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Mafita na tushen yanayi

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Infotaula d'esdevenimentMafita na tushen yanayi

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Matsalolin tushen yanayi (ko tsarin tushen yanayi, kuma an taƙaita su azaman NBS ko NbS) sun bayyana haɓakawa da amfani da yanayi (Rayukan halittu) da hanyoyin halitta don magance matsalolin zamantakewa da muhalli iri-iri.[1] Wadannan batutuwa sun hada da rage sauyin yanayi da daidaitawa, al'amurran da suka shafi tsaron bil'adama kamar tsaro na ruwa da abinci, da rage hadarin bala'i. Manufar ita ce, halittu masu juriya (ko na halitta, sarrafawa, ko sabon halitta) suna ba da mafita don amfanin al'ummomi da bambancin halittu.[2] Taron Majalisar Dinkin Duniya na Ayyukan Aiki na 2019 ya ba da haske game da hanyoyin da suka dogara da yanayi a matsayin ingantacciyar hanya don yaƙar sauyin yanayi.[3] Misali, tsarin tushen yanayi don daidaita canjin yanayi na iya haɗawa da sarrafa ambaliyar ruwa, maido da kariyar bakin teku, da samar da sanyaya cikin gida: 310

Manufar NBS tana da alaƙa da ra'ayin injiniyan muhalli da daidaitawar tushen muhalli: 284  NBS kuma suna da alaƙa, a ra'ayi ga aikin maido da muhalli. Tsarin gudanarwa mai dorewa shine muhimmin al'amari na ci gaban NBS da aiwatarwa.

Ƙoƙarin maido da Mangrove tare da bakin teku yana ba da misalin mafita mai tushen yanayi wanda zai iya cimma maƙasudai da yawa. Mangroves suna daidaita tasirin raƙuman ruwa da iska akan ƙauyuka ko biranen bakin teku, kuma suna sarrafa carbon. Suna kuma samar da wuraren gandun daji don rayuwar ruwa wanda ke da mahimmanci don dorewar kamun kifi. Bugu da kari, dazuzzukan mangrove na iya taimakawa wajen shawo kan zaizayar gabar teku sakamakon hawan matakin teku.

Koren rufin, rufin shuɗi da bangon kore (a matsayin ɓangare na kayan aikin kore) suma mafita ce ta yanayi waɗanda za a iya aiwatar da su a cikin birane. Za su iya rage tasirin tsibiran zafi na birane, kama ruwan guguwa, da kawar da gurɓataccen gurɓataccen iska, da kuma zama kamar nitsewar carbon. A lokaci guda, za su iya haɓaka bambancin halittu na gida.

Tsarin NBS da mafita suna haɓaka wani ɓangare na manufofin ƙasa da ƙasa kan sauyin yanayi. An haɗa su a cikin manufofin sauyin yanayi, zuba jarin kayayyakin more rayuwa, da hanyoyin kuɗin yanayi. Hukumar Tarayyar Turai ta kara mai da hankali kan NBS tun daga 2013.[4] Wannan yana nunawa a yawancin nazarin shari'ar NBS na duniya wanda Debele et al (2023) ya yi nazari a cikin Turai. Duk da yake akwai fa'ida da yawa don haɓaka tsarin tushen yanayi da mafita a duniya, galibi suna fuskantar ƙalubale masu yawa yayin tsarawa da aiwatarwa.

IPCC ta yi nuni da cewa kalmar ita ce "batun muhawara mai gudana, tare da damuwa cewa zai iya haifar da rashin fahimtar cewa NbS da kansa zai iya samar da mafita na duniya game da sauyin yanayi":  24   Don ƙarin fayyace wannan batu, IPCC ta kuma bayyana cewa "tsarin tushen yanayi ba za a iya ɗaukar su azaman madadin, ko dalili na jinkirtawa, raguwa mai zurfi a cikin GH 6"[5]

Ma’anar

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Mangroves suna kare gabar teku daga lalacewa (Cape Coral, Florida, Amurka)

Kungiyar Kasa da Kasa ta Kare Muhalli (IUCN) ta bayyana NBS a matsayin "ayyuka na karewa, gudanar da su cikin dorewa, da kuma dawo da yanayi ko tsarin da aka gyara, wanda ke magance kalubalen al’umma yadda ya kamata da kuma daidaituwa, tare da samar da jin dadin ɗan adam da fa’idar bambancin halittu".[6] Kalubalen al’umma da suka shafi wannan sun haɗa da sauyin yanayi, tsaron abinci, rage haɗarin bala’i, da tsaron ruwa.

A takaice: "Maganin da ya danganci yanayi su ne tsare-tsare da ke amfani da ayyukan halittu masu lafiya don kare muhalli amma kuma suna samar da fa’idodi na tattalin arziki da zamantakewa da yawa."[7]:1403 Ana amfani da su duka wajen rage sauyin yanayi da kuma daidaitawa.[8]:469

Ma’anar Hukumar Tarayyar Turai ta NBS ta bayyana cewa wadannan hanyoyin "suna samun wahayi da goyon baya daga yanayi, suna da saukin kashe kudi, suna samar da fa’idodi na muhalli, zamantakewa da tattalin arziki a lokaci guda kuma suna taimakawa wajen gina juriya. Wadannan hanyoyin suna kawo karin yanayi da siffofi da tsare-tsaren halitta cikin birane, wuraren noma da teku, ta hanyar tsare-tsare da aka daidaita da yankin, masu amfani da albarkatu yadda ya kamata da kuma tsarin da ya dace".[9] A shekarar 2020, an sabunta ma’anar EC don kara jaddada cewa "Maganin da ya danganci yanayi dole ne ya amfanar da bambancin halittu kuma ya tallafa wajen samar da ayyukan tsarin halittu daban-daban".[10]

Rahoton Binciken Sauyin Yanayi na IPCC ya nuna cewa kalmar nature-based solutions "ana amfani da ita sosai amma ba a ko’ina ba a cikin rubuce-rubucen kimiyya".[11]:24 A shekarar 2017, kalmar NBS har yanzu ana daukarta a matsayin "wanda ba a fayyace ba kuma mai rikitarwa".[12]

Kalmar ecosystem-based adaptation (EbA) wani bangare ne na maganin da ya danganci yanayi kuma "yana nufin kiyaye da kara juriya da rage raunin tsarin halittu da mutane a fuskantar mummunan tasirin sauyin yanayi".

