Magani da kai
 Magani da kai | |
|---|---|
| Bayanai | |
| Ƙaramin ɓangare na | Kula da kai da pharmacotherapy (en)  |
Maganin kai, wanda wani lokacin ake kira maganin yi da kanka ( DIY ), wani hali ne na ɗan adam wanda mutum ke amfani da wani abu ko wani tasiri na waje don ba da magani ga matsalolin jiki ko na tunani, misali ciwon kai ko gajiya .
Sinadaran da aka fi amfani da su wajen yin magani da kansu su ne magunguna da ake sayarwa ta hanyar likita ba tare da takardar likita ba da kuma kari na abinci, wadanda ake amfani da su wajen magance matsalolin lafiya da ake fuskanta a gida. Waɗannan ba sa buƙatar takardar likita kafin a samu, kuma a wasu ƙasashe, ana samun su a manyan kantuna da shagunan sayar da kayayyaki. [1]
Fannin ilimin halayyar ɗan adam da ke tattare da amfani da magungunan psychoactive sau da yawa yana da alaƙa musamman da amfani da magungunan nishaɗi, barasa, abinci mai daɗi, da sauran nau'ikan halaye don rage alamun damuwa ta hankali, damuwa da damuwa, [2] gami da cututtukan kwakwalwa ko raunin hankali . [3] [4] Irin wannan magani na iya haifar da mummunar illa ga lafiyar jiki da ta kwakwalwa idan aka yi amfani da hanyoyin jaraba . [5] A cikin ɗaliban da ke bayan sakandare (jami'a da kwaleji), an ba da rahoton kuma an tattauna magungunan kai da " maganin karatu " kamar Adderall, Ritalin, da Concerta sosai a cikin wallafe-wallafe. [5]
Masana'antun suna tallata kayayyakin a matsayin masu amfani ga magunguna da kansu, wani lokacin bisa ga shaidun da ba a iya tantance su ba. An yi amfani da iƙirarin cewa nicotine yana da darajar magani don tallata sigari a matsayin magunguna da ake ba da kansu. Masu bincike masu zaman kansu sun soki waɗannan iƙirarin a matsayin marasa inganci. [6] [7] Ana amfani da iƙirarin lafiya na ɓangare na uku waɗanda ba a tabbatar da su ba kuma waɗanda ba a tsara su ba don tallata ƙarin abinci. [8]
Sau da yawa ana ɗaukar shan magani da kansa a matsayin samun 'yancin kai daga magungunan da aka kafa, [9] kuma ana iya ganinsa a matsayin haƙƙin ɗan adam, wanda ke cikin, ko kuma yana da alaƙa da haƙƙin ƙin shan magani na ƙwararru. Shan magani da kanka na iya haifar da cutar da kai ba da gangan ba. [10] An gano shan magani da kai da maganin rigakafi a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin manyan dalilan da ke haifar da ci gaban juriya ga ƙwayoyin cuta . [11]
Wani lokaci shan magani kai tsaye ko kuma shan magani kai tsaye yana faruwa ne saboda marasa lafiya ba sa yarda da fassarar likita game da yanayinsu, [12] don samun damar yin amfani da magungunan gwaji waɗanda ba sa samuwa ga jama'a, [13] ko kuma saboda haramcin da doka ta hana kiwon lafiya, kamar yadda ya faru da wasu mutanen da suka canza jinsi ko mata da ke neman zubar da ciki da kansu . [14] Sauran dalilan dogaro da kulawar lafiya ta kai tsaye shine don guje wa farashin kula da lafiya a Amurka da kuma imanin masu tsattsauran ra'ayi .
Ma'anar
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Gabaɗaya dai, ana fassara maganin kai a matsayin "amfani da magunguna don magance cututtuka ko alamun da aka gano da kansu, ko kuma amfani da maganin da aka rubuta lokaci-lokaci ko ci gaba da shi don cututtuka ko alamu na yau da kullun ko masu sake dawowa". [15]
Ana iya fassara maganin kai a matsayin amfani da magunguna don magance wata cuta ko wata alama idan mai amfani ba ƙwararren likita ba ne. Ana kuma amfani da kalmar don haɗawa da amfani da magunguna a waje da lasisin su ko kuma waɗanda ba a sanya musu suna ba.
