Mahasu Pahari

Mahasu Pahari
Dangin harshen	Indo-European (en) ; Indo-Iranian (en) ; Indo-Aryan (en) ; Northern Indo-Aryan (en) ; Western Pahari (en) ; Mahasu Pahari; ; ; ; ; ;
Baƙaƙen rubutu	Devanagari (en) da Takri (en)
Lamban rijistar harshe
ISO 639-3	bfz
Glottolog	maha1287

Mahasu Pahari (Takri) yare ne na Yammacin Pahari (Himachali, Takri) yare ɗaya ne na yaren Himachali da ake magana a Himachal Pradesh . An kuma san shi da Mahasui ko Mahasuvi . Yawan mutanen da ke magana kusan 1,000,000 ne (2001). Ana yawan magana da shi a cikin gundumomin Himachal Pradesh, Shimla (Simla) da Solan. Ya kamata a san cewa Shimla da Solan sun kasance sassan tsohuwar gundumar Mahasu. Jihar Himachal Pradesh a ranar 1 ga Satumban shekarar 1972 ta sake tsara gundumomin da suka rushe gundumar Mahasu. Gundumar Solan an sassaƙa ta ne daga Solan da Arki tehsils na gundumar Mahasu da tehsils ta Kandaghat da Nalagarh na gundumar Shimla ta Punjab.

Yankin

Misali ga yaren Rohruri na harshen Mahasuvi

Dangane da wurare daban-daban, yaren ya haɓaka yare da yawa. Ƙananan Mahasu Pahari (Baghati, Baghliani, Kiunthali), Babban Mahasu Pahri (Rampuri, Rohruri, Shimla Siraji, Sodochi). Wasu sun fahimci nau'ikan Kiunthali iri-iri, kuma halin da suke ciki game da shi yana da kyau. Ana kuma kiran Rampuri Kochi; ana kiran Rohruri Soracholi; kuma an kuma san Sodochi da Kumharsaini ko Kotgarh bayan yankunan Kumarsain da Kotgarh na Gundumar Shimla bi da bi.^[2] Fahimtar tsakanin yaruka yana sama da 85%. Kyakkyawan ƙamus shine 74%-82% tare da yaruka na sama, da 74%-95% tare da ƙananan yaruka. Ana amfani da yaren a gida da kuma dalilai na addini. Ana kuma fahimtarsa kuma ana magana da shi daga mutanen da ke da shekaru masu mahimmanci. Masu ilimi sun fi ƙwarewa a cikin Hindi da Ingilishi. An ɗauke shi da haɗari sosai saboda yawan mutanen da ke magana da shi koyaushe yana raguwa. Yana da alaƙa da Sirmauri da Jaunsari.

Rubutun

Rubutun asalin yaren shine nau'ikan Takri. Akwai wasu rubuce-rubucen rubuce-daban na yaren a cikin Rubutun Takri da Rubutun Nastaliq amma a zamanin yau ana kuma amfani da Rubutun Devanagari.

Misali a Kochi da aka yi magana a kusa da Rampur Bushahr

Fasahar sauti

Sautin da aka yi amfani da shi

		Labari	Dental	Alveolar	Retroflex	Bayan al'ada/Fadar Palatal	Velar	Gishiri
Plosive / Affricate Rashin lafiya	ba tare da murya ba	p	t	ts	Sanya	tʃ	k
	aspriated	ph	th	tsh	Sanya	(tʃh)	kh
	murya	b	d	dz	Abin da ya faru	dʒ	ɡ
	numfashi	Bɦ	dɦ
Fricative	ba tare da murya ba			s		ʃ		Hakan ya sa
Fricative	murya			z		(Ka duba hoton da ke shafin nan.)		Hakan ya sa
Hanci		m		n	Ƙarshen		(ŋ)
Hanyar gefen				l	Sanya
Trill / Tap				r	Sanya
Kusanci		Bayyanawa				(j)	(w)