Tarihin kalmar

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Kalmar nature-based solutions an gabatar da ita daga masu aiki a ƙarshen shekarun 2000. A lokacin, kungiyoyin kasa da kasa kamar Kungiyar Kasa da Kasa ta Kare Muhalli (IUCN) da Bankin Duniya sun yi amfani da ita a cikin mahallin neman sabbin hanyoyin rage da daidaita tasirin sauyin yanayi ta hanyar aiki tare da tsarin halittu na yanayi maimakon dogaro da tsare-tsaren injiniya kawai.[13][14][6]:3

Yawancin al’ummomin asali sun gane muhimmancin yanayi wajen samar da jin dadin ɗan adam a matsayin wani bangare na tsarin ilimin gargajiyarsu, amma wannan ra’ayi bai shiga cikin rubuce-rubucen kimiyya na zamani ba sai a shekarun 1970 tare da ra’ayin ayyukan tsarin halittu.[6]:2

IUCN ta ambaci NBS a cikin takardar matsayi ga Yarjejeniyar Majalisar Dinkin Duniya kan Sauyin Yanayi.[15] An kuma karɓi kalmar daga masu tsara manufofin Turai, musamman Hukumar Tarayyar Turai, a cikin rahoto[16] wanda ya jaddada cewa NBS na iya bayar da sabbin hanyoyin ƙirƙira don samar da ayyukan yi da ci gaba a matsayin wani bangare na tattalin arzikin kore. Kalmar ta fara bayyana a cikin manyan kafafen yada labarai a lokacin taron Global Climate Action Summit a California a watan Satumba 2018.[17]

Manufofi da Tsarawa

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Kare muhalli na bakin teku a Morro Strand State Beach, San Luis Obispo County, California

Mafita na tushen yanayi suna jaddada amfani da yanayi cikin dorewa wajen warware haɗin kalubalen muhalli, zamantakewa da tattalin arziki.[13] NBS sun wuce ka’idojin gargajiya na kare bambancin halittu da gudanarwa ta hanyar mayar da hankali kan ɗan adam da kuma haɗa abubuwan al’umma kamar jin dadin ɗan adam, rage talauci, ci gaban zamantakewa da tattalin arziki, da ka’idojin shugabanci.

Babban manufa ta NBS ita ce gudanar da yanayi cikin dorewa da amfani da shi wajen magance kalubalen al’umma.[18] Duk da haka, masu ruwa da tsaki daban-daban suna kallon NBS ta hanyoyi daban-daban.[19] Misali, IUCN ta sanya bukatar gudanar da tsarin halittu da aka gyara da kyau a zuciyar NBS, tare da babban buri na "Tallafawa cimma manufofin ci gaban al’umma da kare jin dadin ɗan adam ta hanyoyin da suka dace da al’adu da dabi’un al’umma da kuma ƙarfafa juriya na tsarin halittu, ikon su na sabuntawa da samar da ayyuka".[20]

Hukumar Tarayyar Turai ta jaddada cewa NBS na iya sauya kalubalen muhalli da na al’umma zuwa damar ƙirƙira, ta hanyar mai da albarkatun halitta zuwa tushen ci gaban kore da dorewa.[16] A cikin wannan hangen nesa, mafita na tushen yanayi ga kalubalen al’umma "suna kawo karin yanayi da siffofi da tsare-tsaren halitta cikin birane, wuraren noma da teku, ta hanyar tsare-tsare da aka daidaita da yankin, masu amfani da albarkatu yadda ya kamata da kuma tsarin da ya dace".[21] A sakamakon haka, NBS an ba da shawara a matsayin hanyar aiwatar da manufar "nature-positive" don dakatar da asarar yanayi da dawo da shi kafin shekarar 2030, tare da cikakken farfadowar yanayi kafin 2050.[22]

Rukuni

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IUCN ta ba da shawarar a ɗauki NBS a matsayin ra’ayi mai faɗi.[6] Rukuni da misalan hanyoyin NBS bisa ga IUCN sun haɗa da:[6]

Rukunin hanyoyin NBS Misalai
Hanyoyin dawo da tsarin halittu Dawo da tsarin halittu, injiniyan yanayi, dawo da dajin shimfidar wuri
Hanyoyin da suka shafi matsaloli na musamman da tsarin halittu Daidaitawar tsarin halittu, rage tasirin sauyin yanayi ta tsarin halittu, ayyukan daidaitawar yanayi, rage haɗarin bala’i ta tsarin halittu
Hanyoyin da suka shafi gine-gine Tsarin halittu na yanayi, tsarin kore
Hanyoyin gudanar da tsarin halittu Gudanar da yankin bakin teku da aka haɗa, gudanar da albarkatun ruwa da aka haɗa
Hanyoyin kare tsarin halittu Hanyoyin kare yankuna ciki har da gudanar da yankunan da aka kiyaye

Nau’ukan

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Gabatarwar tsarin nau’ukan NBS.[19]

Masana sun gabatar da tsarin nau’ukan NBS bisa ginshikai biyu:[19]

  1. "Yawan aikin injiniya da aka yi wa bambancin halittu da tsarin halittu a cikin NBS", da
  2. "Yawan ayyukan tsarin halittu da kungiyoyin masu ruwa da tsaki da aka nufa da NBS".

Tsarin ya nuna cewa NBS na iya haɗa da ayyuka daban-daban a kan tsarin halittu (daga kariya, zuwa gudanarwa, ko ma ƙirƙirar sabbin tsarin halittu) kuma yana dogara da ra’ayin cewa idan aka nufa ayyuka da kungiyoyi da yawa, ikon samar da kowanne aiki zai ragu kuma ba zai iya cika bukatun kowane rukuni gaba ɗaya ba.

Saboda haka, an bambanta nau’ukan NBS guda uku (mafita haɗe-haɗe suna iya kasancewa a wannan ginshiki a sarari da lokaci. Misali, a matakin shimfidar wuri, haɗa yankunan da aka kiyaye da kuma yankunan da ake gudanarwa na iya zama dole don cika manufofin aiki da dorewa):

Nau’i na 1 – Ƙaramin tsoma baki a cikin tsarin halittu

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Nau’i na 1 yana ƙunshe da babu ko ƙaramin tsoma baki a cikin tsarin halittu, da nufin kiyaye ko inganta samar da ayyukan tsarin halittu a cikin da wajen waɗannan yankunan da aka kiyaye. Misalai sun haɗa da kare mangrove a wuraren bakin teku don rage haɗarin da ya shafi yanayi mai tsanani; da kafa yankunan da aka kiyaye na teku don kare bambancin halittu a cikin waɗannan wurare tare da fitar da kifi da sauran biomass zuwa wuraren kamun kifi. Wannan nau’i na NBS yana da alaƙa da ra’ayin ajiyar biosphere.

