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Mabel Vernon

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Mabel Vernon
Rayuwa
Haihuwa Wilmington (mul) Fassara, 19 Satumba 1883
ƙasa Tarayyar Amurka
Mutuwa Washington, D.C., 2 Satumba 1975
Ƴan uwa
Ma'aurata Consuelo Reyes-Calderon (en) Fassara
Karatu
Makaranta Columbia University (mul) Fassara
Swarthmore College (en) Fassara
Wilmington Friends School (en) Fassara
Sana'a
Sana'a Malami, peace activist (en) Fassara da suffragist (en) Fassara
Kyaututtuka
Mamba Silent Sentinels (en) Fassara
Jam'iyyar Mata ta Kasa

Mabel Vernon (Satumba 19, 1883 - Satumba 2, 1975) ta kasance 'yar kasar Amurka ce, mai zaman lafiya, kuma jagora ce ta kasa a cikin kungiyar sufuri ta Amurka. Ta kasance Quaker kuma memba ce a kungiyar Mata ta Ƙasar Amirka . Vernon ya samo asali ne daga hanyoyin da kungiyar mata ta Social and Political Union ta yi amfani da su a Burtaniya. Vernon na daya daga cikin manyan membobin Kungiyar Majalisa don Mata (CUWS) tare da Olympia Brown, Inez Milholland, Crystal Eastman, Lucy Burns, da Alice Paul, kuma sun taimaka wajen shirya zanga-zangar Silent Sentinels wanda ya haɗa da zanga-zambe na yau da kullun na Woodrow Wilson's White House.

Rayuwar farko da ilimi

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An haifi Mabel Vernon a ranar 19 ga watan Satumba, shekara ta alif dari takwas da tamanin da uku 1883, a Wilmington, Delaware, ga George Washington Vernon (1820-1901) edita kuma mai bugawa na Wilmington Daily Republican, da Mary Vernon, née Hooton (1843-1933). Ta kammala karatu daga Wilmington Friends School a 1901. Ta ci gaba da halartar Kwalejin Swarthmore inda ta kasance shekara guda a gaban Alice Paul . [1] Vernon ya kammala karatu daga Swarthmore a 1906. Daga nan ta zama malama a Makarantar Sakandare ta Radnor a Wayne, Pennsylvania, inda ta koyar da Latin da Jamusanci.[2]

Shiryawa don zaben mata

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Vernon ta halarci taron 1912 na Ƙungiyar Mata ta Ƙasar Amirka, inda ta kasance mai gabatar da kaya. Ita ce mai shirya albashi na farko da Alice Paul ta dauka. Vernon ya shiga Lucy Burns da Paul a matsayin wani ɓangare na Kwamitin Majalisa na NAWSA don shirya Wasanni na Mata na 1913 wanda zai faru a watan Maris mai zuwa inda zai dace da rantsar da Woodrow Wilson. A lokacin bazara na 1913, Vernon da Edith Marsden sun yi kamfen don samun rinjaye a Rhode Island, New Jersey, da Long Island.[1]

A shekara ta 1914, Vernon ta shirya don Ƙungiyar Majalisa, ta yi tafiya ta Kudu maso yammacin Amurka kuma ta yi hanyar arewa ta hanyar California kafin ta isa Nevada.[3] Wata mai tara kudade, ta taimaka wa Anne Martin a Nevada, wacce ke aiki ga NAWSA a yakin neman zabe. Bayan Martin ya shiga muhawara tare da Sanata Key Pittman, Anna Howard Shaw ta rubuta mata wata wasika mai fushi tana zargin ta da Vernon da CU suka yaudare ta.[4] A ƙarshen 1915, Sara Bard Field ta fitar da takarda tare da sa hannu 500,000 da ke tallafawa Kwaskwarimar 19 a duk faɗin Amurka don a gabatar da ita ga Shugaba Woodrow Wilson a Washington, DC. [5] A kan hanya, Vernon ta yi aiki a matsayin mace mai shirya ci gaba, shirya manyan mutane, 'yan jarida, da kungiyoyin mata a cikin al'ummomi sama da 100 don maraba da yawon shakatawa da sanya hannu kan korafin.[6] A cewar Jaridar Gidan Tarihin Mata, "Kotu ta nuna ruhun, nufin, da kuma ikon mata masu jefa kuri'a na Yamma don zabar ko kayar da membobin jam'iyyar siyasa, " Ɗaya daga cikin tashoshin farko na yawon shakatawa shine Salt Lake City inda Vernon, tare da taimakon Elsie Lancaster, wani memba na NWP, ya kafa tushe ga Alice Paul don shirya reshen Majalisar a Utah.[6][7]

Mabel Vernon tana magana da taron maza a Washington, DC a cikin 1916.

