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Madatsar Ruwan Itaipu

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Madatsar Ruwan Itaipu
Seven Wonders of the Modern World
Wuri
Ƴantacciyar ƙasaParaguay
Department of Paraguay (en) FassaraAlto Paraná (mul) Fassara
Municipality of Paraguay (en) FassaraHernandarias District (en) Fassara
Geographical location Paraná River (en) Fassara
Flanked by Paraná River (en) Fassara
Coordinates 25°24′28″S 54°35′24″W / 25.4078°S 54.59°W / -25.4078; -54.59
Map
History and use
Opening1970s
Ƙaddamarwa7 Nuwamba, 1982
Mai-iko Itaipú Binacional (en) Fassara
Manager (en) Fassara Itaipú Binacional Itaipú Binacional
Karatun gine-gine
Zanen gini Brasil-Paraguay Mixed Technical Commission (en) Fassara
Tsawo 7700 meters
Maximum capacity (en) Fassara 14,000 megawatt (en) Fassara
Offical website

Dam ɗin Itaipu wani madatsar ruwan samar da wutar lantarki ne a kan Kogin Paraná da ke kan iyaka tsakanin Brazil da Paraguay. Shi ne madatsar ruwan samar da wutar lantarki na uku mafi girma a duniya dangane da makamashin da yake samarwa.

An samo sunan "Itaipu" ne daga wani tsibiri da ke kusa da wurin da aka yi ginin. A cikin yaren Guarani, Itaipu yana nufin "dutse mai sauti."[1] Zuwa shekarar 2020, matatar samar da wutar lantarki ta Dam ɗin Itaipu ta samar da wutar lantarki ta biyu mafi yawa a cikin dukkan madatsun ruwa na duniya, inda madatsar ruwan Three Gorges da ke China ce kawai ta zarce ta. Bayan haka, Itaipu yana ɗauke da tafkin ruwa na 45 mafi girma a duniya.

Tare da kammala ginin shi a shekarar 1984, wani aiki ne na haɗin gwiwa tsakanin ƙasashe biyu da Brazil da Paraguay ke gudanarwa a kan iyakar ƙasashen biyu, 15 km (9.3 mi) arewa da Gadar Abuta. Aikin ya tashi ne daga Foz do Iguaçu, a Brazil, da Ciudad del Este a Paraguay, a kudu zuwa Guaíra da Salto del Guairá a arewa. Ƙarfin injinan da aka girka a cibiyar shine GW 14, tare da rukunin samar da wutar lantarki 20 da ke samar da MW 700 kowanne tare da tsayin ruwa na 118 metres (387 ft). A cikin 2016, cibiyar ta ɗauki ma'aikata 3038 aiki.[2]

Daga cikin injina ashirin da aka girka a halin yanzu, goma suna samar da wutar lantarki a 50 Hz ga Paraguay kuma goma suna samarwa a 60 Hz ga Brazil. Tun da yake ƙarfin injinan Paraguay ya zarce buƙatar wutar lantarki ta Paraguay nesa ba kusa ba, yawancin abin da suke samarwa ana tura shi kai tsaye zuwa ɓangaren Brazil, inda layuka biyu na 600 kV HVDC, kowanne mai tsayin kusan 800 kilometres (500 mi), ke jigilar mafi yawan makamashin zuwa yankin São Paulo/Rio de Janeiro inda kayan aiki ke canza wutar zuwa 60 Hz.

Tarihi

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Tattaunawa tsakanin Brazil da Paraguay

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Tunanin da ke bayan Matatar Wutar Lantarki ta Itaipu sakamakon tattaunawa mai tsanani ne tsakanin ƙasashen biyu a lokacin shekarun 1960. Ministan Harkokin Waje na Brazil da na Paraguay, Juracy Magalhães da Raúl Sapena Pastor, sun sanya hannu a kan "Ata do Iguaçu" (Dokar Iguaçu) a ranar 22 ga Yuli, 1966. Wannan wata sanarwa ce ta haɗin gwiwa ta moriyar juna wajen nazarin yin amfani da albarkatun ruwa da ƙasashen biyu ke rabawa a sashin Kogin Paraná da ya fara daga ciki har da Salto de Sete Quedas, zuwa yankin Kogin Iguaçu. An sanya hannu kan yarjejeniyar da ta haifar da matatar wutar lantarki a shekarar 1973.