Nau’i na 2 – Wasu tsoma baki a cikin tsarin halittu da shimfidar wuri

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Nau’i na 2 yana da alaƙa da hanyoyin gudanarwa da ke haɓaka tsarin halittu da shimfidar wuri masu dorewa da ayyuka da yawa (ko dai ana gudanar da su sosai ko kuma a hankali). Wadannan nau’ukan suna inganta samar da wasu ayyukan tsarin halittu fiye da abin da za a samu ta hanyar tsoma baki na gargajiya. Misalai sun haɗa da tsare-tsaren noma na zamani don ƙara ayyuka da yawa; amfani da agrobiodiversity don ƙara bambancin halittu, haɗin kai, da juriya a shimfidar wuri; da hanyoyin haɓaka nau’ikan itatuwa da bambancin kwayoyin halitta don ƙara juriya na daji ga abubuwan tsanani. Wannan nau’i na NBS yana da alaƙa da ra’ayin agroforestry.

Nau’i na 3 – Gudanar da tsarin halittu ta hanyoyi masu faɗi

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Nau’i na 3 yana ƙunshe da gudanar da tsarin halittu ta hanyoyi masu faɗi sosai ko ma ƙirƙirar sabbin tsarin halittu (misali, tsarin halittu na wucin gadi tare da sabbin tsirrai da dabbobi don rufin kore da bangon kore don rage dumamar birane da tsabtace iska mai gurbatawa). Nau’i na 3 yana da alaƙa da ra’ayoyi kamar tsarin kore da shuɗi da kuma manufofi kamar dawo da wuraren da suka lalace sosai ko gurɓatattu da kuma yin birane masu kore. Wuraren da aka gina da tabkuna (constructed wetlands) misali ne na Nau’i na 3 NBS.

Aikace-aikace

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Rage kaidin sauyin yanayi da daidaitawa da shi

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Babban Taron Majalisar Dinkin Duniya kan Ayyukan Sauyin Yanayi na 2019 ya bayyana hanyoyin da suka dogara da dabi'a (NBS) a matsayin ingantacciyar hanya ta yaki da sauyin yanayi.[23] Misali, NBS a fannin ayyukan sauyin yanayi na iya hadawa da sarrafa ambaliyar ruwa ta hanyar dabi'a, maido da kariyar dabi'a ta gabar teku, samar da sanyaya na cikin gida, da maido da tsarin gobarar dabi'a.[24]:310

Yurjejeniyar Paris ta yi kira ga dukkan bangarori da su amince da muhimmancin tsarin halittu na dabi'a wajen samar da ayyuka kamar su tace tare da adana iskar carbon (carbon sinks).[25] Sashi na 5.2 yana karfafa gwiwar bangarori da su amshi kiyayewa da sarrafa dabi'a a matsayin makami na kara yawan iskar carbon da aka adana, kuma Sashi na 7.1 yana karfafa bangarori da su gina juriya ga tsarin zamantakewa da tattalin arziki da kuma tsarin halittu ta hanyar rarraba hanyoyin tattalin arziki da sarrafa albarkatun dabi'a cikin dorewa.[26] Yarjejeniyar ta yi ishara da dabi'a (tsarin halittu, albarkatun dabi'a, gandun daji) a wurare guda 13 mabanbanta. Wani bincike mai zurfi [27] na dukkan Gudunmawar da aka Kaddara na Kasa (NDCs)[28] da aka mika wa UNFCCC, ya bayyana cewa kusan NDCs 130 ko kashi 65% na wadanda suka sanya hannu sun bada himma ga hanyoyin da suka dogara da dabi'a a cikin alkawuransu na sauyin yanayi. Wannan yana nuna amincewa ta baki daya kan rawar da dabi'a ke takawa wajen cimma burukan sauyin yanayi. Sai dai kuma, kudurori na matakin koli da kyar suke fassara zuwa ingantattun ayyuka na zahiri da za a iya aunawa a kasa.[29]

An samar da wata taswirar shaida ta tsarin duniya baki daya don tantancewa da kuma nuna tasirin NBS wajen daidaitawa da sauyin yanayi.[30] Bayan an tantance nazarin shari'o'i (case studies) guda 386 ta amfani da shirye-shiryen kwamfuta, binciken ya gano cewa NBS na da tasiri daidai da dabarun sarrafa ambaliyar ruwa na gargajiya ko na zamani, idan ma ba su fi su ba.[30] Kashi 66% na shari'o'in da aka tantance sun bayar da sakamako mai kyau ga tsarin halittu (ecological outcomes), kashi 24% ba su ga wani canji ba a yanayin halittu, yayin da kasa da kashi 1% suka ba da rahoton mummunan tasiri. Bugu da kari, a kowane lokaci NBS na da kyakkyawan tasiri ga al'umma da kuma rage kaidin sauyin yanayi.[30] A taron Taron Majalisar Dinkin Duniya kan Ayyukan Sauyin Yanayi na 2019, hanyoyin da suka dogara da dabi'a sun kasance daya daga cikin manyan jigogin da aka tattauna, kuma an dube su a matsayin ingantacciyar hanya ta yaki da sauyin yanayi. An kuma kafa wata "Hadin gwiwa don Hanyoyin da suka Dogara da Dabi'a" (Nature-Based Solution Coalition), wacce ta hada da kasashe da dama, karkashin jagorancin Sin da New Zealand.[23]

Yankunan birane

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Misali na hanyoyin da suka dogara da dabi'a a yankin birni: Rufin ganye na dabi'a na Majalisar Birnin Chicago. Daya daga cikin amfaninsa shi ne rage tasirin tsibirin zafi na birni,

Tun kusan shekarar 2017, bincike da dama sun ba da shawarwarin hanyoyin tsara da kuma aiwatar da hanyoyin da suka dogara da dabi'a a yankunan birane.[31][32][33]

Yana da matukar muhimmanci a ci gaba da amfani da gine-ginen zamani na kankare (grey infrastructures) tare da gine-ginen dabi'a (green infrastructure).[34] Bincike da dama sun tabbatar da cewa ko da yake NBS na da matukar tasiri kuma tana inganta juriya ga ambaliyar ruwa, ba za ta iya yin aiki ita kadai ba; dole ne ta kasance cikin hadin gwiwa da gine-ginen kankare.[34][35] Amfani da gine-ginen dabi'a kadai ko gine-ginen kankare kadai ba shi da tasiri kamar lokacin da aka hada su biyun wuri guda.[34] Lokacin da aka yi amfani da NBS tare da gine-ginen kankare, amfanin yakan wuce batun sarrafa ambaliyar ruwa kadai, har ya hada da inganta yanayin zamantakewa, kara tsotse iskar carbon, da kuma shirya birane don tsara juriya na gaba.[36]