Ilimin halin dan Adam da ilimin halin dan Adam
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Hasashe kan maganin kai
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Ganin cewa magunguna daban-daban suna da tasiri daban-daban, ana iya amfani da su saboda dalilai daban-daban. A cewar hasashen maganin kai-tsaye (SMH), zaɓin mutum na wani magani ba na bazata ko kuma na kwatsam ba ne, amma sakamakon yanayin tunanin mutum ne, domin maganin da aka zaɓa yana ba da sauƙi ga mai amfani da shi wanda ya dace da yanayinsa. Musamman ma, ana hasashen cewa jaraba tana aiki a matsayin hanyar ramawa don daidaita tasirin da kuma magance yanayin tunani mai wahala, inda mutane ke zaɓar maganin da zai fi dacewa wajen sarrafa takamaiman nau'in damuwar tabin hankali da kuma taimaka musu su sami kwanciyar hankali. [16] [17]
Ka'idar shan magani kai-da-kai (SMH) ta samo asali ne daga takardu na Edward Khantzian, Mack da Schatzberg, David F. Duncan, [18] da kuma martanin da Duncan ya mayar wa Khantzian. SMH da farko ta mayar da hankali kan amfani da heroin, amma wani takarda da ta biyo baya ta ƙara cocaine . Daga baya an faɗaɗa SMH don haɗawa da barasa, kuma a ƙarshe duk magungunan jaraba. [16] [5]
A cewar ra'ayin Khantzian game da jaraba, masu amfani da miyagun ƙwayoyi suna rama ƙarancin aikin son kai ta hanyar amfani da magani a matsayin "mai narkewar son kai", wanda ke aiki akan sassan kai waɗanda hanyoyin kariya suka yanke daga sani. [16] A cewar Khantzian, mutanen da ke dogaro da miyagun ƙwayoyi gabaɗaya suna fuskantar damuwa ta hankali fiye da mutanen da ba sa dogaro da miyagun ƙwayoyi, kuma ci gaban dogaro da miyagun ƙwayoyi ya ƙunshi haɗa tasirin miyagun ƙwayoyi a hankali da buƙatar ci gaba da waɗannan tasirin a cikin aikin gina tsarin kariya na son kai da kansa. Zaɓin miyagun ƙwayoyi na mai shan ƙwayoyi sakamakon hulɗa ne tsakanin halayen psychopharmacologic na maganin da yanayin motsin rai wanda mai shan miyagun ƙwayoyi ke neman sauƙi daga gare shi. Tasirin miyagun ƙwayoyi yana maye gurbin hanyoyin tsaro na son kai marasa kyau ko marasa wanzuwa. Saboda haka, maganin da mai shan miyagun ƙwayoyi ya zaɓa ba wai kawai ba ne.
