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Magungunan gargajiya na Afirka

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Magungunan gargajiya na Afirka
Bayanai
Ƙaramin ɓangare na Maganin gargajiya
Tsire-tsire na magani akan rumfar kasuwa, Ghana, 2014

Magungunan gargajiya na Afirka nau'in nau'in ilimin likitancin gargajiya ne wanda ya haɗa da herbalism na asali da kuma ruhin Afirka, yawanci ciki har da masu duba, ungozoma, da masu aikin ganyayyaki . Masu aikin maganin gargajiya na Afirka suna da'awar, galibi ba tare da shaida ba, don samun damar warkar da yanayi daban-daban da suka haɗa da ciwon daji, cututtukan tabin hankali, hawan jini, kwalara, yawancin cututtukan venereal, farfaɗo, asma, eczema, zazzabi, damuwa, baƙin ciki, hyperplasia na prostatic mara kyau, cututtukan urinary fili, gout, da kuma warkar da raunuka da cutar Ebola . [1][2][3]

Ana samun ganewar asali ta hanyar ruhaniya kuma ana ba da magani, yawanci yana kunshe da maganin ganye wanda ake ganin ba wai kawai ikon warkarwa bane amma kuma yana da ma'ana da ruhaniya. Magungunan gargajiya na Afirka, tare da imaninsa cewa rashin lafiya ba a samo shi daga abubuwan da suka faru na kwatsam ba, amma ta hanyar rashin daidaituwa na ruhaniya ko zamantakewa, ya bambanta sosai da magungunan kimiyya na zamani, wanda ya dogara ne akan fasaha da nazari. A cikin karni na 21, magunguna na zamani da hanyoyin likitanci sun kasance ba su isa ga ɗimbin jama'ar Afirka ba saboda tsadar tsadar su da kuma yawan wuraren kiwon lafiya a cikin birane. [4]

Magungunan gargajiya shine tsarin tsarin kiwon lafiya mafi girma ga miliyoyin mutane a Afirka kafin zuwan Turawa, waɗanda suka gabatar da magani na tushen shaida, wanda ya kasance wani abu mai mahimmanci a tarihin wannan al'ada da al'ada. [5] Magungunan ganyaye a Afirka gabaɗaya ba a yin bincike sosai, kuma suna da rauni sosai. [6] Akwai ƙarancin cikakkun takaddun takaddun ilimin gargajiya, wanda galibi ana canja shi ta baki. [7] Mummunan illolin na iya haifarwa daga rashin ganewa ko rashin amfani da tsire-tsire masu warkarwa. [1]

Yankin yanki na wannan labarin shine yankin kudu da hamadar sahara . Ko da yake, al'adun likitanci makwabta sun yi tasiri ga magungunan gargajiya na Afirka.

Tarihi

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Zamanin mulkin mallaka

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Kimiyyar zamani ta ɗauki hanyoyin ilimin gargajiya a matsayin na farko [8] kuma a ƙarƙashin mulkin mallaka an haramta wasu ayyukan likitancin gargajiya. [1] A wannan lokacin, an kuma yi ƙoƙarin shawo kan sayar da magungunan ganye. [1] Alal misali, bayan da Mozambique ta samu ‘yancin kai a shekarar 1975, an yi yunƙurin sarrafa magungunan gargajiya har ta kai ga tura masu warkarwa zuwa sansanonin sake koyo. [1] Yayin da mulkin mallaka da kiristanci suka bazu a Afirka, ’yan mulkin mallaka sun gina asibitoci na gama-gari sannan ’yan mishan Kirista sun gina nasu, tare da fatan yin gaba da yaɗuwar cututtuka. Sai dai kuma ba a yi kadan ba wajen binciken sahihancin aikin likitancin gargajiya, duk kuwa da irin rawar da masu maganin gargajiya ke takawa wajen kula da lafiyar al’ummarsu; Hukumomin mulkin mallaka tare da likitoci da ma'aikatan lafiya sun ci gaba da yin watsi da gudummawar da suke bayarwa. [8] An kuma yi imanin cewa a lokacin rikice-rikice mutane sun fi yin amfani da bayanai na allahntaka kuma za su nemi magani wanda ya shafi allahntaka. [1]

Zamanin zamani

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
Ma'aikacin jinya a Asibitin Koidu a Saliyo yana tuntubar marasa lafiya.