A shekarun 1970, wata shahararriyar hanya a Amurka ita ce ta Mafi Kyawun Tsarin Sarrafawa (BMP) don amfani da dabi'a a matsayin samfuri na gine-gine da ci gaba, yayin da a Burtaniya kuma suke da tsarin sarrafa ambaliyar ruwa da ake kira "tsarin magudanar ruwa mai dorewa".[37] Wani tsarin daban mai suna "Tsarin Birni Mai Kula da Ruwa" (WSUD) ya fito ne daga Ostiraliya a shekarun 1990, yayin da Ci Gaba Mai Karamin Tasiri (LID) ya fito daga Amurka.[37] Daga baya, New Zealand ta sake fasalin LID don samar da "Tsarin Birni da Ci Gaba Mai Karamin Tasiri" (LIUDD) tare da mayar da hankali kan amfani da masu ruwa da tsaki mabanbanta a matsayin harsashi. Sannan a shekarun 2000, kasashen yammacin duniya sun amshi tsarin "Gine-ginen Dabi'a" don sarrafa ruwan hadari da kuma habaka yanayin zamantakewa, tattalin arziki, da muhalli don dorewa.[37]

A cikin wani shiri na Gwamnatin Kasar Sin, wato Shirin Biranen Soso (Sponge Cities Program), masu tsara gine-gine na amfani da gine-ginen dabi'a da na kankare a biranen Sin guda 30 a matsayin hanyar sarrafa ambaliyar ruwan sama da kuma kasadar sauyin yanayi bayan saurin bunkasar birane.[37]

Bangarorin sarrafa ruwa

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Misali na Nau'i na 3 na hanyoyin da suka dogara da dabi'a: Fadamar da aka gina da kanta don tace kazamin ruwa a wani rukunin gidan muhalli a Flintenbreite, Jamus

Game da lamuran da suka shafi ruwa, NBS na iya cimma wadannan abubuwa:[38]

Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta kuma yi kokarin inganta sauyin tunani zuwa ga NBS: jigon Ranar Ruwa ta Duniya na shekarar 2018 ya kasance "Dabi'a don Ruwa", yayin da rahoton UN-Water da ke tafiya tare da shi wato Rahoton Ci Gaban Ruwa na Duniya na MDD ke dauke da lakabin "Hanyoyin da suka Dogara da Dabi'a don Ruwa".[39]

Misali, Cibiyar Muhalli ta Lancaster ta gina madatsun ruwa a matakai mabanbanta a kan filayen ambaliya tare da amfani da manhajar kwamfuta ta kwaikwayon yanayi (modelling software) wadda ke ba masu kallo damar lissafin gwargwadon yadda filin ambaliyar ya fadada lokacin da guguwa biyu suka afku. Manufar ita ce karkatar da kwararar ambaliyar ruwa mai yawa zuwa yankunan da za su iya fadada na ajiya a cikin muhallin.[36]

Maido da gandun daji don amfani mabanbanta

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Maido da gandun daji na iya amfanar rukunin halittu mabanbanta (biodiversity) da kuma hanyoyin rayuwar bil'adama (misali, samar da abinci, katako, da kayayyakin magani). Bishiyoyi na asali mabanbanta sun fi samun damar jurewa sauyin yanayi fiye da bishiyoyin da aka dasa na kasuwanci (plantation forests). Fadada aikin gona shi ne babban ummul-haba'atin da ke janyo saran bishiyoyi a duniya baki daya.[40] An kiyasta asarar gandun daji da kusan hekta miliyan 4.7 kowace shekara a tsakanin 2010-2020. A daidai wannan lokacin, Asiya ce ta sami mafi girman karuwar yankin gandun daji, sai yankin Oceania da kuma Turai.[41] Maido da gandun daji, a matsayin bangare na dabarun ci gaban kasa, na iya taimaka wa kasashe su cimma muradun ci gaba mai dorewa.[42] Misali, a kasar Ruwanda, Hukumar Albarkatun Dabi'a ta Ruwanda, Cibiyar Albarkatun Duniya da IUCN sun kaddamar da wani shiri a shekarar 2015 don maido da gandun daji a matsayin fifikon kasa. Hanyoyin NBS da aka yi amfani da su sun hada da maido da tsarin halittu da kuma rage kaidin sauyin yanayi ta hanyar tsarin halittu, kuma shirin an yi shi ne don magance matsalolin al'umma kamar haka: samar da abinci, samar da ruwa, da kuma rage kasadar bala'o'i.[6]:50 Babban Ganuwar Kore, wani yakin neman zabe ne na hadin gwiwa tsakanin kasashen Afirka don yaki da kwararar hamada da aka kaddamar a shekarar 2007.

Aiwatarwa

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Misalin birni da ke amfani da hanyoyin da suka ginu da dabi'a: Tallinn, babban birnin Estonia, an ayyana shi a matsayin Babban Birnin Kore na Turai 2023 don nuna amincewa da kokarinsa na inganta sufuri mai dorewa, tattalin arzikin kore da kuma kiyaye muhalli.

Jagora don ingantaccen aiwatarwa

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Sassaken bincike da rahotanni da dama sun ba da shawarar ka'idoji da tsare-tsare don jagorantar ingantaccen aiwatarwa mai dacewa.[31][33][6]:5 Misali, babban ka'ida guda daya ita ce, hanyoyin da suka ginu da dabi'a (NBS) suna neman runguma ne, maimakon sauyawa, ka'idojin kiyaye dabi'a.[43][44] Ana iya aiwatar da NBS su kadai ko kuma a hade su tare da sauran hanyoyin magance kalubalen al'umma (misali hanyoyin fasaha da aikin injiniya) kuma ana amfani da su a sikelin shimfidar kasa.