Sharuɗɗan yarjejeniyar, wacce ta ƙare a shekarar 2023, sun kasance sanadin rashin gamsuwa na ko'ina a Paraguay. Gwamnatin Shugaba Lugo ta lashi takobin sake tattaunawa kan sharuddan yarjejeniyar da Brazil, wadda ta daɗe tana adawa da duk wata sake tattaunawa.[3][4]

A cikin 2009, Brazil ta amince da biyan kuɗi na adalci don wutar lantarki ga Paraguay sannan kuma ta ba Paraguay damar sayar da rarar wutar lantarki kai tsaye ga kamfanonin Brazil maimakon kawai ta hanyar kamfanin wutar lantarki na Brazil mai ikon mallakar kasuwa.[5][6]

Fara Ginin

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

A cikin 1970, haɗakar kamfanoni da kamfanonin ELC Electroconsult S.p.A. (daga Italiya) da IECO (daga Amurka)[7] suka kafa sun yi nasara a gasar ƙasa da ƙasa don gudanar da binciken yiwuwar aiki da kuma tsara aikin ginin. An fara binciken zane a watan Fabrairu 1971. A ranar 26 ga Afrilu, 1973, Brazil da Paraguay sun sanya hannu kan Yarjejeniyar Itaipu, tsarin doka na amfani da Kogin Paraná don samar da wutar lantarki ga ƙasheshin biyu. A ranar 17 ga Mayu, 1974, aka ƙafa hukumar Itaipu Binacional don gudanar da ginin matatar. An fara ginin a watan Janairu na shekara mai zuwa. An gabatar da motar lantarki ta farko ta Brazil (kuma ta Latin Amurka) a ƙarshen shekarar 1974; ta sami sunan Itaipu don ƙarrama aikin.[8]

Canza Hanyar Kogin Paraná

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

A ranar 14 ga Oktoba, 1978, aka canza hanyar Kogin Paraná, wanda ya ba da damar wani ɓangare na gadon kogin ya bushe domin a iya gina dam ɗin a wurin.

Yarjejeniya tsakanin Brazil, Paraguay, da Argentina

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Da farko Argentina ta ƙalubalanci ginin dam ɗin, amma tattaunawa da daidaita takaddamar sun kasance tushen haɗin kan Argentina da Brazil daga baya.[9] An cimma wata muhimmiyar yarjejeniyar diflomasiyya tare da sanya hannu kan Acordo Tripartite (Yarjejeniyar Ɓangarori Uku) da Brazil, Paraguay, da Argentina suka yi a ranar 19 ga Oktoba, 1979. Wannan yarjejeniya ta ƙayyade matakan ruwan da aka amince da su da kuma yadda za su iya canzawa sakamakon ayyukan samar da wutar lantarki daban-daban a cikin kogin da ƙasashe uku ke rabawa.

Kafuwar Tafkin

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Tafkin ya fara kafuwa ne a ranar 13 ga Oktoba, 1982, lokacin da aka kammala ayyukan dam ɗin aka kuma rufe ƙofofin tashar gefe. A cikin wannan lokacin, manyan ruwan sama da ambaliyar ruwa sun hanzarta cika tafkin yayin da ruwan ya tashi da 100 meters (330 feet) kuma ya kai ƙofofin madatsar ambaliya a ranar 27 ga Oktoba.[Ana bukatan hujja]

Fara Aiki

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

A ranar 5 ga Mayu, 1984, rukunin samar da wutar lantarki na farko ya fara aiki a Itaipu. An girka rukunoni 18 na farko a tsakanin guda biyu zuwa uku a kowace shekara; biyu na ƙarshe sun fara aiki ne a shekarar 1991.

Faɗada Ƙarfi a Shekarar 2007

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
Dam ɗin yana fuskantar aikin faɗadawa.