Saboda dalilai daban-daban, a ƙarshen karni na 20 tsarin gargajiya na kula da lafiya a ƙasashe masu tasowa ya sami babban farfaɗo. [8] Wadannan kasashe kuma sun fahimci cewa tsarin kiwon lafiya na zamani da fasahar da suka dogara da su ba a kera su ba kuma ana kiyaye su don haka ya sa su zama masu tsada da kuma mayar da yawan jama'a a kan hanyoyin samar da kayayyaki wanda zai iya zama maras kyau [8] ko kuma a siyasance. [9] Saboda haka, sha'awar haɗa magungunan gargajiya na Afirka cikin tsarin kula da lafiya na nahiyar ya karu [1] kuma ana ƙarfafa yin amfani da tsire-tsire na maganin gargajiya a wasu ƙasashe. [8]

Bincike

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Binciken likitancin likita da zaɓaɓɓun hanyoyin magani a cikin maganin gargajiya na Afirka sun dogara ne akan al'amuran ruhaniya, sau da yawa bisa ga imani cewa ya kamata a magance abubuwan da ke tattare da ruhi na ruhaniya kafin abubuwan kiwon lafiya. Akwai imani a tsakanin masu aikin warkarwa na gargajiya cewa ikon gano cututtuka da magance cututtuka kyauta ce daga Allah. Maimakon neman dalilai na likita ko na zahiri da ke bayan rashin lafiya (ko sihirin sa'a), masu maganin gargajiya suna ƙoƙarin tantance tushen dalilin da ke tattare da shi, wanda aka yi imanin ya samo asali ne daga rashin daidaituwa tsakanin majiyyaci da yanayin zamantakewar su ko kuma duniyar ruhaniya. Ma'ana, abubuwan da suka fi dacewa, ba dalilai na dabi'a ba, ana danganta su da cututtuka. Dangane da nau'in rashin daidaituwa da mutum ke fuskanta, za a yi amfani da shuka mai warkarwa mai dacewa, wanda aka kimanta don alamar alama da ruhaniya da kuma tasirin magani.

Lokacin da mutum ya kamu da rashin lafiya, likitan gargajiya yana amfani da ingantattun abubuwa don yin ganewar asali. Ana tsammanin abubuwan da ake kira za su ba da iskar alaƙar sufi da sararin samaniya. Ana amfani da duban yawanci idan ba a iya gano cutar cikin sauƙi ba, in ba haka ba, ana iya gano cutar da sauri kuma a ba da magani. Wani lokaci ma'aikacin zai ba da shawara ga mai haƙuri ya tuntuɓi mai duba wanda zai iya ba da ganewar asali kuma ya ba da shawarar magani. An yi imani cewa tuntuɓar duniya ta ruhu ta hanyar duba sau da yawa yana buƙatar ba magani kawai ba, amma hadayu .

Magani

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Masu aikin gargajiya suna amfani da nau'ikan jiyya daban-daban tun daga daidaitattun jiyya na likitanci zuwa ilimin kimiyya da na "sihiri". Jiyya na iya haɗawa da azumi, cin abinci, magungunan ganye, wanka, tausa, da hanyoyin tiyata. [8] Misalan magungunan pseudoscientific sun haɗa da: [10]

  • Yin amfani da "jini-cupping" (wanda ake kira "rigar cin abinci"), tare da maganin shafawa na ganye da magungunan ganyayyaki don magance Migraines, tari, abscesses, da pleurisy .
  • Wasu al'adu suna shafa maganin shafawa mai zafi a kan fatar ido na majiyyaci don magance ciwon kai .
  • Ana amfani da gauraya mai tururi kuma ana shayar da ita wajen maganin zazzabin cizon sauro . Ana yawan maganin zazzabi ta amfani da wanka mai tururi.
  • Ana amfani da amai da ke haifar da cutar sankarau don magance shaye-shaye .
  • Ana amfani da kitse na boa constrictor don maganin gout da rheumatism, kuma ana tunanin yana kawar da ciwon kirji idan an shafa shi a sama .
  • Har ila yau, a wasu lokuta ana amfani da dabbobi don canja wurin rashin lafiya zuwa baya ko don kera magunguna na zootherapy. Alal misali, ana amfani da ƙasusuwan baboons don magance cututtukan arthritis .
  • Ana shafa terpenoids na ƙwanƙwasa ƙwaro (Mylabris sp.) a cikin fata a matsayin maganin cututtukan fata. [11]