Masu bincike sun nuna cewa "maimakon daukar NBS a matsayin madadin hanyoyin injiniya, kamata ya yi mu mayar da hankali kan lalubo hadin gwiwa tsakanin hanyoyin daban-daban".[45]

Manufar NBS tana samun karbuwa a wajen kungiyoyin kiyaye dabi'a (misali tsara birane) kuma yanzu tana kan hanyarta ta zama babban bangare a cikin manufofi da shirye-shirye (manufofin canjin yanayi, doka, jarin ababen more rayuwa, da hanyoyin samar da kudade),[10][13][46] kodayake NBS har yanzu tana fuskantar cikas da kalubale da dama wajen aiwatarwa.[47][30]

Binciken shari'o'i da dama ya nuna cewa NBS na iya kasancewa mafi dacewa ta fuskar tattalin arziki fiye da ababen more rayuwa na fasaha na gargajiya.[36][48]

Aiwatar da NBS yana bukatar matakai kamar daidaita tsare-tsaren tallafin tattalin arziki, da samar da damammaki na kudaden kiyaye muhalli, da sauransu.[44]

Amfani da tsarin bayanan labarin kasa (GIS)

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Haka kuma, canjin yanayin dabi'a da na al'adu na takamaiman wuri ne ke nuna ingancin NBS, wanda ya hada da ilimin gargajiya, na gida da kuma na kimiyya. Ana iya amfani da tsarin bayanan labarin kasa (GIS) a matsayin kayan aikin bincike don tantance wuraren da za su iya yin nasara a matsayin NBS.[49] GIS na iya aiki ta hanyar da ake la'akari da yanayin wuri da suka hada da gangaren kasa, hanyoyin ruwa, amfani da kasa da kuma nau'ikan kasa yayin gudanar da bincike don dacewa.[49] Sau da yawa ana amfani da taswirorin da aka samar tare da taswirorin ambaliyar ruwa na tarihi don tantance yuwuwar karfin adana ruwan ambaliya a takamaiman wurare ta amfani da kayan aikin gina samfurin 3D.[49]

Ayyukan da Tarayyar Turai ke tallafawa

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Tun daga shekara ta 2016, kungiyar EU ta tallafa wa dandalin tattaunawa na masu ruwa da tsaki da dama (ThinkNature[50]) don inganta dabarun hadin gwiwa, gwaji, da tura ingantattun hanyoyin NBS masu inganci da sabbin dabarun a fannoni daban-daban a hade.[9] Kirkirar irin wadannan dandaloli na hadin gwiwa tsakanin kimiyya, manufofi, kasuwanci da al'umma zai iya inganta karbuwar NBS a kasuwa.[51] Wannan aikin yana cikin shirin bincike da kirkire-kirkire na Horizon 2020 na kungiyar EU, kuma ya kwashe shekaru 3 yana gudana.

A cikin shekara ta 2017, a zaman wani bangare na Shugabancin Jamhuriyar Estonia na Majalisar Tarayyar Turai, Ma'aikatar Muhalli ta Estonia da Jami'ar Tallinn sun shirya wani taron bita mai taken "Nature-based Solutions: From Innovation to Common-use".[52] Wannan taron ya mayar da hankali ne don karfafa hadin gwiwa tsakanin kwanannan matakai da shirye-shirye daban-daban da suka shafi NBS, tare da mai da hankali kan manufofi da gudanarwar NBS, bincike, da kuma kirkire-kirkire.

Matsaloli

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Kungiyar Indigenous Environmental Network ta bayyana cewa "Mafita na tushen yanayi (NBS) kayan aikin greenwashing ne wanda bai magance tushen sauyin yanayi ba." kuma "Gado na ikon mulkin mallaka yana ci gaba ta hanyar mafita na tushen yanayi".[53] Misali, ayyukan NBS na iya haɗa da sauya ƙasar da ba daji ba zuwa gonakin daji (don rage sauyin yanayi) amma wannan yana ɗauke da haɗarin rashin adalci na sauyin yanayi ta hanyar kwace ƙasa daga manoma ƙanana da makiyaya.[54]:163

Sai dai, IPCC ta nuna cewa kalmar "batun muhawara ne mai ci gaba, tare da damuwa cewa zai iya haifar da fahimtar kuskure cewa NBS shi kaɗai zai iya samar da mafita ta duniya ga sauyin yanayi".[11]:24 Don fayyace wannan batu, IPCC ta kuma bayyana cewa "tsarin da ya danganci yanayi ba za a iya ɗauka a matsayin madadin ko kuma dalilin jinkirta yanke gagarumin rage hayaki na GHG ba".[24]:203

Yawancin nazarin misalai na NBS suna fitowa daga ƙasashen Global North, wanda ya haifar da rashin bayanai ga ƙasashe masu matsakaici da ƙaramin kuɗi.[30] Saboda haka, yawancin tsarin halittu da yanayi sun fita daga nazarin da ake da su da kuma nazarin kuɗi a waɗannan wurare. Ana buƙatar ƙarin bincike a cikin Global South don tantance ingancin NBS a kan yanayi, zamantakewa da ka’idojin muhalli.

Ra’ayoyi masu alaƙa

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

NBS yana da alaƙa sosai da ra’ayoyi kamar hanyoyin tsarin halittu da injiniyan yanayi.[19] Wannan ya haɗa da ra’ayoyi kamar daidaitawar tsarin halittu[24]:284 da tsarin kore.[55]

Misali, hanyoyin da suka danganci tsarin halittu suna ƙara samun goyon baya don daidaitawa da sauyin yanayi da rage tasirinsa daga kungiyoyi kamar United Nations Environment Programme da kungiyoyin da ba na gwamnati ba kamar The Nature Conservancy. Wadannan kungiyoyi suna nuni da "manufofi da matakai da ke la’akari da rawar ayyukan tsarin halittu wajen rage raunin al’umma ga sauyin yanayi, ta hanyar tsari mai fannonin da yawa da matakai daban-daban".[56]

