Madara ta raƙumi
 Madara ta raƙumi | |
|---|---|
.jpg) | |
| Bayanai | |
| Ƙaramin ɓangare na | madara |
Natural product of taxon (en)  |
Camelus dromedarius (mul) , Camelus bactrianus (mul) da raƙumi |
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madara raƙumi madara ce daga raƙuma mata. Ya goyi bayan al'adun makiyaya da makiyaya tun lokacin da aka yi amfani da raƙuma dubban shekaru da suka gabata. Makiyaya na iya rayuwa ne kawai a kan madara na ɗan lokaci yayin doguwar tafiya da raƙuma a nesa don kiwo a cikin hamada da wuraren da ba su da ruwa, musamman a wasu sassan Gabas ta Tsakiya, Arewacin Afirka da Ƙarashin Afirka.[1][2] Masana'antar noma ta raƙumi ta girma a Ostiraliya da Amurka, a matsayin madadin muhalli mai kyau ga noma da madara ta amfani da nau'in da suka dace da yankuna masu bushe.Madarar raƙumi tana da halaye daban-daban na abinci mai gina jiki daga madarar saniya, amma rabo na abubuwan gina jiki na iya zama mai canzawa sosai bisa ga dalilai da yawa, gami da nau'in da shekarun raƙumi, yanayi, abin da yake ci, da kuma hanyar shayarwa. Ana iya amfani da shi don yin kayayyaki kamar yogurt da ice cream, amma ba sauƙin juya zuwa man shanu ko cuku ba. Madarar raƙumi tana da ɗanɗano kamar madarar saniya.
Tarihi
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Kafin a yi ciki da yaduwar Islama, Larabawa da yawa makiyaya ne waɗanda ke rayuwa da madara daga raƙuman su da kuma amfanin hamada.
A yau, kabilun makiyaya na hamada suna amfani da madarar raƙumi, wanda za'a iya sanya shi cikin yogurt, a matsayin Abinci na yau da kullun, [3] kuma yana iya rayuwa har zuwa wata ɗaya a kan madarar raƙa. [4]Samfuri:Clarification
Fitarwa
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]| Samar da madara ta raƙumi (duka, sabo) - 2017 | |
|---|---|
| Kasar | ton |
| Samfuri:SOM | 953,673 |
 Kenya
|
876,224 |
 Mali
|
300,000 |
 Ethiopia
|
171,706 |
| Samfuri:SAU | 134,266 |
| Samfuri:NIG | 107,745 |
| Duniya | 2,852,213 |
| Tushen: FASTA na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya [5] | |
A cikin 2017, samar da madarar raƙumi a duniya ya kai tan miliyan 2.85, wanda Somaliya da Kenya suka jagoranta tare da kashi 64% na jimlar duniya (teburin). Mali da Habasha sun kasance wasu manyan masu samarwa.[5]
Ostiraliya
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Bayan an gabatar da shi zuwa Ostiraliya a cikin shekarun 1840 don taimakawa tare da bincike da kasuwanci a cikin mawuyacin ciki kafin a shawo kan hanyoyin sadarwa da sufuri na zamani, yawan raƙuman daji ya karu zuwa sama da 600,000. An bude kantin sayar da madara na farko a Ostiraliya a cikin shekara ta 2014, kuma adadin yana ƙaruwa tun daga lokacin, tare da buƙatar da ke ƙaruwa a cikin gida da na duniya. A cikin 2016 Gwamnatin Australiya ta ba da rahoton a cikin 2016 cewa "shekaru biyar zuwa 2021 ana sa ran ganin babban karuwa a cikin samar da madarar raƙumi na Australiya". Fitarwa ya karu daga lita 50,000 (11,000 na madarar raƙumi a cikin 2016 zuwa lita 180,000 (40,000 a kowace shekara a cikin 2019. Ɗaya daga cikin gonar ya girma daga raƙuma uku na daji a cikin 2014 zuwa sama da 300 a cikin 2019, kuma yana fitarwa galibi zuwa Singapore, tare da jigilar kayan sabo da foda da aka shirya don farawa zuwa Thailand da Malaysia.
An sayar da lita daya na madarar raƙumi a kan kimanin A $ 15 (US $ 10; £ 8) a Ostiraliya a cikin 2019, wanda ya kasance kusan sau 12 fiye da madarar saniya. Ya zuwa watan Afrilu na 2020, Ostiraliya tana da masana'antun madara guda bakwai, waɗanda ke samar da nama da kayan kula da fata ban da madara da cuku.[6] Akwai takardar shaidar madara ta raƙumi guda ɗaya a cikin shekara ta 2019.
