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Magma

Daga Wikipedia, Insakulofidiya ta kyauta.
Magma
Bayanai
Ƙaramin ɓangare na fluid (en) Fassara, dutse da inorganic substance (en) Fassara
Has cause (en) Fassara magmatism (en) Fassara
Karatun ta volcanology (en) Fassara, petrology (en) Fassara, geophysics (en) Fassara da geochemistry (en) Fassara

Magma (daga tsohuwar Greek μάγμα (mágma) 'kauri unguent')[1] abu ne na halitta ko narkakkar da aka yi daga cikinsa wanda aka samar da dukkan duwatsu[2]n wuta.[3] Ana samun Magma (wani lokaci a baki amma ba daidai ba ana kiranta lava) ƙarƙashin saman duniya, kuma an gano shaidar magmatism akan sauran taurarin ƙasa da wasu tauraron dan adam.[4]  Bayan narkakkar dutsen, magma na iya ƙunsar da lu'ulu'u da aka dakatar da kumfa.[5]

Ana iya samun magma a cikin alkyabbar ko narkakken ɓawon burodi.[6]

Ana samar da Magma ta hanyar narkar da alkyabba ko ɓawon burodi a cikin saitunan tectonic daban-daban, waɗanda a duniya sun haɗa da yankuna na ƙasa, yankunan raƙuman nahiya, [7] tsakiyar teku da wuraren zafi.  Mantle da narkewar ɓawon burodi suna ƙaura zuwa sama ta cikin ɓawon burodi inda ake tunanin ana adana su a cikin ɗakunan magma ko yankunan mush mai wadatar kristal mai trans-crustal.[8].  A lokacin ajiyar magma a cikin ɓawon burodi, ana iya gyaggyara abun da ke tattare da shi ta hanyar ɓangarorin crystallization, gurɓata da narkewar ɓawon burodi, haɗaɗɗen magma, da lalata.  Bayan hawansa ta cikin ɓawon burodi, magma na iya ciyar da dutsen mai aman wuta kuma a fitar da shi azaman lava, ko kuma yana iya ƙarfafa ƙarƙashin ƙasa don yin kutse,kamar dik, sill, laccolith, pluton, ko batholith.  [9]

Yayin da binciken magma ya dogara da lura da magma bayan canjinsa [10]zuwa magudanar ruwa, magma an ci karo da shi a wurin sau uku yayin ayyukan hakowa na geothermal, sau biyu a Iceland (duba Amfani da samar da makamashi) kuma sau ɗaya a Hawaii.[11][12] [13][14]

Siffofin jiki da Sinadarai

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Magma ya ƙunshi dutsen ruwa wanda yawanci ya ƙunshi tsayayyen lu'ulu'u.[15]  Yayin da magma ke gabatowa sama kuma nauyin nauyi ya ragu, iskar gas ya narkar da shi daga cikin ruwa, ta yadda magma da ke kusa da farfajiyar ta kunshi abubuwa a cikin daskararru, ruwa, da iskar gas.[16]n

Abunda ke Ciki

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Dubi kuma: Bambanci mai ban tsoro

Mafi yawan magma suna da wadatar siliki[17].  Rare nonsilicate magma na iya samuwa ta wurin narkar da ma'adinan da ba na silicate ba[ ko kuma ta hanyar rabuwa da magma zuwa silicate maras kyau da maras nauyi.[18]

Silicate magmas wani narkakkar da aka samu da oxygen da silicon, mafi yawan sinadarai a cikin ɓawon burodi na duniya, tare da ƙananan adadin aluminium, calcium, magnesium, iron, sodium, potassium, da ƙananan abubuwa masu yawa..  Masana harkokin man fetur a kai a kai suna bayyana abin da ke tattare da silicate magma dangane da nauyi ko juzu'in molar mass na oxides na manyan abubuwa (ban da oxygen) da ke cikin magma.[19]

Saboda yawancin abubuwan da ke cikin magma (kamar danko da zafinsa) ana lura da su don daidaitawa da abun cikin silica, silicate magmas sun kasu zuwa nau'ikan sinadarai guda huɗu dangane da abun ciki na silica: felsic, matsakaici, mafic, da ultramafic.[20][21]