Yarjejeniya tsakanin 'yan kasuwa na sassan magungunan da kwararrun likitocin Afirka ke amfani da su game da abin da ya kamata a yi amfani da su don magance cututtuka daban-daban ya bambanta sosai, har ma a cikin ƙaramin yanki kamar kasuwar Faraday Street a Johannesburg, Afirka ta Kudu. [11] Duk da haka, kusan kashi 60% -80% na mutanen Afirka sun dogara da magungunan gargajiya don magance kansu daga cututtuka daban-daban. [7][12][13] Wani bita na tsari na 2018 ya kiyasta cewa kusan 60% na yawan jama'a a yankin kudu da hamadar Sahara a kai a kai suna amfani da kayayyakin gargajiya da na karin magunguna don kansu [14] da kuma kula da dabbobinsu don cututtuka daban-daban. [15] A baya-bayan nan an ba da rahoton cewa wadanda suka tsira daga cutar Ebola a Saliyo suna amfani da magungunan gargajiya kadai ko kuma tare da magungunan gargajiya. [16]

Tsire-tsire masu magani

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
Prunus africana tare da tsiri haushi.

Akwai tsire-tsire da yawa a Afirka waɗanda za a iya amfani da su don magani kuma ana amfani da fiye da 4000 don wannan dalili a yankuna masu zafi na Afirka. [17] Ana amfani da tsire-tsire na magani a cikin maganin cututtuka da cututtuka da yawa, amfani da tasirin su yana da girma ga al'ummomin Yammacin Turai. Ba wai kawai ana amfani da tsire-tsire ba kuma ana zaɓar su don iyawar warkarwa, amma kuma sau da yawa suna da ma'anar alama da ruhaniya. Misali, ganye, tsaba, da rassan da suke fari, baƙar fata da ja ana ganin su musamman alama ko sihiri kuma ana ganin suna da kaddarori na musamman. [1]

Shirya da bushewar sabbin magungunan gargajiya da aka tono ( muti )

Misali ɗaya na shuka magani shine Pygeum ( Prunus africana ), wanda aka yi amfani da shi azaman magani ga cutar hawan jini na prostate mai laushi a Turai tun shekarun 1970. [1] Ko da yake ana amfani da shi sosai a Afirka, babu isassun shaidun da ke nuna tasirinsa wajen magance zazzabi, kumburi, cututtukan koda, zazzabin cizon sauro, ciwon ciki da sauran yanayi. [18] A cikin al'adun gargajiya na Afirka, ana yin haushin shayi, yayin da sauran wurare a duniya ana samun shi a cikin foda, tinctures, da kwayoyi. [1]

Wani bincike na 2007 ya bincika tasirin tsire-tsire 16, wanda ke girma a yankin KwaZulu-Natal na Afirka ta Kudu, wajen rage hawan jini "ta hanyar yin aiki a matsayin mai hana ACE." [19] Daga cikin shuke-shuke 16, daya kawai (Tulbaghia violacea) ya nuna alkawari. Sannan an gwada shi akan berayen da kuma "nuna aikin hypotensive ", watau rage hawan jini. [19] Tsire-tsire da aka haɗa a cikin binciken sune:

  1. Amaranthus dubius, furen fure, wanda kuma aka sani da spleen amaranth
  2. Amaranthus hybridus, wanda aka fi sani da alade mai santsi ko slim amaranth
  3. Amaranthus spinosus, wanda kuma aka sani da spiny amaranth
  4. Asystasia gangetica, murfin ƙasa na ado wanda aka sani da violet na kasar Sin.
  5. Centella asiatica, ƙaramin tsire-tsire na shekara-shekara wanda aka fi sani da pennywort na Asiya
  6. Ceratotheca triloba, tsire-tsire mai tsayi na shekara-shekara wanda furanni a lokacin rani wani lokacin ana kiranta da karar poppy
  7. Kundin Chenopodium, wanda kuma ake kira rukunin rago, wannan shuka ce ta shekara-shekara
  8. Emex australis, wanda aka fi sani da jack kusurwa uku na kudu
  9. Galinsoga parviflora, wanda aka fi sani da sojan galant
  10. Justicia flava, kuma aka sani da yellow justicia
  11. Momordica balsamina, wanda kuma aka sani da apple balsam
  12. Oxygonum sinuatum, ciyawa mai mamayewa ba tare da sunan kowa ba
  13. Physalis viscosa, wanda aka sani da starhair ƙasa ceri
  14. Senna occidentalis, ɗan itace mai ɗanɗano mai ɗanɗano mai ɗanɗano, wanda kuma ake kira septic sako
  15. Solanum nodiflorum, wanda kuma aka sani da farin nightshade
  16. Tulbaghia violacea, tsiro mai tsiro mai ganye mara gashi wanda aka fi sani da al'umma ko tafarnuwa.

An gudanar da binciken wallafe-wallafen 2008 don tantance ilimin botanical da kuma amfani da su a cikin magungunan gargajiya a Kudancin Afirka don asalin Aloe a cikin dangin Asphodeloideae . Mafi yawan amfani da likita na yau da kullum shine don maganin "cututtuka, cututtuka na ciki, cututtuka na narkewa da raunuka." A zamantakewa ana amfani da tsire-tsire azaman sinadarai a cikin shan taba . [20] Wani bincike na adabi na shekarar 2014 ya gano cewa a kalla nau’in dabino 12 a yankin kudu da hamadar Sahara ana amfani da su wajen gudanar da al’adu daban-daban, ciki har da amfani da dabino wajen hada magunguna. [21]

A cikin 2016 nazarin in vitro na mahimman man fetur daga Erigeron floribundus, wanda aka yi amfani da shi azaman magani a Kamaru, ya nuna kyakkyawan aiki a kan Staphylococcus aureus, "cytotoxicity akan kwayoyin ciwon daji na colon" da "ferric rage ikon antioxidant." Daga cikin abubuwan da ke cikin mahimmancin mai sune spathulenol da limonene . [22]

Sakamakon binciken da aka gudanar daga 2011 zuwa 2016, an gano wani maganin gargajiya daga bishiyar Olon na wurare masu zafi, da kuma wani nau'in jinsin halittar Zanthoxylum, yana da mahadi masu haɗin gwiwa waɗanda ke kashe sauro da ƙwayoyin plasmodium su. [23][24][25]

Wani bincike da aka yi a shekara ta 2000 kan nau'in tsiro talatin da uku, da aka samu a lardin Gabashin Cape na Afirka ta Kudu, wadanda ake la'akari da ciyawa, 'yan mamaye ko tsire-tsire masu matsala an bincika don amfani da su a cikin maganin gargajiya. Tsirrai sun haɗa da: [26]