Amurka
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Ya zuwa shekara ta 2014 Amurka tana da yawan mutanen da aka shigo da su na raƙuma 5,000. Kudin samar da madarar raƙumi ya fi na samar da madara. A Amurka, raƙuma mata suna da wuya sosai; suna girma a hankali kuma ana iya kiwo cikin aminci ne kawai bayan shekaru huɗu. Lokacin daukar ciki na watanni goma sha uku dole ne ya kammala a cikin haihuwa mai rai sannan ya biyo bayan shayarwa, in ba haka ba raƙumi mace za ta daina samar da madara. Ba kamar wata saniya mai shayarwa ba wacce ta rabu da jaririnta lokacin da aka haife ta sannan ta ba da madara na watanni shida zuwa tara, raƙumi na iya raba madararta tare da manomi da jaririn ta na watanni 12-18.
Amfanin madara da darajar abinci mai gina jiki
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
Dukkanin amfanin madara da abun da ke cikin abinci mai gina jiki na madarar raƙumi suna shafar dalilai da yawa, gami da "adadin abinci da inganci, mitar ban ruwa, yanayi, shekarun haifuwa, daidaito, mitar shayarwa, jinya, hanyar shayarwa (hannuwa ko na'ura shayarwa), lafiya, da matsayin haihuwa".[7]
Sakamakon
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Ya kamata raƙuma na Pakistan da Afghanistan su samar da mafi girman madara, har zuwa lita 30 a kowace rana. Raƙumi na Bactrian yana samar da lita 5 a kowace rana kuma dromedary yana samar da matsakaicin lita 20 a kowace rana.[8] Rashin kiwo mai zurfi ya haifar da dabbobi waɗanda zasu iya samar da lita 40 a kowace rana a cikin yanayi mai kyau. Raƙuma, tare da ikon su na tafiya kwanaki 21 ba tare da ruwan sha ba, da kuma samar da madara ko da lokacin da suke cin abinci mai ƙarancin inganci, zaɓi ne mai ɗorewa don tsaro na abinci a cikin yanayi mai wahala.[9]
Amfanin abinci mai gina jiki
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]A cewar Hukumar Abinci da Magunguna ta Amurka (FDA), madarar raƙumi ta ƙunshi 3% mai.[10] Koyaya, an ruwaito a cikin wallafe-wallafen cewa yawan kitse a cikin madara ya bambanta daga ƙasa zuwa ƙasa da yanki zuwa yanki, kuma ya dogara da abinci, matakin ruwa na dabba, da nau'in raƙumi. A cikin cikakken rahoto da Hukumar Abinci da Aikin Gona ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta buga a 1982, teburin ya nuna abun da ke cikin kitse ya bambanta daga ƙasa da 1.1% (a yankunan da ba su da ruwa na Isra'ila) zuwa 5.5% (Ethiopia). Wani bita na tsarin 2015 ya ba da rahoton kitsen madara a tsakanin 1.2% da 6.4% .[11]
Manoma na raƙuma na iya samar da matakin iko akan abubuwan da ke shafar abubuwan gina jiki na madarar da raƙuman su ke samarwa. Masu samar da madarar raƙumi a Ostiraliya sun bayyana cewa kayayyakinsu suna da ƙarancin kitse da lactose fiye da madarar saniya.[12][13]
Kayayyakin madara na raƙumi
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin].jpg)
Za'a iya sanya madarar raƙumi cikin yogurt, amma ana iya sanya shi cikin man shanu ne kawai idan an fara zaki, an yi masa zaki, sannan a kara wakili mai bayyanawa.[8] A matsayin abin sha, madarar raƙumi tana da ɗanɗano kamar madarar saniya, amma dan kadan gishiri.
Cuku daga madarar raƙumi ya fi wuya a yi fiye da cuku daga madara na wasu dabbobi masu shayarwa. A cikin al'ummomin kiwo na raƙumi, cuku na madara yana amfani da fermentation na kai tsaye ko fermentation na lactic don cimma burodi mai zaki; a cikin aikin kiwo na rakami a Sudan, kabilar Rashaida suna amfani da wannan hanyar don adana madara mai yawa a lokacin ruwan sama, suna yayyafa busassun curd da ƙara ruwa don amfani a lokacin fari, kuma a Mongolia, ana cinye madarar raƙumi a matsayin samfurin a matakai daban-daban na tsarin yin burodi. [ana buƙatar hujja]Koyaya, madara ba ta da sauƙi kuma rennet na shanu ya kasa yin amfani da madara yadda ya kamata. Ci gaba da amfani da madara mara kyau, FAO ta ba da umurni ga Farfesa JP Ramet na École Nationale Supérieure d'Agronomie et des Industries Alimentaires (ENSAIA), wanda ya sami damar samar da curdling ta hanyar ƙara calcium phosphate da kayan lambu a cikin shekarun 1990.[14] Cuku da aka samar daga wannan tsari yana da ƙananan matakan cholesterol kuma yana da sauƙin narkewa, har ma da lactose intolerant. [15] An kirkiro cuku na Turai, wanda ake tallatawa a ƙarƙashin sunan Caravane, ta hanyar haɗin gwiwa tsakanin madarar raƙumi ta Mauritanci Tiviski, FAO, da Ramet. An yi iƙirarin cewa ita ce kawai cuku na madara a duniya.[16]
Hakanan ana iya yin madarar raƙumi a cikin ice cream.[17]
Kayayyakin madara na raƙumi sun haɗa da chal ko shubat a Asiya ta Tsakiya da Iran, khoormog a Mongolia, garris a Sudan, suusac a Kenya, leben (Lben) a ƙasashen Larabawa, da ititu da dhanaan a Habasha. Sauran abin sha na gargajiya da aka yi da fermented bisa ga cakuda madarar raƙumi da ruwa suna samuwa a Mauritania da aka sani da zrig, a Maroko da aka sani le Afrika.[18]
Manazarta
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]- ↑ Faye, Bernard; br, br; ElRouili, Hassani (2014). "Camel milk value chain in Northern Saudi Arabia" (PDF). Emirates Journal of Food and Agriculture. 26 (4): 359. doi:10.9755/ejfa.v26i4.17278. ISSN 2079-052X.
