Maafa
| Iri | Kisan kiyashi |
|---|---|
Maafa (Swahili don "Babban bala'i"), Holocaust na Afirka, Holocaust na Bautar, ko Black Holocaust[1] sune sababbin kalmomi siyasa da aka shahara tun daga 1988[2] don bayyana tarihin da tasirin da ake ci gaba da zalunci da aka yi wa Baƙar fata a duk duniya. Musamman mayar da hankali ga wadanda ba 'yan Afirka ba (musamman Turawa da Larabawa a cikin mahallin cinikin bayi na Trans-Sahara, Cinikin bayi na Tekun Indiya, Cinikin bayi na Bahar Maliya, cinikin bautar Atlantika, tare da bautar a cikin Dutch kuma daga baya Birtaniya Cape Colony), wanda ke ci gaba har zuwa yau ta hanyar mulkin mallaka, mulkin mallaka da sauran nau'ikan zalunci.[3][2][4][5][6][7]
Bayyanawa
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Maulana Karenga ya sanya bautar a cikin mahallin Maafa, yana ba da shawarar cewa tasirinsa ya wuce tsanantawa ta jiki kawai da kuma hana haƙƙin doka: "hallaka yiwuwar ɗan adam ya haɗa da sake bayyana ɗan adam na Afirka ga duniya, guba da baya, yanzu da kuma gaba da dangantaka da wasu waɗanda suka san mu kawai ta hanyar wannan stereotyping kuma ta haka suna lalata ainihin dangantakar ɗan adam tsakanin mutane".[8]
Masanin Kanada Adam Jones ya bayyana mutuwar miliyoyin 'yan Afirka a cikin cinikin bayi na Atlantika a matsayin kisan kare dangi saboda shi "daya daga cikin mafi munin holocausts a tarihin ɗan adam" saboda ya haifar da mutuwar miliyan 15 zuwa 20 bisa ga wani kimantawa, kuma ya yi iƙirarin cewa muhawara akasin haka kamar "yana cikin sha'awar masu bautar bayi don kiyaye bayi da rai, ba a kawar da su ba" ya riga ya zama "mafi yawan rikici" ta hanyar bayyana: "kire da gangan ga masu cin zarafin wannan rukunin da gangan don karewa da ganganci don karewa na cutar da ganganci".
Tarihi da ƙamus
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Amfani da kalmar Swahili ' Babban Bala'i ' A cikin Ingilishi an gabatar da littafin Marimba Ani ta 1988 Let the Circle Be Unbroken: The Implications of African Spirituality in the Diaspora . An samo shi daga kalmar Swahili don " bala'i, mummuna aukuwa ko babban bala'i ". Kalmar ta shahara a cikin 1990s. Maafa na wakiltar wata hanya ta tattaunawa game da cin zarafi na tarihi da tasirin cinikin bayi na Afirka.
Kalmar Holocaust ta Afirka ta fi son wasu masana kimiyya, kamar Maulana Karenga, saboda tana nuna niyya.[9] Ɗaya daga cikin matsalolin da Karenga ya lura shi ne cewa kalmar Maafa na iya fassara zuwa "haɗari" kuma a ra'ayin wasu malamai Holocaust na bautar ba ta da haɗari. Ali Mazrui ya lura cewa kalmar "holocaust" ita ce "kayan aiki biyu" tun lokacin da kalmar ta samo asali ne daga Tsohon Girkanci kuma saboda haka duk da cewa an haɗa ta da kisan kare dangi na Yahudawa, babu wanda zai iya samun iko akan kalmar. Mazrui ya ce: "Wannan rance daga masu ba da bashi ba tare da nunawa ba shine abin da na kira 'kwaɗawa ta biyu.' Amma wannan kwaɗawa tana iya karewa saboda ƙamus na tsoro kamar kisan kare dangi da bautar bai kamata ya kasance ƙarƙashin ƙuntataccen haƙƙin mallaka ba".[10]
Wasu malaman Afirka sun fi son kalmar Maafa maimakon Holocaust na Afirka [1] saboda sun yi imanin cewa kalmomin asalin Afirka sun fi bayyana abubuwan da suka faru. [2] Kalmar Maafa na iya zama "ma'anar ilimin halayyar al'adu iri ɗaya ga 'yan Afirka kamar yadda ra'ayin Holocaust ke aiki don ba da sunan al'adun Yahudawa na musamman na kisan kare dangi a ƙarƙashin Nazism na Jamus".[3] Sauran muhawara a cikin goyon bayan Maafa maimakon Holocaust na Afirka sun jaddada cewa ƙin yarda da ingancin bil'adama na Afirka abu ne mai tsawon ƙarni: "Maafa ci gaba ne, dindindin, cikakke, da kuma cikakken tsarin ƙin yarda na ɗan adam da sokewa"-
Masanin tarihi Sylviane Diouf ya nuna cewa kalmomin kamar "Cinikin bayi na Atlantic" suna da matsala sosai saboda suna aiki ne a matsayin maganganu don tashin hankali da Kisan kiyashi. An kira shi "ciniki", wannan dogon lokaci na tsanantawa da wahala an fassara shi azaman matsala ta kasuwanci, maimakon mummunar dabi'a. Tare da cinikayya a matsayin babban abin da aka mayar da hankali, bala'in da ya fi girma ya zama wani abu na biyu a matsayin kawai "rashin lalacewa" na kasuwanci. Koyaya, wasu suna jin cewa guje wa kalmar "ciniki" wani abu ne na neman gafara a madadin jari-hujja, yana wanke tsarin jari-huadda daga shiga cikin bala'in ɗan adam. Roger Garaudy ya zargi Amurka da kisan kare dangi har zuwa kimanin 'yan Afirka miliyan ɗari biyu,
Bayanan da aka ambata
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]- ↑ "What Holocaust". Glenn Reitz. Archived from the original on 2007-10-18.
- ↑ 2.0 2.1 "Reparations for the Slave Trade: Rhetoric, Law, History and Political Realities"" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2016-03-04. Retrieved 2015-10-14.
- ↑ Cite error: Invalid
<ref>tag; no text was provided for refs namedBarndt, Joseph 2007, page 269 - ↑ Cite error: Invalid
<ref>tag; no text was provided for refs namedjoneswest - ↑ Wright, William D. (2001). Black History and Black Identity: A Call for a New Historiography (in Turanci). Greenwood Publishing Group. ISBN 9780275974428.
- ↑ The Global African: A Portrait of Ali A. Mazrui. Omari H. Kokole.
- ↑ Ryan Michael Spitzer, "The African Holocaust: Should Europe pay reparations to Africa for Colonialism and Slavery?", Vanderbilt Journal of Transnational Law, vol. 35, 2002, p. 1319.
- ↑ "Letter by Maulana Karenga, 2001". H-net.msu.edu. 2010-04-29. Archived from the original on 2016-03-05. Retrieved 2015-10-14.
- ↑ "Interview With Dr. Maulana Karenga | The Two Nations Of Black America | FRONTLINE | PBS". www.pbs.org. Retrieved 2019-12-15.
- ↑ "Ancestry, Descent And Identity" (PDF). Igcs.binghamton.edu. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2012-03-13. Retrieved 2015-10-14.
- Anderson, S. E., The Black Holocaust For Beginners, Writers & Readers, 1995.
- Ani, Marimba, Bari Circle ya kasance ba tare da karyawa ba: Sakamakon Ruhaniya ta Afirka a cikin Diaspora. New York: Nkonimfo Publications, 1988 (asalin 1980).