Anredera cordifolia ganye
  • Anredera cordifolia ( iDlula ). Ƙafafun da suka kumbura daga rashin kyautuwar wurare dabam dabam da/ko matsalolin hanta da koda ana bi da su tare da ɗanyen ganye, yayin da ake amfani da ruwan 'ya'yan itace don magance kurjin da ke haifar da haɗuwa da ruwa mai datti. [26]
Cannabis Sativa shuka
  • Araucaria bidwillii ( iNdiyandyiya ). Ana shan bawon da aka gauraya da ruwa don magance ciwon sanyin da ke haifar da matsalolin haihuwa, tarin fuka da rashin abinci mai gina jiki. [26]
  • Bidens pilosa ( uMhlabangubo ). Ruwan da aka tafasa ana sha ne don maganin rashin haihuwa ga mata. Yin wanka da ruwa wanda aka jika ganyen ana ganin yana kare mutum daga mugayen ruhohi ( imoya emdaka ), rashin jin daɗi, kishi ko gaba. Hakanan ana amfani dashi don magance gudawa, ciwon ciki, rheumatism, syphilis, ciwon kunne, maƙarƙashiya, tsutsotsi na hanji, zazzabin cizon sauro, tsutsar zobe, jaundice da tari. [26]
Carduus tenuiflorus shuka
  • Cannabis sativa ( iNtsango ). Ana amfani da sassa daban-daban na shuka don magance cutar asma, mashako, ciwon kai, farfadiya, raɗaɗi, mura, mura, radadin naƙuda, hauhawar jini, ciwon sukari, zazzabin cizon sauro, zazzabin ruwan baƙar fata, gubar jini, anthrax, dysentery, tetanus, ciwon haila da ciwon hanji. [26]
  • Carduus tenuiflorus ( uMhlakavuthwa ). An bai wa majiyyaci maganin ƙwanƙwasa kuma an umurce shi ya yi amai a kan shuka. Imani shine cewa shuka zai "shanye dalilin rashin lafiya." [26]
Datura stramonium shuka
  • Datura stramonium ( uQhwangu-qhwangu ). Ana amfani da ganyen don magance radadin ciwo da kumburi (ciki har da bayan kaciya), kumburi da kuraje, kyanda, asma da ciwon kai, tetanus, ciwon kafa da yanayin numfashi. [26]
Emex australis shuka
  • Emex australis ( iNkunzane ). Ana amfani da decoction na tushen don magance maƙarƙashiya, biliousness da sauran gunaguni na ciki da kuma motsa sha'awa. [26]
  • Galenia secunda ( uMvenyathi ). Ana hada tushen da Emex australis, ana dafa shi kuma ana amfani dashi don magance ciwon koda a cikin manya da kuma colic a jarirai. [26]
Lantana camara shuka
  • Lantana camara ( iQunube ). Ana tafasa saiwar a sha ruwa na baya ko ciwon ciki, ko kuma a yi amfani da shi azaman enema don magance cututtukan gonococcal da cututtukan urinary tract. Ana kuma amfani da ita wajen magance tari, mura, jaundice, rheumatism da kuma maganin hana haihuwa. [26]
  • Opuntia ficus-indica ( iTolofiya ). Ana amfani da kashin dafaffen ganyen don magance ciwon da ke tsakanin yatsu da yatsu sakamakon cututtukan fungal. Imani shine cewa waɗannan raunuka suna haifar da "jini mai datti" ( igazi elimdaka ). [26]
Rumex sagittatus shuka
  • Rumex sagittatus ( iBhathatha ). Ana amfani da jiko ruwan sanyi na tushen a matsayin wanke jiki kamar yadda aka yi imani da cewa yana wanke jiki daga mummuna da mugunta. [26]
Schinus molle shuka
  • Schinus molle ( iPepile ko Peperboom ). Zazzabi da mura ana maganin su ta hanyar cinye ganyen decoction ko tururi. Ana amfani da haɗin ganye da haushi don magance raunuka. [26]
  • Araujia sericifera ( iQuwa ). Ana amfani da shi wajen maganin amafufunyana, [26] wanda Ngubane ya bayyana a matsayin matsananciyar nau'i na rashin tausayi tare da alamun cututtuka irin su ruɗi, damuwa, tashin hankali da kuma tunanin kashe kansa. Ana hada tushen da sauran magunguna don magance shi. [27]
  • Argemone mexicana ( iKhakhakhakha ). Ana hada wannan damfara da saiwar rubus pinnatus (iqunube) ana gudanar da ita ta hanyar amfani da magudanar jini don magance ciwon koda. [26]

Ruhaniya

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
Bedik mai duba wajen Iwol, kudu maso gabashin Senegal (Yammacin Afirka). Yana yin hasashe ne bisa launin gabobin kaji da aka yanka.

Wasu masu warkarwa na iya amfani da yin amfani da laya, ƙage, da kuma yin tsafi a cikin jiyyarsu. Misali, akwai imani a tsakanin Inyamurai na Najeriya cewa likitocin za su iya dasa wani abu a cikin mutum daga nesa don cutar da su, ta hanyar da ake kira egba ogwu. Hakanan ana amfani da wani nau'i na sihiri mai juyayi, wanda aka yi samfurin wanda aka azabtar kuma an yi imani da cewa ayyukan da aka yi akan samfurin ana canjawa wuri zuwa ga wanda aka azabtar, ta hanyar da aka saba da ƴar tsanar voodoo. Hakanan ana amfani da camfin imani game da ruhohi kuma mutane sun tabbata cewa "ruhohin dangin da suka mutu suna cutar da masu rai kuma suna haifar da rashin lafiya."[10] A irin waɗannan lokuta "magungunan magani suna rubuta magunguna, sau da yawa a cikin hanyar sadaukarwa, don su huta don kada su dame masu rai, musamman yara."{