Sauti [tsh bɦ dɦ] ba a jin sautin kawai tsakanin yaruka.
Ana jin allophones na /b d ɡ/ a matsayin [bī d ɡ̊] a cikin matsayi na ƙarshe.
[tʃh] ya fito ne daga kalmomin aro na Hindi.
[ʒ] ana iya jin sa a matsayin allophone na /dʒ/ .
[ŋ] ana jin sautin hanci ya faru kafin velar ya tsaya.
/ɦ/ kuma ana iya jin sa a matsayin [h] mara murya tsakanin yaruka.
[j, w] galibi ana jin su bayan wasula. [w] kuma na iya zama allophone na /ʋ/ .

Sautin sautin

	A gaba	Tsakiya	Komawa
Kusa	i iː		u uː
Tsakanin	da kumaː	(ə)	o oː
Bude-tsakiya	ɛ		ɔː
Bude			An tabbatar da shi:

Sautin hanci
	A gaba	Komawa
	A gaba	gajeren lokaci	Tsawon Lokaci
Kusa	Ya kasance	A cikin su	A cikin wannan:
Tsakanin	Sai dai	Yankin	õː
Bude-tsakiya		O.A.	ɔ̃ː
Bude		Bayyanawa	A bayyane yake:

Wani ɗan gajeren /u/ na iya samun allophone na sauti na kusa [ʊ].
[ə] galibi ana jin sa a matsayin allophone na /ɑ/ . /ɑ/ kuma ana iya jin sautin tsakiya a matsayin sautin [ʌ].

Matsayi

Ana kiran yaren Pahari ko Himachali . Harshen ba shi da matsayin hukuma kuma an rubuta shi azaman yaren Hindi.^[3] A cewar Kungiyar Ilimi, Kimiyya da Al'adu ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya (UNESCO), yaren yana cikin haɗari, watau yawancin yaran Mahasui ba sa koyon Mahasui a matsayin yarensu.^[4] Tun da farko, yaren yana da goyon bayan jihar. Duk abin da ya canza tun bayan samun 'yancin kai, saboda son kai ga Hindi da Gwamnatin ƙasar Indiya ta yi.

Bukatar hada 'Pahari (Himachali) ' a karkashin Shirin Takwas na Kundin Tsarin Mulki, wanda ya kamata ya wakilci harsunan Pahari da yawa na Himachal Pradesh, an yi shi ne a cikin shekara ta 2010 ta Vidhan Sabha ta jihar. Babu kuma wani ci gaba mai kyau a kan wannan al'amari tun daga wannan lokacin ko da ƙananan kungiyoyi ke ƙoƙari su adana harshe kuma su bukaci shi. Saboda sha'awar siyasa, a halin yanzu ana yin rikodin yaren a matsayin yaren Hindi, koda kuwa yana da rashin fahimta tare da shi.

Manazarta

↑ Hammarström, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin, eds. (2017). "Mahasu Pahari". Glottolog 3.0. Jena, Germany: Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History.
↑ Mallikarjun, B. (2002-08-02). "Mother tongues of India according to the 1961 census". Language in India. 2. Retrieved 2023-07-23.
↑ "Indian Language Census" (PDF).
↑ "Endangered Language (Mahasui)".

Haɗin waje

Grierson's language divisions of Shimla Mahasu Pahari on Twitter
Western Pahari languagesa kanFacebook
A brief history of Pahari Languages on YouTube
Taswirar harsunan Pahari na Yamma daga farkon karni na 20 na Grierson Linguistic Survey of IndiaBinciken Harshe na Indiya

[Glottolog-1] Hammarström, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin, eds. (2017). "Mahasu Pahari". Glottolog 3.0. Jena, Germany: Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History.

[India1961-2] Mallikarjun, B. (2002-08-02). "Mother tongues of India according to the 1961 census". Language in India. 2. Retrieved 2023-07-23.

[3] "Indian Language Census" (PDF).

[4] "Endangered Language (Mahasui)".

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