A wani taron Yuni 1916 a Birnin Chicago, mata daga jihohin da suka ba su damar jefa kuri'a sun taru don kafa Jam'iyyar Mata ta Kasa. Jam'iyyar Democrat ta karɓi allon zaɓen da ke ba da shawarar haƙƙin jihar don zaɓar zaɓen zaɓen, amma ta ci gaba da toshe zaɓen ƙasa. Da yake takaici da halin da ake ciki, Vernon ya katse Shugaba Woodrow Wilson yayin jawabin da yake ba da shi a lokacin da aka keɓe Haikali na Ma'aikata a Washington a ranar 4 ga Yuli, yana tambaya, "Mista Shugaba, idan kana son kai da gaske don gabatar da bukatun dukkan mutane, me ya sa kake adawa da 'yancin mata na kasa?" Wilson ya watsar da tambayar kuma lokacin da Vernon ya sake maimaita tambayar daga baya, 'yan sanda sun umarce ta ta ta barin taron.[8]

Vernon ya kasance babban mai shirya kamfen ɗin Silent Sentinels wanda ya fara a ranar 10 ga Janairu, 1917. Tana da alhakin tabbatar da cewa akwai isasshen masu sa kai kowace rana don yin zanga-zanga a Fadar White House . [9] Vernon da Paul sun shirya ranakun da aka tsara don zanga-zangar inda duk masu sa kai suka fito ne daga wasu jihohi ko wasu sana'o'i.[10] Dabarun su sun tabbatar da yadda jaridu ke ɗaukar hoto kuma yakin neman zabe na watanni goma sha takwas ya ga dubban mata sun shiga kuma sun ƙare a cikin kama masu zanga-zangar da yawa da kuma "Night of Terror". [11]

A watan Maris na shekara ta 1917, an yanke shawarar hada Kungiyar Majalisa da Jam'iyyar Mata ta Kasa. Bayan zaben, an zabi Vernon ya zama Sakataren NWP.[12] Bayan Shugaba Woodrow Wilson ya sanar da shigar Amurka cikin yakin duniya na farko, kwamitin ya sami damar samun masu sauraro tare da Wilson kan batun sufuri. Doris Stevens, a cikin littafinta mai suna Jailed for Freedom, ta rubuta cewa Shugaban ya motsa lokacin da Mabel Vernon ya ce "Idan haƙƙin waɗanda suka miƙa wuya ga iko su sami murya a cikin nasu gwamnati yana da tsarki ga baƙi don su zama dalilin da ya sa muka shiga yakin duniya don kare shi, ba za ku, Mista Shugaban kasa, ku ba da taimako nan ga matakin a gaban Majalisa da ke neman gwamnati ga mata na wannan ƙasar ba?" [13]

A wani taro a ƙarshen 1917, Vernon ya gano mafi mahimmancin tasirin zanga-zangar. Da farko dai, sun samar da tallace-tallace kuma sun ci gaba da gwagwarmaya don zaɓen mata a kan manyan labarai na ƙasa. Vernon ya kuma lura cewa zanga-zangar Silent Sentinels ta tilasta mata su shiga cikin sanin Woodrow Wilson, ta hana shi yin watsi da su, yana rubuta, "Shin bai cancanci ma zuwa kurkuku ba, don samun mata na kasa a kowace rana a cikin tunanin Shugaban kasa?" [14] Bugu da ƙari, zanga-zambe ta ci gaba da tambayar mata a cikin tunanin Majalisa a lokacin zaman yaƙi. The Silent Sentinels kuma ya zama alama ce ta karuwar ji da hadin kan ƙungiyar mata. Ta hanyar zanga-zangar, ya haifar da wata alama ta musamman da hadin kai ga mata da ke gwagwarmaya don muryar siyasa. Bayyanarsu a cikin jama'a da siyasa sun kai tsaye ga shugaban kasa, da kuma sadaukarwa da motsawa sun ba da asalin Silent Sentinels kuma a ƙarshe sun ba da gudummawa ga nasarar Kwaskwarima ta 19.. [14]

Mata masu daraja a taron daidaito a Jam'iyyar Mata. L zuwa R: Mrs. Agnes Morey, Brookline, Mass.; Miss Katherine Morey, Brooklyn, Mass. & Shugaban Jam'iyyar Mata; Elsie Hill, Norwalk, Conn.; Mary Dean Powell, DC; Emma Wold, Portland, Oregon; Mabel Vernon, Wilmington, Del., 192

Vernon na daga cikin mata shida na farko da aka kama yayin da suke yin zanga-zanga a Fadar White House, a karkashin tuhumar "hana zirga-zirga". An yi musu shari'a kuma an same su da laifi a ranar 26 ga Yuni, 1917, kuma an umarci kowannensu ya biya tarar US $ 25 ko kuma ya kwashe kwanaki uku a kurkuku. Dukkanin matan sun nace cewa ba su da laifi kuma sun ki biyan tarar.[15] Bayan wucewar Kwaskwarima ta goma sha tara, a cikin shekarun 1920, Vernon ya goyi bayan 'yan takarar mata na Majalisa kuma ya yi kira a madadin Kwaskwarima'in Hakkin Daidaitawa.[16]