A cewar Onwuanibe, 'yan Afirka suna da ra'ayi na duniya na addini wanda ya haɗa da shiga tsakani na Allah ko na ruhaniya a cikin aikin likita. [10] Misali, Mutanen Kung na Hamadar Kalahari sun yi imanin cewa Allah mai girma Hishe ya halicci dukan abubuwa kuma, saboda haka, yana iko da dukan cututtuka da mutuwa. Hishe yana gabatar da kansa ga waɗannan likitocin a cikin mafarki da hangen nesa, yana ba su ikon warkarwa kuma wannan allahn yana da kyauta wanda ya isa ya ba da wannan ikon ga likitocin, ana sa ran su yi aikin warkarwa kyauta. Mazajen maganin !Kung suna yin magani ta hanyar yin Rawar kabilanci.[10]

Masu Maganin Gargajiya

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
Inyanga/Sangoma daga Johannesburg, Afirka ta Kudu
An yi aikin cire jariri cikin nasara daga cikin uwa a Kahura, Uganda, ta hannun masu maganin gargajiya a shekarar 1879.

Yawancin masu maganin gargajiya ba su da ilimin boko, sai dai sun samu ilimi daga iyayensu ko kakanninsu da kuma ta hanyar lura da yadda ganyaye ke aiki a jikin ɗan adam. Masu maganin gargajiya da hanyoyin da suke bi sun bambanta, amma akwai abubuwan da suka haɗa su da yawa kamar shiga kai tsaye cikin aikin warkarwa; ɓoye iliminsu a sirrance; da kuma karɓar lada bisa ayyukansu.

Kamar yadda likitocin zamani ke da fannoni daban-daban da suke kwarewa, haka masu maganin gargajiya ma ke da fannoni na musamman. Wasu, kamar inyanga na Eswatini, sun kware a magungunan ganye; wasu kuma, kamar sangoma na Afirka ta Kudu, sun kware wajen maganin ruhi da hangen nesa; yayin da wasu ke haɗa duka biyun. Akwai kuma masu gyaran ƙashi da masu taimakawa wajen haihuwa. Masu hada ganye suna ƙara samun karbuwa a Afirka, musamman a kasuwar ganye ta Durban wacce ake cewa tana jawo mutane tsakanin dubu 700,000 zuwa dubu 900,000 a shekara daga Afirka ta Kudu, Zimbabwe da Mozambique. Akwai ƙananan kasuwanni kusan a kowane gari. Ilimin da suka gada game da ganye yana da matuƙar amfani a cikin al'umma, kuma su ne kawai ke da ilimin yadda za su samo ganyaye. Masu taimakawa wajen haihuwa na amfani da tsire-tsire domin sauƙaƙa haihuwa. Masu maganin gargajiya sukan fassara cuta da danganta ta da hulɗar zamantakewa, sannan su yi imani da cewa addini yana da nasaba da kowane ɓangare na rayuwa.

Lada

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Masu maganin gargajiya kamar yadda yake a kowace sana'a, suna karɓar lada bisa ayyukansu. A al’adun Afirka, biyan kudin magani na dogara ne da yadda maganin ya yi tasiri. Ba su karɓar kuɗi kafin a warkar da mara lafiya. Wannan ne ya sa wasu ke fi son zuwa wajensu maimakon zuwa asibitin zamani inda ake biyan kuɗi kafin a yi magani. A zamanin yau, hanyoyin biyan kuɗi sun sauya, inda da yawa daga cikin masu maganin gargajiya suke karɓar kuɗi kai tsaye musamman a cikin birane, maimakon a ba su kayan amfani kamar da. Haka kuma akwai yawaitar masu karya da suke neman kuɗi kawai ba tare da sun kware ba, musamman a cikin birane.

