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Mafi yawan man fetur

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Infotaula d'esdevenimentMafi yawan man fetur

Iri artificial object (en) Fassara
lokaci
historical event (en) Fassara
Bangare na Hubbert peak theory (en) Fassara
Mai ganowa ko mai ƙirƙira M. King Hubbert (en) Fassara
Hubbert ta upper-bound tsinkaya ga US mai samar (1956) a ja, da kuma ainihin 48 US jihohin samarwa har zuwa 2014 a kore

Babban man fetur shine lokacin da samar da man fetur a duniya ya kai matsakaicin matsakaicin, bayan haka zai fara raguwa ba tare da sakewa ba.[1][2] Babban damuwa shine cewa sufuri na duniya ya dogara da man fetur da dizal. Amincewa da motocin lantarki, man fetur, ko ingantaccen sufuri (kamar jiragen kasa da hanyoyin ruwa) na iya taimakawa rage bukatar mai.[3] 

Babban Man fetur yana da alaƙa da ƙarancin man fetur; yayin da tanadin man fetur ya ƙare, mahimmin batun shine yiwuwar tattalin arziki na hakar a farashin yanzu.[4][5] Da farko, an yi imanin cewa samar da mai zai ragu saboda raguwar ajiya, amma sabon ka'idar ya nuna cewa rage bukatar mai na iya rage farashi, yana shafar farashin hakar. Bukatar na iya raguwa saboda tsayin daka mai tsayi. [4] [6]

A cikin ƙarni na ƙarshe, an yi tsinkaya da yawa game da lokacin man fetur, sau da yawa daga baya an tabbatar da ba daidai ba saboda karuwar yawan cirewa. M. Sarki Hubbert ya gabatar da cikakken samfurin mai a cikin takarda ta 1956, yana hango hasashen samar da Amurka zai kai kololuwa tsakanin 1965 da 1971, amma tsinkayen da ya yi a duniya ba su da kyau saboda ingantaccen fasahar hakowa. Tsinkaya na yanzu don shekarar man fetur ya kasance daga 2028 zuwa 2050.[7] Wadannan kimantawa sun dogara da yanayin tattalin arziki na gaba, ci gaban fasaha, da ƙoƙarin rage Canjin yanayi.[6][8][9]

Bayarwa

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man fetur, ko man fetur, cakuda ne na abubuwa na hydrocarbon. Ta hanyar dabi'arta, abin da "mai" yake na iya bambanta. Geology na yanki yana shafar nau'in mai a karkashin kasa. Nau'ikan hydrocarbons da aka samar daga filin mai na iya bambanta dangane da ilimin ƙasa.

Ruwan mai yawanci ya zo ne a cikin 'matakan' daban-daban, [10] wanda aka rarraba shi a matsayin "haske," "tsakiyar," 'mai nauyi," da "mafi nauyi. " Cikakken ma'anar waɗannan maki sun bambanta dangane da yankin da man ya fito.[11] Hakanan ana kimanta matakan mai ta hanyar nauyi na API. Mai mai haske yana gudana ta halitta zuwa farfajiya ko kuma ana iya cire shi ta hanyar fitar da shi daga ƙasa. Heavy yana nufin mai wanda ke da mafi girma da ƙananan ƙarfin API.[12] Ba ya gudana cikin sauƙi, kuma daidaitattun sa na iya zama kamar na molasses. Duk da yake ana iya samar da wasu daga cikinsu ta amfani da dabarun al'ada, ƙimar dawowa ta fi kyau ta amfani da hanyoyin da ba a saba da su ba.[13]

Gabaɗaya, musamman game da mafi girman man fetur, babban damuwa game da abin da ake kira samar da "mai mai" (wanda kuma ana iya kiransa samar da "ma'adanai da kuma kwantar da hankali" a cikin ƙididdigar EIA ta Amurka), wanda shine ainihin an inganta shi cikin man fetur na yau da kullun da yawancin mutane suka sani kamar man fetur da man fetur dizal, ban da sauran man fetur. Sauran kididdigar samar da mai ana iya kiranta "cikakken samar da ruwa" ko "mai da sauran ruwa" a cikin kididdigdigar EIA.[14] Wannan ya haɗa da samar da mai ban da sauran ruwan hydrocarbon, kamar ruwan gas (NGLs). [15] Wadannan lambobi biyu na samarwa sun bambanta kuma bai kamata a dauke su abu ɗaya ba. Yin amfani da samar da "total liquids" don komawa ga samar da "mai" yana yaudara. Ƙarin ruwan da aka haɗa a cikin samar da "total liquids" ba ya tsaftacewa cikin samfuran iri ɗaya. Zai iya zama yaudara kamar yadda za'a iya amfani dashi don ƙara ainihin adadin mai da ake samarwa a duniya.