Duk da cewa Khantzian ya ɗauki hanyar psychodynamic don magance ciwon kai, tsarin Duncan ya mayar da hankali kan abubuwan da ke haifar da ɗabi'a. Duncan ya bayyana yanayin ƙarfafawa mai kyau (misali, "jin daɗi mai yawa", amincewa daga takwarorinsa), ƙarfafawa mara kyau (misali rage tasirin mara kyau) da kuma guje wa alamun janyewa, waɗanda duk ana ganin su a cikin waɗanda ke da matsala wajen amfani da miyagun ƙwayoyi, amma ba duka ake samu a cikin duk masu amfani da miyagun ƙwayoyi na nishaɗi ba. [18] Yayin da dabarun ɗabi'a na dogaro da miyagun ƙwayoyi na baya-bayan nan ta amfani da yanayin aiki suka tabbatar da cewa ƙarfafawa mai kyau da mara kyau sun zama dole don dogaro da miyagun ƙwayoyi, Duncan ya tabbatar da cewa dogaro da miyagun ƙwayoyi ba a kiyaye shi ta hanyar ƙarfafawa mai kyau ba, amma ta hanyar ƙarfafawa mara kyau. Duncan ya yi amfani da samfurin lafiyar jama'a don dogaro da miyagun ƙwayoyi, inda wakilin (maganin da aka zaɓa) ya kamu da mai masaukin baki (mai amfani da miyagun ƙwayoyi) ta hanyar vector (misali, takwarorinsa), yayin da muhalli ke tallafawa tsarin cutar, ta hanyar damuwa da rashin tallafi. [18] [19]
Khantzian ya sake duba SMH, yana mai nuna cewa akwai ƙarin shaida cewa alamun tabin hankali, maimakon salon hali, suna cikin tushen matsalolin shan miyagun ƙwayoyi. [1] Khantzian ya bayyana cewa muhimman fannoni guda biyu na SMH sune (1) magungunan cin zarafi suna samar da sauƙi daga wahalar tunani da (2) fifikon mutum ga wani magani ya dogara ne akan halayen psychopharmacological. [1] Maganin da mutum ya zaɓa ana tantance shi ta hanyar gwaji, inda hulɗar manyan tasirin maganin, rikicewar tunanin mutum, da halayen mutum na asali ke gano maganin da ke haifar da tasirin da ake so. [1]
A halin yanzu, aikin Duncan ya mayar da hankali kan bambanci tsakanin amfani da miyagun ƙwayoyi na nishaɗi da kuma matsalar shan su. Bayanan da aka samu a cikin Nazarin Yankin Kama Magunguna na Epidemiologic sun nuna cewa kashi 20% ne kawai na masu amfani da miyagun ƙwayoyi suka taɓa fuskantar wani yanayi na shan miyagun ƙwayoyi (Anthony & Helzer, 1991), yayin da bayanai da aka samu daga Nazarin Cututtuka na Ƙasa suka nuna cewa kashi 15% ne kawai na masu amfani da barasa da kashi 15% na masu amfani da miyagun ƙwayoyi ba bisa ƙa'ida ba ne suka taɓa dogaro da kansu. Babban abin da ke tantance ko mai amfani da miyagun ƙwayoyi ya kamu da shan miyagun ƙwayoyi shi ne kasancewar ko rashin ƙarfafawa mara kyau, wanda masu amfani da miyagun ƙwayoyi ke fuskanta, amma ba masu amfani da nishaɗi ba. [20] A cewar Duncan, dogaro da miyagun ƙwayoyi hali ne na gujewa, inda mutum ya sami magani wanda ke haifar da kubuta na ɗan lokaci daga matsala, kuma shan miyagun ƙwayoyi yana ƙarfafawa a matsayin halin aiki. [18]
Manazarta
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]- ↑ "What is self-Medication?". World Self-Medication Industry. Archived from the original on Jun 5, 2016. Retrieved 25 May 2016.
- ↑ Kirstin Murray (2010-11-10). "Distressed doctors pushed to the limit". The 7.30 Report. Australian Broadcasting Corporation. Archived from the original on Apr 6, 2011. Retrieved 27 March 2011.
- ↑ Vivek Benegal (October 12, 2010). "Addicted to alcohol? Here's why". India Today. Archived from the original on Jan 20, 2011. Retrieved 27 March 2011.
- ↑ Howard Altman (October 10, 2010). "Military suicide rates surge". Tampa Bay Online. Archived from the original on 12 December 2010. Retrieved 27 March 2011.
- 1 2 3 Abelman, Dor David (2017-10-06). "Mitigating risks of students use of study drugs through understanding motivations for use and applying harm reduction theory: a literature review". Harm Reduction Journal. 14 (1). doi:10.1186/s12954-017-0194-6. ISSN 1477-7517. PMC 5639593. PMID 28985738. Cite error: Invalid
<ref>tag; name "Abelman 68" defined multiple times with different content. - ↑ Prochaska, Judith J.; Hall, Sharon M.; Bero, Lisa A. (May 2008). "Tobacco Use Among Individuals With Schizophrenia: What Role Has the Tobacco Industry Played?". Schizophrenia Bulletin. 34 (3): 555–567. doi:10.1093/schbul/sbm117. ISSN 0586-7614. PMC 2632440. PMID 17984298.
