Macijin a cikin ramin

Macijin a cikin ramin
economic concept (en)

maciji a cikin ramin shine tsarin hadin gwiwar kudi na Turai a cikin shekarun 1970 wanda ke da niyyar iyakance sauye-sauye tsakanin kudaden Turai daban-daban. Wannan ita ce ƙoƙari na farko na hadin gwiwar kudi na Turai. Ya yi ƙoƙari ya ƙirƙiri ƙungiyar kuɗi ɗaya don Kungiyar Tattalin Arziki ta Turai (EEC), a zahiri ya haɗa duk kuɗin EEC zuwa juna.

On 24 April 1972, EEC central-bank governors concluded the 'Basel Agreement', creating a mechanism called the ‘Snake in the tunnel’. Under this mechanism, Member States' currencies could fluctuate (like a snake) within narrow limits against the dollar (the tunnel) and central banks could buy and sell European currencies, provided that they remained within the fluctuation margin of 2.25%.

Rahoton Werner yana da jadawalin da ya yi kama da maciji a cikin rami a kan shafi na 43, amma ba ya amfani da wannan magana.

"Ramin" ya rushe a 1973 lokacin da dala ta Amurka ta tashi kyauta. "Macijin" ya tabbatar da rashin dorewa, tare da kudade da yawa da suka bar kuma a wasu lokuta sun sake dawowa; Faransanci ya bar a 1974, ya sake dawowa, kuma ya sake barin a 1976 duk da godiya ga dala ta Amurka. A shekara ta 1977, ya zama yankin Deutsche Mark tare da kawai Belgian da Luxembourg franc, Dutch guilder da Danish krone bin diddigin sa. An watsar da shirin Werner. Tsarin Kudi na Turai ya bi "macijin" a matsayin tsarin daidaita kuɗi a cikin EEC.

Tushen da aiwatarwa

Pierre Werner ya gabatar da rahoto game da hadin kan tattalin arziki da kudi ga EEC a ranar 8 ga Oktoba 1970. Mataki na farko daga cikin matakai uku da aka ba da shawarar sun haɗa da daidaita manufofin tattalin arziki da raguwar sauye-sauye tsakanin kudaden Turai.

Tare da gazawar Tsarin Bretton Woods tare da girgizar Nixon a cikin 1971, Yarjejeniyar Smithsonian ta kafa bands na ± 2.25% don kudaden shiga don motsawa dangane da tsakiya na tsakiya akan dala na Amurka. Wannan ya samar da ramin da kudaden Turai zasu iya kasuwanci. Koyaya, yana nuna manyan ƙungiyoyi waɗanda za su iya motsawa da juna: alal misali idan kuɗin A ya fara a kasan ƙungiyarsa zai iya ƙaruwa da 2.25% akan dala, yayin da idan kuɗin B ya fara a saman ƙungiyarsa zai yiwu ya ragu da 2.25% a kan dala.

Idan duka biyun sun faru a lokaci guda, to kudin A zai karu da kashi 4.5% (na tsakiya) akan kudin B. An ga wannan ya wuce gona da iri, kuma yarjejeniyar Basel a cikin 1972 tsakanin mambobi shida na EEC da ke gab da shiga sun kafa maciji a cikin ramin tare da gefen biyu tsakanin kudaden su da aka iyakance zuwa 1.125%, yana nuna matsakaicin canji tsakanin kowane kudaden biyu na 2.25%, kuma tare da duk kudaden da ke motsawa tare da dala. Wannan yarjejeniyar ta kuma haifar da ƙarshen Yankin Sterling.

A cewar Barry Eichengreen, maciji ya damu da girgizar tattalin arziki (kamar rikicin man fetur na 1973 da rushewar Kasuwar kayayyaki), wanda ke da tasirin asymmetric ga kasashe daban-daban na Turai, wanda ya haifar da rashin aikin yi a wasu ƙasashe fiye da wasu. A sakamakon haka, an matsa wa wasu ƙasashen Turai su amsa ta hanyar fadadawa. Jami'ai a kasashe daban-daban na Turai suma suna da ra'ayoyi daban-daban game da amsawa daidai ga matsalolin tattalin arziki, tare da wasu sun fi son kula da kwanciyar hankali na farashi yayin da wasu suka fi son fadada shirye-shiryen kudi. Wadannan bambance-bambance, tare da rashin hadin kan siyasa a Turai, sun sa ya zama da wahala ga gwamnatocin ƙasa su ba da iko ga manufofin kuɗi na Turai.