Vernon ta tafi Jami'ar Columbia inda ta sami digiri na biyu a kimiyyar siyasa a 1924. [2]

Rayuwa ta baya

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Underwood & Underwood Studios, Birnin New York / LOC cph.3c11667. Miss Mabel Vernon, Babban Sakataren Kasa na Jam'iyyar Mata ta Kasa, da Miss Mary Moss Wellborn, 1928

A cikin 1930, Vernon ta mayar da hankalinta daga ƙungiyar mata don mayar da hankali kan dangantakar kasa da kasa da zaman lafiya. Ta kasance mai goyon bayan haƙƙin Latin Amurka da kuma kawar da makamai.[17] Vernon ta shiga Kungiyar Mata ta Duniya don Zaman Lafiya da 'Yanci a cikin 1930. Ta kasance darakta na Kwamitin Jama'a na Zaman Lafiya da Haɗin Kai a cikin shekarun 1940. Ta kasance memba na tawagar Inter-American zuwa kafuwar Majalisar Dinkin Duniya .

Da farko a 1951, Vernon ta zauna tare da abokinta Consuelo Reyes-Calderón a Washington, DC.[18] Reyes-Calderon ya ba da gudummawa ga Kakakin Sufragio da Mai nema don Zaman Lafiya, wani abin tunawa da Vernon. Sauran masu ba da gudummawa sune Hazel Hunkins-Hallinan, Fern S. Ingersoll, da Rebecca Hourwich Reyher . [19]

A cikin fim din 2004 Iron Jawed Angels Brooke Smith ce ta nuna ta.[20] Koyaya, fim ɗin bai nuna cewa an kama ta kuma an ɗaure ta ba: a maimakon haka, an nuna ta tana gudanar da NWP a lokacin da aka tsare Alice Paul, gami da aiki tare da lauyoyi a kan roko ga masu ba da izini.

Dubi kuma

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  • Jerin masu goyon bayan mata da mata
  • Jerin masu fafutukar kare hakkin mata
  • Jerin lokaci na zaɓen mata
  • Kungiyoyin 'yancin mata

Bayani

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  1. ↑ Lunardini 1986
  2. 1 2 "Officers and National Organizers T-Z: Mabel Vernon (1883–1975)". American Memory. Library of Congress. Archived from the original on February 15, 2017. Retrieved April 2, 2013. Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; name "LOC" defined multiple times with different content
  3. ↑ Gillmore 1921
  4. ↑ Lunardini 1986
  5. ↑ Gillmore 1921, p. 328
  6. 1 2 "Faces and Places". History News. 50 (2): 3–4. 1995. ISSN 0363-7492. JSTOR 42652348.
  7. ↑ Kitterman, Katherine; Clark, Rebekah Ryan (2021). ""Without a Foe to Face": Utah and the Congressional Union for Woman Suffrage". Journal of Mormon History. 47 (1): 125–128. doi:10.5406/jmormhist.47.1.0125. ISSN 0094-7342. JSTOR 10.5406/jmormhist.47.1.0125.
  8. ↑ Stevens 1995
  9. ↑ Lunardini 1986
  10. ↑ Lunardini 1986
  11. ↑ Walton 2010
  12. ↑ Lunardini 1986
  13. ↑ Stevens 1995
  14. 1 2 Southard, Belinda A. Stillion (2007). "Militancy, Power, and Identity: The Silent Sentinels as Women Fighting for Political Voice". Rhetoric and Public Affairs. 10 (3): 399–417. doi:10.1353/rap.2008.0003. ISSN 1094-8392. JSTOR 41940153.
  15. ↑ Stevens 1995
  16. ↑ Gupta, Kristina. "Mabel Vernon (1883–1975)". National Women's History Museum. Archived from the original on December 20, 2016. Retrieved March 5, 2013.
  17. ↑ Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named Green
  18. ↑ "Mabel Vernon (1883–1975)". Profiles: Selected Leaders of the National Woman's Party. Library of Congress. Archived from the original on February 15, 2017. Retrieved March 4, 2013.
  19. ↑ "Speaker for Suffrage and Petitioner for Peace". Suffragists Oral History Project. Archived from the original on December 11, 2019. Retrieved July 24, 2017 – via Calisphere, University of California.
  20. ↑ "Brooke Smith as Mabel Vernon". Iron Jawed Angels. HBO Films. Archived from the original on December 17, 2019. Retrieved April 2, 2013.

Manazarta

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