- ↑ Parrott AC (April 2003). "Cigarette-derived nicotine is not a medicine" (PDF). The World Journal of Biological Psychiatry. 4 (2): 49–55. doi:10.3109/15622970309167951. PMID 12692774. S2CID 26903942.
- ↑ Reese, Spencer M. "Dietary Supplement Marketing - Rethinking the Use of Third Party Material | MLM Law". www.mlmlaw.com. MLM Law Resources site. Archived from the original on 14 October 2018. Retrieved 14 October 2018.
- ↑ "Benefits and risks of self medication". doi:10.2165/00002018-200124140-00002. PMID 11735659. Archived from the original on 1 March 2026. Retrieved 6 April 2026.
- ↑ Kingon, Angus (2012). "Non-prescription medications: considerations for the dental practitioner". Annals of the Royal Australasian College of Dental Surgeons. 21: 88–90. ISSN 0158-1570. PMID 24783837.
- ↑ Rather IA, Kim BC, Bajpai VK, Park YH (May 2017). "Self-medication and antibiotic resistance: Crisis, current challenges, and prevention". Saudi Journal of Biological Sciences. 24 (4): 808–812. doi:10.1016/j.sjbs.2017.01.004. PMC 5415144. PMID 28490950.
- ↑ Fainzang, Sylvie (1 September 2013). "The Other Side of Medicalization: Self-Medicalization and Self-Medication" (PDF). Culture, Medicine, and Psychiatry. 37 (3): 488–504. doi:10.1007/s11013-013-9330-2. PMID 23820755. S2CID 35393482.
- ↑ WEXLER, ANNA (2022). "Mapping the Landscape of Do-it-Yourself Medicine". Citizen Science: Theory and Practice. 7 (1). doi:10.5334/cstp.553. ISSN 2057-4991. PMC 9830450 Check
|pmc=value (help). PMID 36632334 Check|pmid=value (help). - ↑ Verma, Nisha; Grossman, Daniel (2023). "Self-Managed Abortion in the United States". Current Obstetrics and Gynecology Reports. 12 (2): 70–75. doi:10.1007/s13669-023-00354-x. ISSN 2161-3303. PMC 9989574 Check
|pmc=value (help). PMID 37305376 Check|pmid=value (help). - ↑ Awad, Abdelmoneim; Idris Eltayeb; Lloyd Matowe; Lukman Thalib (2005-08-12). "Self-medication with antibiotics and antimalarials in the community of Khartoum State, Sudan". Journal of Pharmacy & Pharmaceutical Sciences. 8 (2): 326–331. PMID 16124943. Retrieved 2012-09-02.
- 1 2 3 Khantzian E.J. (1997). "The self-medication hypothesis of drug use disorders: A reconsideration and recent applications". Harvard Review of Psychiatry. 4 (5): 231–244. doi:10.3109/10673229709030550. PMID 9385000. S2CID 39531697. Cite error: Invalid
<ref>tag; name "Khantzian1997" defined multiple times with different content. - ↑ Khantzian E.J. (2003). "The self-medication hypothesis revisited: The dually diagnosed patient". Primary Psychiatry. 10: 47–48, 53–54.
- 1 2 3 4 Duncan D.F. (1974a). "Reinforcement of drug abuse: Implications for prevention". Clinical Toxicology Bulletin. 4: 69–75. Cite error: Invalid
<ref>tag; name "Duncan1974a" defined multiple times with different content. - ↑ Duncan D.F. (1975). "The acquisition, maintenance and treatment of polydrug dependence: A public health model". Journal of Psychedelic Drugs. 7 (2): 209–213. doi:10.1080/02791072.1975.10472000.
- ↑ Nicholson T., Duncan D.F., White J.B. (2002). "Is recreational drug use normal?" (PDF). Journal of Substance Use. 7 (3): 116–123. doi:10.3109/14659890209169340.CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)