Manazarta

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
  1. ↑ Girardin, Cécile A. J.; Jenkins, Stuart; Seddon, Nathalie; Allen, Myles; Lewis, Simon L.; Wheeler, Charlotte E.; Griscom, Bronson W.; Malhi, Yadvinder (2021). "Nature-based solutions can help cool the planet — if we act now". Nature. 593 (7858): 191–194. Bibcode:2021Natur.593..191G. doi:10.1038/d41586-021-01241-2. PMID 33981055.
  2. ↑ Eggermont, Hilde; Balian, Estelle; Azevedo, José Manuel N.; Beumer, Victor; Brodin, Tomas; Claudet, Joachim; Fady, Bruno; Grube, Martin; Keune, Hans (2015). "Nature-based Solutions: New Influence for Environmental Management and Research in Europe" (PDF). Gaia - Ecological Perspectives for Science and Society. 24 (4): 243–248. doi:10.14512/gaia.24.4.9. S2CID 53518417. Archived (PDF) from the original on 7 May 2020. Retrieved 24 May 2020
  3. ↑ Eggermont, Hilde; Balian, Estelle; Azevedo, José Manuel N.; Beumer, Victor; Brodin, Tomas; Claudet, Joachim; Fady, Bruno; Grube, Martin; Keune, Hans (2015). "Nature-based Solutions: New Influence for Environmental Management and Research in Europe" (PDF). Gaia - Ecological Perspectives for Science and Society. 24 (4): 243–248. doi:10.14512/gaia.24.4.9. hdl:10400.3/4170. S2CID 53518417. Archived (PDF) from the original on 7 May 2020. Retrieved 24 May 2020.
  4. ↑ Faivre, Nicolas; Fritz, Marco; Freitas, Tiago; de Boissezon, Birgit; Vandewoestijne, Sofie (2017). "Nature-Based Solutions in the EU: Innovating with nature to address social, economic and environmental challenges". Environmental Research. 159: 509–518. Bibcode:2017ER....159..509F. doi:10.1016/j.envres.2017.08.032. ISSN 0013-9351. PMID 28886502. S2CID 42573101. Archived from the original on 23 November 2021. Retrieved 5 September 2021.
  5. ↑ Wamsler, C.; Wickenberg, B.; Hanson, H.; Alkan Olsson, J.; Stålhammar, S.; Björn, H.; Falck, H.; Gerell, D.; Oskarsson, T.; Simonsson, E.; Torffvit, F. (2020). "Environmental and climate policy integration: Targeted strategies for overcoming barriers to nature-based solutions and climate change adaptation". Journal of Cleaner Production. 247: 119154. Bibcode:2020JCPro.24719154W. doi:10.1016/j.jclepro.2019.119154. ISSN 0959-6526.
  6. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Cohen-Shacham, E., G. Walters, C. Janzen, S. Maginnis (eds). 2016. Nature-based solutions to address global societal challenges. Gland, Switzerland: IUCN. Xiii + 97 pp. Downloadable from https://portals.iucn.org/library/node/46191 Archived 1 ga Afirilu, 2021 at the Wayback Machine
  7. ↑ Dubash, N.K., C. Mitchell, E.L. Boasson, M.J. Borbor-Cordova, S. Fifita, E. Haites, M. Jaccard, F. Jotzo, S. Naidoo, P. Romero-Lankao, M. Shlapak, W. Shen, L. Wu, 2022: Chapter 13: National and sub-national policies and institutions. In IPCC, 2022: Climate Change 2022: Mitigation of Climate Change. Contribution of Working Group III to the Sixth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change [P.R. Shukla, J. Skea, R. Slade, A. Al Khourdajie, R. van Diemen, D. McCollum, M. Pathak, S. Some, P. Vyas, R. Fradera, M. Belkacemi, A. Hasija, G. Lisboa, S. Luz, J. Malley, (eds.)]. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK and New York, NY, USA. doi: 10.1017/9781009157926.015
  8. ↑ Lecocq, F., H. Winkler, J.P. Daka, S. Fu, J.S. Gerber, S. Kartha, V. Krey, H. Lofgren, T. Masui, R. Mathur, J. Portugal-Pereira, B. K. Sovacool, M. V. Vilariño, N. Zhou, 2022: Chapter 4: Mitigation and development pathways in the near- to mid-term. In IPCC, 2022: Climate Change 2022: Mitigation of Climate Change. Contribution of Working Group III to the Sixth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change [P.R. Shukla, J. Skea, R. Slade, A. Al Khourdajie, R. van Diemen, D. McCollum, M. Pathak, S. Some, P. Vyas, R. Fradera, M. Belkacemi, A. Hasija, G. Lisboa, S. Luz, J. Malley, (eds.)]. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK and New York, NY, USA. doi: 10.1017/9781009157926.006
  9. 1 2 "Nature-Based Solutions - European Commission". Archived from the original on 23 September 2019. Retrieved 10 December 2019.
  10. 1 2 Wild, Tom; Freitas, Tiago; Vandewoestijne, Sofie (2020). Nature-based Solutions - State of the Art in EU-funded Projects (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 11 January 2021. Retrieved 11 January 2021.
  11. 1 2 IPCC, 2022: Summary for Policymakers [H.-O. Pörtner, D.C. Roberts, E.S. Poloczanska, K. Mintenbeck, M. Tignor, A. Alegría, M. Craig, S. Langsdorf, S. Löschke, V. Möller, A. Okem (eds.)]. In: Climate Change 2022: Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability. Contribution of Working Group II to the Sixth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change [H.-O. Pörtner, D.C. Roberts, M. Tignor, E.S. Poloczanska, K. Mintenbeck, A. Alegría, M. Craig, S. Langsdorf, S. Löschke, V. Möller, A. Okem, B. Rama (eds.)]. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK and New York, NY, USA, pp. 3–33, doi:10.1017/9781009325844.001.
  12. ↑ "'Nature-based solutions' is the latest green jargon that means more than you might think". Nature (in Turanci). 541 (7636): 133–134. 2017. Bibcode:2017Natur.541R.133.. doi:10.1038/541133b. ISSN 0028-0836. PMID 28079099. S2CID 4455842.
  13. 1 2 3 Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named ":5".
  14. ↑ MacKinnon, K., C. Sobrevila, V. Hickey. 2008. Biodiversity, climate change and adaptation: nature-based solutions from the Word Bank portfolio. Washington D.C.: World Bank.
  15. ↑ IUCN (International Union for Conservation of Nature). 2009. No time to lose – make full use of nature-based solutions in the post-2012 climate change regime. Position paper on the Fifteenth session of the Conference of the Parties to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (COP 15). Gland: IUCN.
  16. 1 2 European Commission. 2015. Towards an EU Research and Innovation policy agenda for nature-based solutions & re-naturing cities. Final Report of the Horizon2020 Expert Group on Nature-Based Solutions and Re-Naturing Cities. Brussels: European Commission.
