Magungunan zamantakewa

Magungunan zamantakewa
medical specialty (en)
Bayanai
Ƙaramin ɓangare na	medicine (en) da Lafiyar jama'a
Is the study of (en)	Abubuwan da ke tattare da lafiyar jama'a

Likitan zamantakewa fanni ne na fannoni daban-daban da ke mai da hankali kan hulɗar da ke tsakanin abubuwan zamantakewa da tattalin arziki da kuma sakamakon lafiyar mutum ɗaya. Bisa ga ƙalubalen juyin juya halin masana'antu, tana neman:

1. Fahimci yadda takamaiman yanayin zamantakewa, tattalin arziki, da muhalli ke shafar lafiya, cututtuka, da kuma isar da kulawar lafiya kai tsaye.
2. Inganta yanayi da hanyoyin magance waɗannan abubuwan da ke haifar da matsala, da nufin samar da al'umma mai lafiya da adalci.

Likitan zamantakewa a matsayin fannin kimiyya ya fara a hankali a farkon karni na 19 a Turai, a lokacin juyin juya halin masana'antu kuma karuwar talauci da cututtuka a tsakanin ma'aikata ya haifar da damuwa game da tasirin hanyoyin zamantakewa akan lafiyar talakawa. Fannin likitancin zamantakewa galibi ana magance shi a yau ta hanyar ƙoƙarin fahimtar abin da aka sani da abubuwan da ke haifar da zamantakewa ga lafiya .

Faɗin

Babban abin da aka fi mayar da hankali a fannin ilimin likitanci, kula da lafiya, da kuma binciken likitanci ya haifar da gibi tsakanin fahimtarmu da fahimtar muhimman abubuwan da ke haifar da lafiya da cututtukan mutum ɗaya: rashin daidaito a zamantakewa da tattalin arziki, yaƙi, rashin ilimi, salon rayuwa mai lahani (shan taba, kiba), wariya saboda launin fata, jinsi da addini. Farmer et al. (2006) sun ba da wannan bayanin game da wannan gibi:

Babban abin da maganin zamani ya kunsa shi ne neman tushen ƙwayoyin cuta. Duk da cewa amfanin da aka samu daga irin wannan binciken da aka tsara ya kasance mai yawa, mayar da hankali na musamman kan abubuwan da suka faru a matakin ƙwayoyin halitta ya taimaka wajen ƙaruwar "rage hulɗa" da binciken kimiyya: yanayin yin tambayoyi kawai game da halittu game da abin da a zahiri abubuwan da suka faru a fannin halittu ke haifarwa.

Sun ƙara da cewa "Ana buƙatar fahimtar yanayin zamantakewa game da abubuwan da suka faru na likitanci cikin gaggawa".

Kula da jin daɗin jama'a

Kula da zamantakewa yana da nufin haɓaka lafiya kuma yana mai da hankali kan ƙoƙarin rigakafi, gyarawa, da kulawa yayin rashin lafiya, rauni, ko nakasa. Yana ɗaukar hangen nesa na gabaɗaya game da lafiya kuma ya ƙunshi ayyuka da ra'ayoyi iri-iri da aka yi niyya don rigakafin cututtuka da rage nauyin tattalin arziki, zamantakewa, da na tunani da ke tattare da cututtuka da cututtuka na dogon lokaci. An haɓaka tsarin zamantakewa a matsayin martani kai tsaye ga tsarin likita, tsarin zamantakewa yana ganin shinge (na zahiri, hali da ɗabi'a) ba kawai a matsayin batun ilimin halittu ba, amma kamar yadda al'ummar da muke rayuwa a ciki ta haifar da shi - a matsayin samfurin duniyar zahiri, ƙungiya da zamantakewa wanda ke haifar da wariya (Oliver 1996; French 1993; Oliver da Barnes 1993). Kula da zamantakewa yana ba da shawarar daidaiton damammaki ga sassan al'umma masu rauni.

Tarihi

Likitan Jamus Rudolf Virchow (1821–1902) ya kafa harsashin wannan tsarin. Sauran fitattun mutane a tarihin likitancin zamantakewa, tun daga ƙarni na 20, sun haɗa da Salvador Allende, Henry E. Sigerist, Thomas McKeown, Victor W. Sidel, Howard Waitzkin, da kuma kwanan nan Paul Farmer da Jim Yong Kim .

A cikin littafin "The Second Sickness", Waitzkin ya bi diddigin tarihin magungunan zamantakewa daga Engels, har zuwa Virchow da Allende. Waitzkin ya yi ƙoƙarin ilmantar da 'yan Arewacin Amurka game da gudummawar da magungunan zamantakewa na Latin Amurka suka bayar.

A shekarar 1976, masanin kimiyyar lafiyar jama'a na Burtaniya kuma mai suka kan harkokin kiwon lafiya Thomas McKeown, MD, ya buga littafin "The Role of Medicine: Dream, mirage or neemesis?", inda ya takaita bayanai da hujjoji da suka goyi bayan abin da aka sani da littafin McKeown, wato cewa karuwar yawan jama'a za a iya danganta ta da raguwar mace-mace daga cututtuka masu yaduwa, musamman godiya ga ingantaccen abinci mai gina jiki, daga baya kuma ga ingantaccen tsafta, kuma kaɗan ne kawai da kuma jinkirin shiga tsakani na likita kamar maganin rigakafi da alluran rigakafi. An soki McKeown sosai saboda ra'ayoyinsa masu rikitarwa, amma a zamanin yau ana tunawa da shi a matsayin "wanda ya kafa maganin zamantakewa".

Lafiyar sana'a da maganin zamantakewa

Duniyar aiki ta taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen haɓaka hanyar zamantakewa ga lafiya a lokacin juyin juya halin masana'antu na farko, kamar yadda aikin Virchow ya nuna kan typhus da masu hakar kwal. A cikin shekaru 50 da suka gabata, Tsaron Aiki da Lafiya. Bambancin da ya haifar tsakanin haɗarin aiki/marasa aiki da sakamako ya yi aiki a matsayin layin wucin gadi na raba tsakanin OSH da sauran lafiyar jama'a. Duk da haka, ƙaruwar rashin daidaito na zamantakewa, sake fasalin duniyar aiki, da faɗaɗa fahimtarmu game da alaƙar da ke tsakanin aiki da lafiya sun ɓata wannan layin raba iyaka kuma sun nuna buƙatar faɗaɗa da kuma ƙara wa ra'ayin ragewa game da dalili da sakamako. A martanin da ya mayar, OSH tana sake haɗa hanyar zamantakewa don yin la'akari da hulɗar zamantakewa, siyasa, da tattalin arziki waɗanda ke ba da gudummawa ga sakamakon lafiyar aiki.