Mai gurɓata
 Mai gurɓata | |
|---|---|
role (en)  | |
 | |
| Bayanai | |
| Ƙaramin ɓangare na | physical substance (en) da economic bad (en) |
| Bangare na | Gurɓacewa |
| Yana haddasa | sankara |
| Has characteristic (en) | Hanyoyin aiki mai guba |
Wani gurɓataccen abu ko sabon abu [1] abu ne ko makamashi da aka gabatar a cikin mahalli wanda ke da tasirin da ba a so, ko kuma yana shafar amfanin hanya. Wadannan na iya zama duka na halitta (watau ma'adanai ko mahadi da aka cire kamar mai) ko asalin mutum (watau kayan da aka ƙera ko kayan aiki). Masu gurɓataccen abu suna haifar da gurɓata muhalli ko kuma damuwa da lafiyar jama'a lokacin da suka kai ga maida hankali sosai don samun mummunar tasiri.
Wani gurɓataccen abu na iya haifar da lalacewa na dogon lokaci ko na ɗan gajeren lokaci ta hanyar canza yawan girma na nau'in shuke-shuke ko dabbobi, ko ta hanyar tsoma baki da albarkatun da mutane ke amfani da su, lafiyar ɗan adam ko jin daɗi, ko ƙimar dukiya. Wasu gurbataccen abu suna iya lalacewa sabili da haka ba za su ci gaba a cikin muhalli ba a cikin dogon lokaci. Koyaya, samfuran lalacewa na wasu gurɓataccen abubuwa sune kansu gurɓata kamar DDE da DDD da aka samar daga lalacewar DDT.
Gurɓataccen yanayi yana da mummunar tasiri a kan muhalli.[1] Lokacin da aka bincika daga hangen nesa na iyakokin duniya, al'ummar ɗan adam sun saki sababbin abubuwa waɗanda suka wuce matakan aminci.[1]
Nau'o'in gurɓataccen yanayi a cikin muhalli
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Za'a iya rarraba masu gurɓata a hanyoyi daban-daban. Misali, wani lokacin yana da amfani don rarrabe tsakanin gurɓataccen kaya da gurɓatawar kuɗi. Wata hanya ita ce a haɗa su tare bisa ga takamaiman kaddarorin, kamar kwayoyin halitta, ƙwayoyin cuta, magunguna, da sauransu. Muhalli yana da wasu damar shawo kan fitarwa da yawa ba tare da wata illa ba, kuma ana kiran wannan "ikon cinyewa (ko ƙarfin cinyewa); mai gurɓataccen abu a zahiri yana haifar da gurɓata lokacin da aka wuce ƙarfin cinyewar.
Abubuwan gurɓata kayayyaki
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Masu gurɓataccen abu, wanda mahalli ke da ƙarancin ƙarfin sha ana kiransu masu gurɓata kayan.[2] Misalan sun haɗa da gurɓataccen kwayoyin halitta kamar PCBs, filastik da ba za a iya lalata su ba da ƙarfe mai nauyi. Abubuwan gurɓataccen kaya suna tarawa a cikin muhalli a tsawon lokaci. Lalacewar da suke haifar yana ƙaruwa yayin da aka fitar da ƙarin gurɓataccen abu, kuma yana ci gaba yayin da gurɓatawar ta tara. Abubuwan gurɓataccen kaya na iya haifar da nauyi ga tsararraki masu zuwa, suna kauce wa lalacewar da ke ci gaba da kyau bayan amfanin da aka samu daga haifar da wannan lalacewar, an manta da su. Masana kimiyya sun yi la'akari da cewa an wuce matakan gurɓataccen sinadarai (sabon abubuwa).[1]
Abubuwan gurɓataccen kuɗi
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Ya bambanta da gurɓataccen kaya, wanda mahalli ke da ƙarancin ƙarfin sha, gurɓatawar kuɗi sune waɗanda mahalli ke leken matsakaici. Masu gurɓataccen asusun ba sa haifar da lalacewa ga muhalli sai dai idan yawan fitarwa ya wuce ƙarfin karɓar muhalli (misali carbon dioxide, wanda tsire-tsire da teku ke sha). Ba a lalata gurɓataccen kuɗi ba, amma a maimakon haka an canza su zuwa abubuwa marasa lahani, ko narkewa / warwatsewa zuwa abubuwan da ba su da lahani.[2]
Takamaiman rukuni na gurɓataccen abu
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Yawancin gurɓataccen abu suna cikin manyan kungiyoyi masu zuwa:
- Magungunan gurɓataccen muhalli (EPPP)
- Gishiri mai guba (GHGs)
- Abubuwan da ke cikin ƙwayoyin cuta (PM)
- Masu gurɓataccen kwayoyin halitta (POPs)
- Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs)
- Magungunan kwayoyin halitta (VOCs)
Rashin gurɓataccen haske
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Rashin gurɓataccen haske shine tasirin da hasken ɗan adam ke da shi akan ganuwar sararin samaniya. Har ila yau, ya ƙunshi gurɓataccen hasken muhalli wanda ke bayyana tasirin Hasken wucin gadi akan kwayoyin halitta da kuma tsarin tsarin halittu gaba ɗaya.[3]
Yankunan tasiri
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Hakanan ana iya bayyana masu gurɓataccen ta hanyar yankunansu na tasiri, a kwance da kuma tsaye.