Biyu na ƙarshe daga cikin rukunonin samar da wutar lantarki 20 sun fara aiki ne a watan Satumba 2006 da watan Maris 2007, ta haka aka ɗaga ƙarfin da aka girka zuwa GW 14 kuma aka kammala ginin matatar wutar lantarki. Wannan ƙarin ƙarfi yana bawa rukunoni 18 damar aiki na ɗin-din-din yayin da aka kashe guda biyu don gyare-gyare. Saboda wani sashe a cikin yarjejeniyar da aka sanya wa hannu tsakanin Brazil, Paraguay, da Argentina, matsakaicin adadin rukunonin samar da wuta da aka amince su yi aiki a lokaci guda ba zai iya wuce 18 ba (duba sashin yarjejeniya don ƙarin bayani).

Ƙarfin kowane rukunin samar da wutar lantarki (injin turbin da janareta) shine MW 700. Koyaya, saboda tsayin ruwa (bambanci tsakanin matakin tafkin da matakin kogin a ƙasan dam ɗin) da ke faruwa a zahiri ya fi tsayin da aka tsara (118 m or 387 ft), wutar da ke akwai ta kan wuce MW 750 rabin lokaci ga kowane janareta. Kowane turbin yana samar da kusan MW 700; idan aka kwatanta, duk ruwan da ke fitowa daga ambaliyar Iguaçu yana da ƙarfin ciyar da janareta biyu kacal.

Katsewar Wutar Lantarki ta Watan Nuwamba 2009

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

A ranar 10 ga Nuwamba, 2009, watsa wutar lantarki daga matatar ta katse gaba ɗaya, mai yiwuwa saboda wata guguwa da ta lalata layukan watsa wutar lantarki masu ƙarfin gaske har guda uku.[10] Ita kanta Itaipu ba ta lalace ba. Wannan ya haifar da katsewar wutar lantarki mai yawa a Brazil da Paraguay, inda aka yi duhu a duk faɗin ƙasar Paraguay na tsawon mintuna 15, kuma aka jefa Rio de Janeiro da São Paulo cikin duhu na tsawon sa'o'i fiye da 2. An ba da rahoton cewa mutane miliyan 50 abin ya shafa.[11] Katsewar wutar ta faru ne da ƙarfe 22:13 na lokacin gida. Ta fi shafar kudu maso gabashin Brazil sosai, inda ta bar São Paulo, Rio de Janeiro, da Espírito Santo gaba ɗaya ba tare da wutar lantarki ba. Haka kuma ɗaukewar wutar ta shafi cikin garuruwan Rio Grande do Sul, Santa Catarina, Mato Grosso do Sul, Mato Grosso, cikin garuruwan Bahia, da sassan Pernambuco, in ji jami'an makamashi.[12] Da ƙarfe 00:30, an dawo da wuta a yawancin yankuna.

Abubuwan Al'ajabi na Zamani na Duniya

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A cikin shekarar 1994, Ƙungiyar Injiniyoyin Bil'adama ta Amurka ta zaɓi Dam ɗin Itaipu a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin abubuwan al'ajabi guda bakwai na zamani na duniya. A cikin 1995, mujallar Amurka ta Popular Mechanics ta buga sakamakon.[13]

Hoton panorama na Dam ɗin Itaipu, tare da ƙofofin ambaliya a rufe
Fayil:Itaipú Dam 325m 260m 247m 225m 196m 1981 Mechanical Power Plant Foz Do Iguaçu Brazil.png
Waɗannan zane-zane suna nuna cikakken bayani kan tsayin:

325 metres (1,066 ft), dukkan dam ɗin gami da dogayen ginshiƙan layin wutar lantarki guda huɗu masu tsayin 100 metres (330 ft) a saman katangar dam ɗin
260 metres (850 ft), katangar dam ɗin + harsashin ginin da ke cikin ruwa har zuwa ƙasan kogin
247 metres (810 ft), tsayin katangar dam ɗin da aka ƙarfafa da siminti 196 metres (643 ft) + Kuran a saman katangar
225 metres (738 ft), Ƙarshen tsayin babban katangar siminti gami da dukkan tsare-tsare a saman

196 metres (643 ft), Rufin hukuma da aka bayar daga Shafin Yanar Gizo na Itaipú Binacional, wanda shine kawai sashin Turbines

Tasirin Zamantakewa da Muhalli

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Lokacin da aka fara ginin dam ɗin a shekarar 1971, iyalai kusan 10,000 da ke zaune a gefen Kogin Paraná sun rasa matsugunansu saboda ginin.[14][15]

