Magungunan daidaitawa na tudun bayan wuta

Magungunan daidaitawa na tudun bayan wuta

Magungunan daidaitawa na tuddai bayan wuta sune jiyya da aka yi niyya don daidaita tuddai da wuta ta hanyar magance mummunar tasirin wuta akan ciyayi da dukiyar ƙasa. Manufar ƙarshe ta waɗannan jiyya ita ce rage haɗari haɗari da abubuwan da suka faru na bala'i da rushewa da kuma kare albarkatun da suka dace. Ana kuma kiran Magungunan daidaitawa na tudun bayan wuta magungunan rage wuta da magungunan tabbatar da gaggawa.

Wutar shuke-shuke yawanci a wani bangare ko gaba ɗaya tana cinye rufin, raguwar kwayoyin halitta a sama da ƙasa (litter), Tushen masu kyau, da mahadi na kwayoyin ƙasa, rage kariya ta ƙasa, inganta sake cika ruwa na ƙasa, da kuma lalata kwanciyar hankali na ƙasa. Haɗin tasirin wuta da kuma faruwar ruwan sama mai yawa a lokacin bayan wuta na iya haifar da abubuwan da suka faru na ruwa da rushewa tare da mummunar tasiri ga yawan jama'a da albarkatun da suka dace kamar gidaje, ababen more rayuwa, Tsarin samar da ruwa, da wuraren zama masu mahimmanci.

Misali, ruwan sama mai ƙarfi bayan gobarar Thomas a California (Amurka) ya haifar da ambaliyar ruwa mai ban tsoro da tarkace a cikin 2018 tare da mutane 20 da suka mutu, gidaje 300 da suka lalace, da kuma mahimman kayan aikin da suka shafi sosai. Magungunan daidaitawa wani bangare ne na shirin Amsa na Gaggawa na Yankin da aka ƙone (BAER) wanda Hukumar Kula da dazuzzuka ta Amurka da Ma'aikatar Cikin Gida (Amurka) da kuma irin waɗannan shirye-shirye kamar Rapid Response Assessment Team (RRAT) a Ostiraliya da aka gudanar a wasu yankuna masu saurin wuta.

Rarrabawar maganin daidaitawa na tudun bayan wuta

Tsarin gyaran tsauraran tsaunuka yana da niyya ga:

• Daidaita tasirin wuta a kan kariya ta ƙasa da tsire-tsire da murfin ƙasa suka bayar: jiyya kamar shuka da mulching suna da niyyar rage runoff da rushewa ta hanyar samar da kariya ga farfajiyar ƙasa. Suna kwaikwayon nau'ikan kwayoyin halitta a sama da ƙasa waɗanda ke Kare ƙasa daga tasirin ruwan sama kuma suna shan ruwan sama, suna rage saurin runoff da sauri.
• Daidaita tasirin wuta a kan takamaiman kaddarorin ƙasa da ke cikin runoff da hanyoyin rushewa: jiyya da ke neman kawar da tasirin wuta a ƙasa kamar ingantaccen ruwa na ƙasa (surfactants) ko rage yawan ƙasa (flocculants). Wadannan kayayyakin za a iya amfani da su kadai ko a haɗa su da wasu hanyoyin da za a iya daidaita su don kara tasirin su.
• Rage tsawon gangara: ana amfani da magunguna kamar shingen rushewa don rage yawan turɓaya da ke kaiwa ga ƙimar da ke cikin haɗari ta hanyar rage tsawon gangara kuma, ta haka ne, saurin runoff da yiwuwar rushewa. Har ila yau, suna ƙirƙirar ƙananan madatsun ruwa waɗanda ke riƙe da runoff, suna inganta infiltration, da kuma zama.

Nau'o'i, zaɓi, da aiwatar da maganin bayan wuta

Zaɓin magungunan daidaitawa na tuddai ya kamata a yi la'akari da mahimman abubuwa guda uku: (i) tasirin magani, (iii) farashin samarwa da sufuri, da kuma (i) dabi'u masu haɗari da za a kare su Magungunan da suka fi tsada bazai isa don kare mahimman dabi'u ba yayin da magani tare da mafi girman tasiri kuma farashi ba zai iya dacewa da magance manyan yankuna ba idan farashin gyara ko maye gurbin dabi'u-mai haɗari ba. Tun da mafi girman haɗarin abubuwan bala'i ya faru a cikin shekara ta farko bayan gobarar, aiwatar da duk wani magani na gaggawa dole ne a gudanar da sauri bayan gobarar.

• Erosion barriers: Contour-felled logs or straw wattles became popular in the USA during the 1990s coinciding with the decrease of seeded areas. Felled-logs or straw wattles are placed on the hillslope contour and aim to reduce runoff velocity and create areas where the runoff water can infiltrate, and the sediment settle. Recent studies, however, have shown the low effectiveness of this technique for high intensity rainfall, when the holding capacity is easily exceeded, or their holding capacity is reduced by sediments from previous erosion events. Additionally, a poor design and installation (gaps between the log and the soil surface or not on contour with a slope to one end) can lead to increased erosion due to the concentration of the runoff in lowest end of the barrier. Despite these recent insights, log barriers are still extensively applied in Mediterranean countries such as Spain.
• Mulching: Covering the soil surface with a material that provides protection against raindrop impact, retains water, and reduce runoff velocity. The material most commonly used is agricultural straw, whose application reached in the 2000s 18% of the burned areas treated in the USA. This extensive use is due to its high effectiveness but also the development of its aerial application that reduced the application costs and made it viable in inaccessible areas. An alternative to straw mulching is the wood-based mulch using wood chips, wood shreds, and wood strand but also pine needles and forest residues. Although marginally used before the 2010s, wood-based mulching is becoming popular since it prevents side-effects of agricultural straw such as the introduction of non-native species and invasive weeds, its longer longevity, and stability to wind. Additionally, wood-based mulches can be produced locally from burned or green trees, reducing transport costs.
• Chemical treatments: Tackifiers, fertilizers, and flocculants are used as stand-alone emergency treatments or in combination with other treatment to provide increased soil stability to reduce runoff and erosion. Anionic polyacrylamide (PAM), a synthetic petroleum by-product, is a flocculant that is applied as pellets or in solution to the soil surface in fire-affected areas. PAM binds soil particles, increase soil stability and infiltration, and reduce soil erosion. However, studies on their effectiveness in fire-affected areas are inconclusive or show no significant effect on runoff and erosion
• Combined treatments: Seeding has been frequently combined with fertilizers to increase the viability of the seedlings. Seeds have been coated with surfactant to reduce fire-induced soil water repellency and increase water availability. Organic fibres (wood shreds, paper, cotton and flax) have been mixed with seeds, fertilizers and tackifiers to produce hydromulches. Although combined treatments can have higher effectiveness, the associated increase in production or transport costs can make their application less cost-effective and only viable to provide additional protection to critical values-at-risk.