cewa wasu daga cikin waɗanda aka yanke musu hukunci har yanzu suna da rai lokacin da aka ƙone jikinsu, kuma cewa masu kisan sun ranta sandar tafiya daga mai kallo wanda za su tura gaɓoɓin waɗanda aka kashe a cikin wuta; mai shi, Mark Canavan, ya ki ya dawo da shi bayan ya sadu da mayu.[9]

Fassarar zamani

Damuwar da aka haifar a cikin Kirista Shaw ta hanyar la'anar Katherine Campbell na iya haifar da rikicewar juyawa a cikin yarinyar, sunan zamani na abin da aka fi sani da hysteria. Kalmar "conversion" ta samo asali ne daga ra'ayin Sigmund Freud cewa za'a iya canza damuwa zuwa alamun jiki kamar su fashewar da Shaw ya nuna.[11]