Ambaliyar ruwa mafi girma a duniya ta fuskar girma, wato Ambaliyar Guaíra, ta nutse a cikin sabon tafkin Itaipu da aka kafa. Daga baya gwamnatin Brazil ta soke shirin Gandun Daji na Ƙasa na Ambaliyar Guaíra. Watanni kaɗan kafin a cika tafkin, mutane 80 sun mutu lokacin da wata gada da ta cika da mutane da ke kallon ambaliyar ta rushe, yayin da masu ziyara ke ƙoƙarin ganin ambaliyar a ƙaron ƙarshe.[16]

Ambaliyar Guaíra ta kasance wani katanga mai tasiri da ke raba nau'ikan halittun ruwa mai daɗi a cikin ƙwarin Paraná na sama da nau'ikan da ake samu a ƙasa da ita, kuma ana ɗaukar su a matsayin yankuna daban-daban na muhalli.[17] Bayan ɓatan ambaliyar ruwan, nau'ikan halittu da yawa waɗanda a baya suka takaita ga ɗaya daga cikin waɗannan yankuna sun sami damar mamaye ɗaya yankin, wanda ya haifar da matsalolin da yawanci ke da alaƙa da nau'ikan halittun da aka shigo da su. Misali, fiye da nau'ikan kifi 30 waɗanda a baya suka takaita ga yankin da ke ƙasa da ambaliyar sun sami damar mamaye yankin da ke sama.[17]

Mawaƙin Amurka Philip Glass ya rubuta wata waƙa mai suna Itaipu don ƙarrama tsarin.

Hanyar Muhalli ta Santa Maria yanzu ta haɗa Gandun Daji na Ƙasa na Iguaçu da kiyayyen gefen Tafkin Itaipu, kuma ta waɗannan gefuna da Gandun Daji na Ƙasa na Ilha Grande.[18]

Ƙididdiga

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Ɗakin Kula na Tsakiya (CCR)
Dam ɗin da daddare
sashin hukuma na katangar dam a ɓangaren turbin

Ginin

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
  • An canza tafiyar kogi na bakwai mafi girma a duniya, kamar yadda aka canza ton miliyan 50 na ƙasa da dutse.
  • Adadin simintin da aka yi amfani da shi wajen gina Matatar Wutar Lantarki ta Itaipu zai isa a gina filayen wasan ƙwallon ƙafa 210 masu girman Estádio do Maracanã.
  • Ƙarfe da aka yi amfani da shi zai ba da damar gina Hasumiyar Eiffel guda 380.
  • Jimillar girman haƙar ƙasa da dutse a Itaipu ya ninka na Ramin Channel sau 8.5, yayin da girman siminti ya ninka sau 15.
  • Ƙusan mutane dubu arba'in ne suka yi aiki a ginin.[19]
  • Itaipu yana ɗaya daga cikin abubuwa mafi tsada da aka taɓa gina su.

Tashar Samar da Wuta da Dam

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  • Jimillar tsayin dam ɗin shine 7,235 metres (23,737 ft). Tsayin kololuwar shine 225 metres (738 ft). Itaipu a zahiri dam huɗu ne da aka haɗa wuri guda – daga can hagu, dam ɗin ƙasa, dam ɗin dutse, babban dam ɗin siminti mai goyon baya, da dam ɗin siminti na fikafikai a dama.
  • Madatsar ambaliyar tana da tsayin 483 metres (1,585 ft).
  • Matsakaicin kwararar ruwa na madatsun ambaliya guda goma sha hudu na Itaipu shine 62.2 thousand cubic metres per second (2.20×10^6 cu ft/s), zuwa cikin tashoshi uku da aka ƙera kamar hanyar tseren ƙankara. Yana da daidai da sau 40 na matsakaicin kwararar Ambaliyar Iguaçu da ke kusa.
  • Kwararar janareta biyu (700 cubic metres per second (25,000 cu ft/s) kowanne) yana ƙusan daidai da matsakaicin kwararar Ambaliyar Iguaçu (1,500 cubic metres per second (53,000 cu ft/s)).
  • Dam ɗin yana da tsayin 196 metres (643 ft), daidai da gini mai hawa 65.[20]