- ↑ Mohamed, Huda; Ayyash, Mutamed; Kamal-Eldin, Afaf (2022-10-01). "Effect of heat treatments on camel milk proteins – A review". International Dairy Journal (in Turanci). 133: 105404. doi:10.1016/j.idairyj.2022.105404. ISSN 0958-6946. S2CID 248584178 Check
|s2cid=value (help). - ↑ name="sandiegozoo">"Bactrian & Dromedary Camels". Factsheets. San Diego Zoo Global Library. March 2009. Archived from the original on 22 September 2012. Retrieved 1 October 2019.
- ↑ "Camel Milk". Milk & Dairy Products. FAO's Animal Production and Health Division. 25 September 2012. Archived from the original on 1 November 2012. Retrieved 1 October 2019.
- ↑ 5.0 5.1 "Camel milk production in 2017, Livestock primary/Regions/World list/Production Quantity (pick lists)". UN Food and Agriculture Organization, Corporate Statistical Database (FAOSTAT). 2018. Retrieved 30 August 2019.
- ↑ Bazckowski, Halina (22 March 2020). "The beasts that beat the drought: Camels sought after for meat, milk and cheese". ABC News. Retrieved 27 April 2020.
- ↑ Bouhaddaoui, Sara; Chabir, Rachida; Errachidi, Faouzi; et al. (April 2019). "Study of the biochemical biodiversity of camel milk". The Scientific World Journal. 2019 (Article ID 2517293): 2517293. doi:10.1155/2019/2517293. PMC 6481029. PMID 31093015.
- ↑ 8.0 8.1 "Bactrian & Dromedary Camels". Factsheets. San Diego Zoo Global Library. March 2009. Archived from the original on 22 September 2012. Retrieved 1 October 2019."Bactrian & Dromedary Camels". Factsheets. San Diego Zoo Global Library. March 2009. Archived from the original on 22 September 2012. Retrieved 1 October 2019.
- ↑ Thornton, Philip K. (2010-09-27). "Livestock production: recent trends, future prospects". Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences. 365 (1554): 2853–2867. doi:10.1098/rstb.2010.0134. ISSN 0962-8436. PMC 2935116. PMID 20713389.
- ↑ Zimmermann, Kim Ann (3 February 2016). "Camel milk: Nutrition facts, risks & benefits". Live Science. Retrieved 1 October 2019.
- ↑ Zibaee, Said; et al. (November 2015). "Nutritional and therapeutic characteristics of camel milk in children: a systematic review". Electronic Physician. 7 (7): 1523–1528. doi:10.19082/1523. PMC 4700900. PMID 26767108.
- ↑ "100% natural". The Camel Milk Co. Retrieved 1 October 2019.
- ↑ "Pure Australian camel milk". Good Earth Dairy. Retrieved 1 October 2019.
- ↑ "Fresh from your local drome'dairy'?". Food and Agriculture Organization. 6 July 2001. Archived from the original on 26 January 2012.
- ↑ Young, Philippa. "In Mongolian the Word 'Gobi' Means 'Desert'". Archived from the original on 3 March 2013. Retrieved 6 December 2012.
As evening approaches we are offered camel meat boats, dumplings stuffed with a finely chopped mixture of meat and vegetables, followed by camel milk tea and finally, warm fresh camel's milk to aid digestion and help us sleep.
- ↑ "Caravane". Tiviski. Retrieved 1 October 2019.
- ↑ "Al Ain Dairy launches camel-milk ice cream". The National (in Turanci). 26 March 2015. Retrieved 2019-02-22.
- ↑ Konuspayeva, Gaukhar; Faye, Bernard (2021-04-08). "Recent Advances in Camel Milk Processing". Animals (in Turanci). 11 (4): 1045. doi:10.3390/ani11041045. ISSN 2076-2615. PMC 8068116 Check
|pmc=value (help). PMID 33917722 Check|pmid=value (help).