Manazarta

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  1. ↑ [1]"magma". Merriam-Webster.com Dictionary. Merriam-Webster. Retrieved 2018-10-28
  2. ↑ 8]MCBIRNEY, A. R.; NOYES, R. M. (1979-08-01). "Crystallization and Layering of the Skaergaard Intrusion". Journal of Petrology. 20 (3): 487–554. Bibcode:1979JPet...20..487M. doi:10.1093/petrology/20.3.487. ISSN 0022-3530.
  3. ↑ 2]Bowen, Norman L. (1947). "Magmas". Geological Society of America Bulletin. 58 (4): 263. doi:10.1130/0016-7606(1947)58[263:M]2.0.CO;2. ISSN 0016-7606.
  4. ↑ [3]Greeley, Ronald; Schneid, Byron D. (1991-11-15). "Magma Generation on Mars: Amounts, Rates, and Comparisons with Earth, Moon, and Venus". Science. 254 (5034): 996–98. Bibcode:1991Sci...254..996G. doi:10.1126/science.254.5034.996. ISSN 0036-8075. PMID 17731523
  5. ↑ [5]Foulger, G. R. (2010). Plates vs. Plumes: A Geological Controversy. Wiley-Blackwell. ISBN 978-1-4051-6148-0.
  6. ↑ [4]Spera, Frank J. (2000). "Physical Properties of Magma". In Sigurdsson, Haraldur (ed.). Encyclopedia of Volcanoes. Academic Press. pp. 171–90. ISBN 978-0126431407.
  7. ↑ [6]Detrick, R. S.; Buhl, P.; Vera, E.; Mutter, J.; Orcutt, J.; Madsen, J.; Brocher, T. (1987). "Multi-channel seismic imaging of a crustal magma chamber along the East Pacific Rise". Nature. 326 (6108): 35–41. Bibcode:1987Natur.326...35D. doi:10.1038/326035a0. ISSN 0028-0836. S2CID 4311642.
  8. ↑ [7]Sparks, R. Stephen J.; Cashman, Katharine V. (2017). "Dynamic Magma Systems: Implications for Forecasting Volcanic Activity". Elements. 13 (1): 35–40. Bibcode:2017Eleme..13...35S. doi:10.2113/gselements.13.1.35. ISSN 1811-5209.
  9. ↑ 9]Marshak, Stephen (2016). Essentials of Geology (5th ed.). W.W. Norton. p. 115. ISBN 978-0-393-26339-8.
  10. ↑ [18]Philpotts & Ague 2009, pp. 19, 131.
  11. ↑ [11]Magma Discovered in Situ for First Time. Physorg (December 16, 2008
  12. ↑ [10]Scientists' Drill Hits Magma: Only Third Time on Record, UC Davis News and Information, June 26, 2009.
  13. ↑ 13]Teplow, William; Marsh, Bruce; Hulen, Jeff; Spielman, Paul; Kaleikini, Mike; Fitch, David; Rickard, William (2009). "Dacite Melt at the Puna Geothermal Venture Wellfield, Big Island of Hawaii" (PDF). GRC Transactions. 33: 989–994. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2022-10-09. Retrieved 8 February 2021.
  14. ↑ 12]Puna Dacite Magma at Kilauea: Unexpected Drilling Into an Active Magma Posters Archived 2011-06-06 at the Wayback Machine, 2008 Eos Trans. AGU, 89(53), Fall Meeting.
  15. ↑ [14]Philpotts, Anthony R.; Ague, Jay J. (2009). Principles of igneous and metamorphic petrology (2nd ed.). Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. pp. 19–20
  16. ↑ 15]Schmincke, Hans-Ulrich (2003). Volcanism. Berlin: Springer. pp. 49–50. ISBN 9783540436508.
  17. ↑ 8]MCBIRNEY, A. R.; NOYES, R. M. (1979-08-01). "Crystallization and Layering of the Skaergaard Intrusion". Journal of Petrology. 20 (3): 487–554. Bibcode:1979JPet...20..487M. doi:10.1093/petrology/20.3.487. ISSN 0022-3530.
  18. ↑ 17]Harlov, D.E.; et al. (2002). "Apatite–monazite relations in the Kiirunavaara magnetite–apatite ore, northern Sweden". Chemical Geology. 191 (1–3): 47–72. Bibcode:2002ChGeo.191...47H. doi:10.1016/s0009-2541(02)00148-1
  19. ↑ 19]Philpotts & Ague 2009, pp. 132–133
  20. ↑ 20]Casq, R.A.F.; Wright, J.V. (1987). Volcanic Successions. Unwin Hyman Inc. p. 528. ISBN 978-0-04-552022-0.
  21. ↑ [16]Guijón, R.; Henríquez, F.; Naranjo, J.A. (2011). "Geological, Geographical and Legal Considerations for the Conservation of Unique Iron Oxide and Sulphur Flows at El Laco and Lastarria Volcanic Complexes, Central Andes, Northern Chile". Geoheritage. 3 (4): 99–315. Bibcode:2011Geohe...3..299G. doi:10.1007/s12371-011-0045-x
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