Yankin da ke kwance
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Yankin da ke kwance yana nufin yankin da gurbataccen abu ya lalata. Masu gurɓataccen gida suna haifar da lalacewa kusa da tushen fitarwa. Masu gurɓataccen yanki suna haifar da lalacewa daga tushen fitarwa.
Yankin tsaye
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Yankin tsaye yana nufin ko lalacewar ƙasa ce ko yanayi. Abubuwan gurɓata ƙasa suna haifar da lalacewa ta hanyar tarawa kusa da farfajiyar Duniya. Masu gurɓata duniya suna haifar da lalacewa ta hanyar mai da hankali kan [yanayin yanayi].
Auna maida hankali
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Kasashen Duniya
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Masu gurbatawa na iya ƙetare iyakokin duniya sabili da haka ana buƙatar ƙa'idodin ƙasa da ƙasa don sarrafa su. Yarjejeniyar Stockholm kan masu gurɓataccen kwayoyin halitta, wanda ya fara aiki a shekara ta 2004, yarjejeniya ce ta kasa da kasa don kula da gurɓatawar kwayoyin halitta. Rubuce-rubucen Saki da Canja wuri (PRTR) tsarin ne don tattara da rarraba bayanai game da sakin muhalli da canja wurin sunadarai masu guba daga masana'antu da sauran wurare.
Tarayyar Turai
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]European Pollutant Emission Register wani nau'in PRTR ne wanda ke ba da damar samun bayanai game da hayaki na shekara-shekara na masana'antu a cikin membobin Tarayyar Turai, da Norway.[4]
Amurka
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Ka'idodin Dokar Tsabtace Ruwa. A karkashin Dokar Tsabtace Ruwa, Hukumar Kare Muhalli (EPA) ta haɓaka Ka'idojin Ingancin Ruwa ta Kasa (NAAQS) don gurɓataccen iska guda shida, wanda ake kira "masu gurɓata" ƙwayoyin: ƙwayoyin cuta; smog da Ozone na ƙasa; carbon monoxide; sulfur oxides; nitrogen oxides; da gubar.[5] Ka'idodin fitarwa na kasa don masu gurɓata iska masu haɗari ƙarin ƙa'idodin fitar da iska ne waɗanda EPA ta saita don gurɓataccen iska mai guba.[6]
Ka'idodin Dokar Ruwa Mai Tsabtace. A karkashin Dokar Ruwa Mai Tsabtace, EPA ta gabatar da ka'idojin kasa don tsire-tsire na tsabtace ruwa na gari, wanda kuma ake kira ayyukan magani na jama'a, a cikin Dokar Kulawa ta Sakandare. Ka'idodin ƙasa don fitar da masana'antu ana kiransu jagororin Effluent (don tushen da ke akwai) da Sabon Ka'idodin Ayyuka na Tushen, kuma a halin yanzu suna rufe fiye da rukunin masana'antu 50.[7] Bugu da kari, Dokar ta buƙaci jihohin su buga ƙa'idodin ingancin ruwa ga kowane jikin ruwa don samar da ƙarin kariya inda ƙa'idodin ƙasa ba su isa ba.[8]
Matsayin RCRA. Dokar Kula da Kula da albarkatu (RCRA) ta tsara gudanarwa, sufuri da zubar da sharar gida, sharar gida mai haɗari da Tankunan ajiya na karkashin kasa.
Dubi kuma
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
- Mai gurɓataccen abu - Dokar Tsabtace Ruwa ta Amurka
- Jerin batutuwan muhalli
- Ƙididdigar Matsayi Mai Zubarruwa
- Rashin gurɓataccen yanayi
Manazarta
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- 1 2 3 4 Persson L, Carney Almroth BM, Collins CD, Cornell S, de Wit CA, Diamond ML, et al. (February 2022). "Outside the Safe Operating Space of the Planetary Boundary for Novel Entities". Environmental Science & Technology. 56 (3): 1510–1521. Bibcode:2022EnST...56.1510P. doi:10.1021/acs.est.1c04158. PMC 8811958 Check
|pmc=value (help). PMID 35038861 Check|pmid=value (help). - 1 2 Cite error: Invalid
<ref>tag; no text was provided for refs named "Tietenberg". - ↑ "Light Pollution | National Geographic Society". education.nationalgeographic.org. Retrieved 2022-09-02.
- ↑ "The European Pollutant Release and Transfer Register (E-PRTR)". environment.ec.europa.eu (in Turanci). 2023-09-28. Retrieved 2023-11-03.
- ↑ "NAAQS Table". Criteria Air Pollutants. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). 2016.
- ↑ "National Emission Standards for Hazardous Air Pollutants". EPA. 2018-01-25.
- ↑ "Effluent Guidelines". EPA. 2018-02-28.
- ↑ "Standards for Water Body Health". EPA. 2018-02-28. Archived from the original on October 9, 2015.