  17. ↑ "Global Climate Action Summit kicks off today in San Francisco with nature-based solutions high on the agenda". Global Climate Action Summit kicks off today in San Francisco with nature-based solutions high on the agenda. 12 September 2018. Archived from the original on 13 September 2018. Retrieved 13 September 2018.
  18. ↑ IUCN (International Union for Conservation of Nature). 2016. Resolution 077 World Conservation Congress 2016, Hawaiʻi (https://portals.iucn.org/congress/motion/077 Archived 2019-08-08 at the Wayback Machine) 17. European Commission. 2016. Horizon2020 Work Programme 2016–2017 – 12. Climate action, environment, resource efficiency & raw materials, 99 pp. (http://ec.europa.eu/research/participants/data/ref/h2020/wp/2016_2017/main/h2020-wp1617-climate_en.pdf Archived 13 Disamba 2016 at the Wayback Machine)
  19. 1 2 3 4 Eggermont, Hilde; Balian, Estelle; Azevedo, José Manuel N.; Beumer, Victor; Brodin, Tomas; Claudet, Joachim; Fady, Bruno; Grube, Martin; Keune, Hans (2015). "Nature-based Solutions: New Influence for Environmental Management and Research in Europe" (PDF). Gaia - Ecological Perspectives for Science and Society (in Turanci). 24 (4): 243–248. doi:10.14512/gaia.24.4.9. hdl:10400.3/4170. S2CID 53518417. Archived (PDF) from the original on 7 May 2020. Retrieved 24 May 2020.
  20. ↑ IUCN (International Union for Conservation of Nature). 2016. Resolution 077 World Conservation Congress 2016, Hawaiʻi (https://portals.iucn.org/congress/motion/077 Archived 8 ga Augusta, 2019 at the Wayback Machine)
  21. ↑ European Commission. 2016. Horizon2020 Work Programme 2016–2017 – 12. Climate action, environment, resource efficiency & raw materials, 99 pp. (http://ec.europa.eu/research/participants/data/ref/h2020/wp/2016_2017/main/h2020-wp1617-climate_en.pdf Archived 13 Disamba 2016 at the Wayback Machine)
  22. ↑ Milner-Gulland, E.J.; Addison, Prue; Arlidge, William N.S.; Baker, Julia; Booth, Hollie; Brooks, Thomas; Bull, Joseph W.; Burgass, Michael J.; Ekstrom, Jon; zu Ermgassen, Sophus O.S.E.; Fleming, L. Vincent; Grub, Henry M.J.; von Hase, Amrei; Hoffmann, Michael; Hutton, Jonathan (2021-01-22). "Four steps for the Earth: mainstreaming the post-2020 global biodiversity framework". One Earth. 4 (1): 75–87. Bibcode:2021OEart...4...75M. doi:10.1016/j.oneear.2020.12.011. ISSN 2590-3322.
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  24. 1 2 3 Parmesan, C., M.D. Morecroft, Y. Trisurat, R. Adrian, G.Z. Anshari, A. Arneth, Q. Gao, P. Gonzalez, R. Harris, J. Price, N. Stevens, and G.H. Talukdarr, 2022: Chapter 2: Terrestrial and Freshwater Ecosystems and Their Services. In: Climate Change 2022: Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability. Contribution of Working Group II to the Sixth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change [H.-O. Pörtner, D.C. Roberts, M. Tignor, E.S. Poloczanska, K. Mintenbeck, A. Alegría, M. Craig, S. Langsdorf, S. Löschke, V. Möller, A. Okem, B. Rama (eds.)]. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK and New York, NY, USA, pp. 197–377, doi:10.1017/9781009325844.004.
  25. ↑ Harris, Duchess (15 December 2018). The Paris climate agreement. ISBN 978-1-5321-5964-0. OCLC 1101137974.
  26. ↑ Paris Agreement (2015), Paris, France
  27. ↑ "Nature-Based Solutions Policy Platform". www.nbspolicyplatform.org (in Turanci). Archived from the original on 2020-05-24. Retrieved 13 September 2018.
  28. ↑ "Nationally Determined Contributions (NDCs) | UNFCCC". unfccc.int (in Turanci). Archived from the original on 13 September 2018. Retrieved 13 September 2018.
  29. ↑ "Ecosystem-based adaptation: a win–win formula for sustainability in a warming world?". July 2016. Archived from the original on 13 September 2018. Retrieved 13 September 2018.
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  31. 1 2 Raymond, Christopher M.; Frantzeskaki, Niki; Kabisch, Nadja; Berry, Pam; Breil, Margaretha; Nita, Mihai Razvan; Geneletti, Davide; Calfapietra, Carlo (2017). "A framework for assessing and implementing the co-benefits of nature-based solutions in urban areas". Environmental Science & Policy. 77: 15–24. Bibcode:2017ESPol..77...15R. doi:10.1016/j.envsci.2017.07.008. hdl:11572/200028. ISSN 1462-9011. S2CID 55764441.
  32. ↑ Bush, Judy; Doyon, Andréanne (2019). "Building urban resilience with nature-based solutions: How can urban planning contribute?". Cities. 95. doi:10.1016/j.cities.2019.102483. hdl:11343/233228. ISSN 0264-2751. S2CID 211385632. Unknown parameter |article-number= ignored (help)
  33. 1 2 Frantzeskaki, Niki (2019). "Seven lessons for planning nature-based solutions in cities". Environmental Science & Policy. 93: 101–111. Bibcode:2019ESPol..93..101F. doi:10.1016/j.envsci.2018.12.033. hdl:1959.3/448876. ISSN 1462-9011.
  34. 1 2 3 Chen, Wenjie; Wang, Weiqi; Huang, Guoru; Wang, Zhaoli; Lai, Chengguang; Yang, Zhiyong (2021-02-15). "The capacity of grey infrastructure in urban flood management: A comprehensive analysis of grey infrastructure and the green-grey approach". International Journal of Disaster Risk Reduction (in Turanci). 54. Bibcode:2021IJDRR..5402045C. doi:10.1016/j.ijdrr.2021.102045. ISSN 2212-4209. S2CID 234190451 Check |s2cid= value (help). Unknown parameter |article-number= ignored (help)
  35. ↑ Kourtis, Ioannis M.; Bellos, Vasilis; Kopsiaftis, George; Psiloglou, Basil; Tsihrintzis, Vassilios A. (2021-12-01). "Methodology for holistic assessment of grey-green flood mitigation measures for climate change adaptation in urban basins". Journal of Hydrology (in Turanci). 603. Bibcode:2021JHyd..60326885K. doi:10.1016/j.jhydrol.2021.126885. ISSN 0022-1694. S2CID 239659097 Check |s2cid= value (help). Unknown parameter |article-number= ignored (help)