Manazarta

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  1. ↑ "Energy". Itaipu Binacional. 2014. Archived from the original on 12 April 2014. Retrieved 4 July 2014.
  2. ↑ "Number of employees | ITAIPU BINACIONAL". Archived from the original on 2017-02-17. Retrieved 2017-02-16.
  3. ↑ Nickson, Andrew (20 February 2008). "Paraguay: Lugo versus the Colorado Machine". Open Democracy. Archived from the original on 3 August 2009. Retrieved 3 August 2009.
  4. ↑ Mander, Benedict (20 September 2017). "Brazil's Itaipú dam treaty with Paraguay up for renewal". Financial Times. Archived from the original on 2022-12-10.
  5. ↑ "Why Brazil gave way on Itaipu dam". BBC. 26 July 2009. Archived from the original on 26 July 2009. Retrieved 2009-07-26.
  6. ↑ Barrionuevo, Alexei (July 27, 2009). "Energy Deal With Brazil Gives Boost to Paraguay". New York Times. p. A10. Archived from the original on August 20, 2017. Retrieved February 24, 2017.
  7. ↑ International Engineering Company, Inc. (IECO) was a subsidiary of Morrison-Knudsen. See "Morrison-Knudsen Company, Inc". Baker Library, Harvard Business School. Archived from the original on 2015-03-19. Retrieved 2014-09-28.
  8. ↑ Pereira, Fabiano (April 2007). "Clássicos: Grandes Brasileiros: Gurgel Itaipu" [Classics: Brazilian Greats: Gurgel Itaipu] (in Harshen Potugis). Quatro Rodas. Archived from the original on 2007-08-30.
  9. ↑ Schenoni, Luis (2016). "Regional Power Transitions: Lessons from the Southern Cone". GIGA Working Papers. Archived from the original on 2018-09-20. Retrieved 2017-03-21.
  10. ↑ Abreu, Diego (2009-11-11). "Apagão teve origem em função de condições meteorológicas, diz MME". Globo News. Archived from the original on 2009-11-14. Retrieved 2009-11-11.
  11. ↑ "Major Power Failures Hit Brazil". BBC. 2009-11-11. Archived from the original on 2009-11-11. Retrieved 2009-11-11.
  12. ↑ Barrionuevo, Alexei (November 11, 2009). "Brazil Looks for Answers After Huge Blackout". New York Times. Archived from the original on August 31, 2017. Retrieved February 24, 2017.
  13. ↑ Pope, Gregory T. (December 1995), "The seven wonders of the modern world", Popular Mechanics, pp. 48–56, archived from the original on 2017-03-05, retrieved 2017-09-01
  14. ↑ "News & Notes". Water and Energy International. 61 (4). 2004.
  15. ↑ Terminski, Bogumil (2013). "Development-Induced Displacement and Resettlement: Theoretical Frameworks and Current Challenges", Indiana University, available at: http://dlc.dlib.indiana.edu/dlc/handle/10535/8833?show=full Archived 2013-12-14 at the Wayback Machine
  16. ↑ Switkes, Glenn (2008-03-14). "Farewell, Seven Falls". Archived from the original on 2010-01-21. Retrieved 2010-03-02.
  17. 1 2 Júlio Júnior, Horácio Ferreira; Tós, Claudenice Dei; Agostinho, Ângelo Antonio; Pavanelli, Carla Simone (2009). "A massive invasion of fish species after eliminating a natural barrier in the upper rio Paraná basin". Neotropical Ichthyology. 7 (4): 709–718. doi:10.1590/S1679-62252009000400021.
  18. ↑ Teixeira, Cristiano (5 April 2016), Corredor Ecológico de Santa Maria, Paraná – Brasil (PDF) (in Harshen Potugis), Asunción: Itaipu Binacional/MI, p. 3, archived from the original (PDF) on 2016-11-05, retrieved 2016-11-04
  19. ↑ "Seven Wonders of the Modern World: The Itaipu Dam". unmuseum.org. Archived from the original on 2014-01-07. Retrieved 2014-04-22.
  20. ↑ {{cite web |title= Itaipu binacional – Technical data – Comparisons |url= http://www.itaipu.gov.br |access-date= February 16, 2007 |archive-url= htt_
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