Koyo

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Wasu daga cikin masu maganin gargajiya suna koyon sana’ar ne ta hanyar gogewa yayin da aka yi musu magani, kuma daga baya sukan zama masu magani. Wasu kuma sukan fara aikin ne bayan samun “kirari” daga ruhohi, inda suke danganta dukkan ganewa da magani ga ikon alloli. Hanya ta uku kuma ita ce koyon sana’ar daga uba ko ɗan uwa, ko daga uwa ko ’yar uwa a fannin haihuwa. Wasu kuma sukan shiga koyon aikin a hannun wani da ya riga ya ƙware, wanda ke koyar da sana’ar tsawon lokaci kuma ana biya shi kudin koyarwa.

Muhimmanci

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

A Afirka, masu maganin gargajiya da magungunan da suke sarrafawa daga tsire-tsire suna taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen kula da lafiyar mutane da dama, domin kimanin kashi 85% na mutane suna dogara da wannan hanyar don samun lafiya musamman a yankin ƙasa da hamadar Sahara. Adadin likitocin gargajiya idan aka kwatanta da likitocin da suka je jami’a ya fi yawa ƙwarai. A duk faɗin yammacin Afirka, daga Ghana zuwa Eswatini, akwai kusan masu magani 100 ga kowanne likita guda ɗaya da ya yi karatu. Wannan yana nufin akwai likitan gargajiya ɗaya ga kowane mutum 200 a yankin kudu na Afirka, fiye da yadda yake a Arewacin Amurka. A yawancin sassan Afirka, ba a da yawa da likitocin zamani, don haka masu maganin gargajiya su ne ke ɗaukar nauyin kula da lafiyar jama’a kuma suna daga cikin al’adun Afirka. Idan ba su ba, da mutane da yawa ba za su samu magani ba.

Magungunan da kamfanonin turawa ke kerawa suna da tsada sosai kuma ba sa samuwa ga mafi yawan 'yan Afirka. Mutanen karkara ba sa iya sayensu, kuma ko da sun samu kuɗin, ba su da isassun wuraren siyan su; don haka, masu maganin gargajiya su ne kadai mafita. Domin wannan hanya ce mafi araha da sauƙin samu ga yawancin mutanen karkara a Afirka, Kungiyar Tarayyar Afirka ta ayyana shekaru 2001 zuwa 2010 a matsayin Shekarun Maganin Gargajiya a Afirka, domin ganin an samar da magungunan gargajiya da suke da lafiya, inganci, ingantattu kuma masu sauƙin samu ga yawancin jama'a.

Yawan sare da amfani da tsire-tsire ba tare da kulawa ba yana barazana ga lafiyar muhalli, domin hakan na iya haddasa ɓacewar wasu tsire-tsire gaba ɗaya.

  1. ↑ 1.00 1.01 1.02 1.03 1.04 1.05 1.06 1.07 1.08 1.09 Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named Helwig2005
  2. ↑ Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named Times1
  3. ↑ https://www.rfi.fr/ha/shirye-shirye/muhallinka-rayuwarka/20210821-illolin-rashin-bin-ka-ida-wajen-amfani-da-magunguna-yayin-adana-amfanin-gona
  4. ↑ Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named Ubani
  5. ↑ Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named Abdullahi2011
  6. ↑ Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named Mills2005
  7. ↑ 7.0 7.1 Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named van Wyk
  8. ↑ 8.0 8.1 8.2 8.3 8.4 8.5 Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named ConserveAfrica2002
  9. ↑ Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named Financial Times 2020
  10. ↑ 10.0 10.1 10.2 10.3 Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named Onwuanibe
  11. ↑ 11.0 11.1 Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named WilliamsWhiting2016
  12. ↑ Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named Makunga
  13. ↑ Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named WHO
  14. ↑ Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named James2018
  15. ↑ Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named McGaw2008
  16. ↑ Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named James
  17. ↑ Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named Stanley2004
  18. ↑ Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named WebMD Pygeum
  19. ↑ 19.0 19.1 Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named Makraj
  20. ↑ Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named Grace2008
  21. ↑ Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named Grucavan2014
  22. ↑ Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named Petrelli
  23. ↑ Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named Moussavi
  24. ↑ Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named Goodman
  25. ↑ Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named Overgaard
  26. ↑ 26.00 26.01 26.02 26.03 26.04 26.05 26.06 26.07 26.08 26.09 26.10 26.11 26.12 26.13 26.14 Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named DoldCocks2000
  27. ↑ Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named MzimkuluSimbayi2006
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