  36. 1 2 3 Hankin, Barry; Page, Trevor; McShane, Gareth; Chappell, Nick; Spray, Chris; Black, Andrew; Comins, Luke (2021-08-01). "How can we plan resilient systems of nature-based mitigation measures in larger catchments for flood risk reduction now and in the future?". Water Security (in Turanci). 13. Bibcode:2021WatSe..1300091H. doi:10.1016/j.wasec.2021.100091. ISSN 2468-3124. S2CID 238840688 Check |s2cid= value (help). Unknown parameter |article-number= ignored (help)
  37. 1 2 3 4 Qi, Yunfei; Chan, Faith Ka Shun; Thorne, Colin; O'Donnell, Emily; Quagliolo, Carlotta; Comino, Elena; Pezzoli, Alessandro; Li, Lei; Griffiths, James; Sang, Yanfang; Feng, Meili (October 2020). "Addressing Challenges of Urban Water Management in Chinese Sponge Cities via Nature-Based Solutions". Water (in Turanci). 12 (10): 2788. doi:10.3390/w12102788.
  38. ↑ UN-Water (2018) World Water Development Report 2018 Archived 8 Satumba 2019 at the Wayback Machine, Geneva, Switzerland
  39. ↑ UN-Water (2018) World Water Development Report 2018: Nature-based Solutions for Water Archived 8 Satumba 2019 at the Wayback Machine, Geneva, Switzerland
  40. ↑ The State of the World's Forests 2020. Forests, biodiversity and people – In brief. Rome: FAO & UNEP. 2020. doi:10.4060/ca8985en. ISBN 978-92-5-132707-4. S2CID 241416114 Check |s2cid= value (help).
  41. ↑ "Global Forest Resource Assessment 2020". www.fao.org (in Turanci). Archived from the original on 20 May 2020. Retrieved 20 September 2020.
  42. ↑ IUCN (2019), Forest landscape restoration pathways to achieving the SDGs, INTERNATIONAL UNION FOR CONSERVATION OF NATURE
  43. ↑ Anderson, Carl C.; Renaud, Fabrice G. (19 February 2021). "A review of public acceptance of nature-based solutions: The 'why', 'when', and 'how' of success for disaster risk reduction measures". Ambio. 50 (8): 1552–1573. Bibcode:2021Ambio..50.1552A. doi:10.1007/s13280-021-01502-4. ISSN 0044-7447. PMC 8249538 Check |pmc= value (help). PMID 33606249 Check |pmid= value (help).
  44. 1 2 Cohen-Shacham, Emmanuelle; Andrade, Angela; Dalton, James; Dudley, Nigel; Jones, Mike; Kumar, Chetan; Maginnis, Stewart; Maynard, Simone; Nelson, Cara R.; Renaud, Fabrice G.; Welling, Rebecca (2019). "Core principles for successfully implementing and upscaling Nature-based Solutions". Environmental Science & Policy. 98: 20–29. Bibcode:2019ESPol..98...20C. doi:10.1016/j.envsci.2019.04.014. ISSN 1462-9011. S2CID 182716739.
  45. ↑ Seddon, Nathalie; Chausson, Alexandre; Berry, Pam; Girardin, Cécile A. J.; Smith, Alison; Turner, Beth (2020). "Understanding the value and limits of nature-based solutions to climate change and other global challenges". Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences (in Turanci). 375 (1794). doi:10.1098/rstb.2019.0120. ISSN 0962-8436. PMC 7017763. PMID 31983344. Unknown parameter |article-number= ignored (help)
  46. ↑ Dhyani, Shalini; Karki, Madhav; Gupta, Anil Kumar (2020), "Opportunities and Advances to Mainstream Nature-Based Solutions in Disaster Risk Management and Climate Strategy", Nature-based Solutions for Resilient Ecosystems and Societies, Disaster Resilience and Green Growth, Singapore: Springer Singapore, pp. 1–26, doi:10.1007/978-981-15-4712-6_1, ISBN 978-981-15-4711-9, S2CID 226611591
  47. ↑ Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named ":15".
  48. ↑ Costa, Sandra; Peters, Rik; Martins, Ricardo; Postmes, Luuk; Keizer, Jan Jacob; Roebeling, Peter (March 2021). "Effectiveness of Nature-Based Solutions on Pluvial Flood Hazard Mitigation: The Case Study of the City of Eindhoven (The Netherlands)". Resources (in Turanci). 10 (3): 24. doi:10.3390/resources10030024.
  49. 1 2 3 Mubeen, Adam; Ruangpan, Laddaporn; Vojinovic, Zoran; Sanchez Torrez, Arlex; Plavšić, Jasna (2021-08-01). "Planning and Suitability Assessment of Large-scale Nature-based Solutions for Flood-risk Reduction". Water Resources Management (in Turanci). 35 (10): 3063–3081. Bibcode:2021WatRM..35.3063M. doi:10.1007/s11269-021-02848-w. ISSN 1573-1650. S2CID 235781989 Check |s2cid= value (help).
  50. ↑ "ThinkNature | Platform for Nature-Based Solutions". ThinkNature (in Turanci). Archived from the original on 5 September 2021. Retrieved 5 September 2021.
  51. ↑ Nikolaidis, Nikolaos P.; Kolokotsa, Dionyssia; Banwart, Steven A. (16 March 2017). "Nature-based solutions: business". Nature (in Turanci). 543 (7645): 315. Bibcode:2017Natur.543..315N. doi:10.1038/543315d. ISSN 0028-0836. PMID 28300105.
  52. ↑ "Nature-Based Solutions, Tallinn, 24–26 October 2017". Archived from the original on 21 June 2018. Retrieved 21 March 2018.
  53. ↑ Nam Pham, Tamra Gilbertson, Joshua Witchger, Elisa Soto-Danseco, and Tom BK Goldtooth (2022) Nature-based solutions. Indigenous Environmental Network Climate Justice Program Briefing Series
  54. ↑ Ara Begum, R., R. Lempert, E. Ali, T.A. Benjaminsen, T. Bernauer, W. Cramer, X. Cui, K. Mach, G. Nagy, N.C. Stenseth, R. Sukumar, and P.Wester, 2022: Chapter 1: Point of Departure and Key Concepts. In: Climate Change 2022: Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability. Contribution of Working Group II to the Sixth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change [H.-O. Pörtner, D.C. Roberts, M. Tignor, E.S. Poloczanska, K. Mintenbeck, A. Alegría, M. Craig, S. Langsdorf, S. Löschke, V. Möller, A. Okem, B. Rama (eds.)]. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK and New York, NY, USA, pp. 121–196, doi:10.1017/9781009325844.003.
  55. ↑ Benedict, M.A., E.T. McMahon. 2006. Green Infrastructure: linking landscapes and communities. Washington D.C.: Island.
  56. ↑ Cowan C., C. Epple, H. Korn, R. Schliep, J. Stadler (Eds.). 2010. Working with nature to tackle climate change. Report of the ENCA/BfN Workshop on "Developing ecosystem-based approaches to climate change – Why, what and how, https://www.bfn.de/fileadmin/MDB/documents/service/Skript264.pdf Archived 26 ga Maris, 2016 at the Wayback Machine". Bonn: Bundesamt für Naturschutz.

Shafukan mahaɗa

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Nature-based solutions in the context of climate change:

Nature-based solutions in other contexts:

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