Total da Non-Tight Oil US Production (har zuwa Disamba 2021). Bayanai daga shafin yanar gizon Hukumar Kula da Makamashi ta Amurka

Fitarwa

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A duk duniya, samar da mai yana da hankali sosai. Ba kawai a cikin ƙasa ba dangane da ƙasar, amma dangane da filayen mai da kansu. Ya zuwa shekara ta 2014, an gane cewa filayen mai 25 suna da kashi 25% na samar da mai a duniya, kuma 'yan ɗaruruwan filayen mai 'babban' (mafi girman ganga miliyan 500) suna da kashi 50% na samar da man duniya.[16][17] A duniya, an kiyasta adadin filayen mai tsakanin 50,000-70,000.[16] Bugu da ƙari, yanzu an gane cewa binciken mai a duniya bai kai na samar da mai a duniya ba tun daga kimanin 1980.[18][19]

Manazarta

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  1. ↑ "Peak oil theory". Encyclopedia Britannica (in Turanci). Retrieved 4 August 2021.
  2. ↑ "Executive summary – Oil 2023 – Analysis". IEA (in Turanci). Retrieved 2024-01-17.
  3. ↑ "Transport biofuels – Renewables 2023 – Analysis". IEA (in Turanci). Retrieved 2024-01-16. Biofuels and renewable electricity are set to reduce transport sector oil demand by near 4 mboe/d by 2028, more than 7% of forecast transport oil demand, and when electricity from non-renewable sources such as nuclear, natural gas and coal is taken into account, this value rises to nearly 9%.
  4. 1 2 "Petroleum - Status of the world oil supply". Encyclopedia Britannica (in Turanci). Retrieved 4 August 2021.
  5. ↑ Clemente, Jude. "U.S. Oil Reserves, Resources, and Unlimited Future Supply". Forbes (in Turanci). Retrieved 4 August 2021.
  6. 1 2 "Wells, Wires, and Wheels - EROCI and the Tough Road Ahead for Oil". Investors' Corner (in Turanci). 2 August 2019. Archived from the original on 26 April 2020. Retrieved 25 September 2019.
  7. ↑ "Standard Chartered Says Peak Oil Demand Is Not Imminent". OilPrice.com (in Turanci). Retrieved 2024-07-18.
  8. ↑ "Global oil demand may have passed peak, says BP energy report". The Guardian (in Turanci). 13 September 2020. Retrieved 16 September 2020.
  9. ↑ "Now near 100 million bpd, when will oil demand peak?". Sustainability (in Turanci). 2 October 2018. Archived from the original on 25 September 2019. Retrieved 25 September 2019.
  10. ↑ "Crude grades". www.mckinseyenergyinsights.com (in Turanci). Archived from the original on 2024-01-17. Retrieved 2024-01-18.
  11. ↑ "conventional oil definition from Canadian Association of Oil Producers". Crude Oil. 2014. Archived from the original on 23 March 2015. Retrieved 4 December 2014.
  12. ↑ "The Schlumberger Oilfield Glossary". Schlumberger. Archived from the original on 15 May 2017. Retrieved 16 August 2015.
  13. ↑ "Heavy Crude Oil". An introduction to Petroleum. 2015. Archived from the original on 1 April 2023. Retrieved 4 November 2015.
  14. ↑ "International - U.S. Energy Information Administration (EIA)". www.eia.gov. Retrieved 2024-01-18.
  15. ↑ "Glossary - U.S. Energy Information Administration (EIA)". www.eia.gov. Retrieved 2024-01-18.
  16. 1 2 Höök, Mikael; Davidsson, Simon; Johansson, Sheshti; Tang, Xu (2014-01-13). "Decline and depletion rates of oil production: a comprehensive investigation". Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences (in Turanci). 372 (2006): 20120448. doi:10.1098/rsta.2012.0448. ISSN 1364-503X. PMID 24298082.
  17. ↑ Michaux, Simon (2020). "GTK Oil from a Critical Raw Material Perspective FINAL CC signatures" (in Turanci). doi:10.13140/RG.2.2.16253.31203. Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  18. ↑ "Current World Oil Situation". planetforlife.com. Retrieved 2024-01-18.
  19. ↑ "Oil and gas discoveries are at the lowest level since 1946". Quartz (in Turanci). 2021-12-28. Retrieved 2024-01-18.
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