Mai kula da doka
 Mai kula da doka | |
|---|---|
position (en)  da legal kinship (en) | |
| Bayanai | |
| Ƙaramin ɓangare na |
representative (en) , commissioner (en) da custodian (en) |
| Fuskar |
legal guardian for a child (en) |
| Uses (en) |
In loco parentis (en) da ward (en) |
mai kula da shari'a shine mutumin da kotun ta nada ko kuma yana da ikon shari'a (da kuma aiki da ya dace) don yin yanke shawara da ya dace da bukatun mutum da dukiya wani wanda aka ɗauka bai cancanta ba, wanda ake kira ward. Misali, ana iya ba mai kula da shari'a ikon yin yanke shawara game da gidaje ko kula da lafiya ko sarrafa kudaden unguwa.[1] Kulawa ya fi dacewa lokacin da wani unguwa da ake zargi ya gaza aiki, ma'ana suna da ƙwarewar da ke da mahimmanci ga yin wasu ayyuka, kamar yin muhimman yanke shawara na rayuwa.[2] Guardianship ya yi niyyar zama mai kariya don kare unguwar.[3]
Kowa na iya yin koke don sauraron kulawa idan ya gaskanta cewa wani ba zai iya yanke shawara mai ma'ana a madadin kansa ba. A cikin sauraron ra'ayi, alkali a ƙarshe yana yanke shawara ko kulawa ya dace kuma, idan haka ne, zai nada waliyyi. Yawanci ana amfani da masu gadi a cikin yanayi huɗu: kulawa ga tsofaffi maras iya aiki (saboda tsufa ko rashin ƙarfi), renon yara ƙanana, da kuma kulawa ga manya masu rauni da kuma na manya da aka samu ba su da ƙwarewa. An fi naɗa ɗan iyali wanda aka fi sani da waliyya, [ana faɗa hujja] ko da yake ana iya nada ƙwararren mataimaki ko amintaccen jama'a idan babu wanda ya dace da iyali.
Kula da tsofaffi marasa iyawa
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Kula da tsofaffi M iyawa yawanci yakan taso ne lokacin da wani ya yanke shawarar cewa tsofaffi ba su iya kula da kansu da / ko dukiyarsu ba. A zahiri, yawancin unguwanni da ake zargi tsofaffi ne (Ms = shekaru 76-82), da yawa daga cikinsu suna zaune a wani wurin kulawa kuma an gano su da raunin jijiyoyi kamar rashin hankali.[2] Yawanci, wani abin da ya faru ya sa kwararre, memba na iyali, ma'aikacin kiwon lafiya, ko limami ya fara aikin kula. Duk da yake kulawa tana da niyyar karewa da tallafawa tsofaffi marasa iyawa waɗanda ba su iya kula da kansu ko shiga cikin ayyukan rayuwar yau da kullun ba tare da taimako ba, kulawa wani lokacin yakan haifar da cin zarafin kuɗi na unguwanni.
Tsarin zai fara ne da ƙuduri ko mutumin da ake zargi da rashin iyawa a zahiri ba shi da iyawa. Sau da yawa za a sami sauraron shaida. Binciken tsari [2] na nazarin kulawa daga Amurka, Sweden, da Ostiraliya sun gano cewa shaidar da aka fi amfani da ita a cikin sauraron kulawa ita ce yanayin kiwon lafiya na unguwar da ake zargi; watakila abin mamaki, bayanin ikon fahimta na unguwar, ƙwarewar aiki da alamun cutar kwakwalwa ba su da yawa.
Idan kotun ta yanke shawarar cewa mutum ba shi da iko, kotun ta ƙayyade ko mai kula ya zama dole, girman ikon shari'ar mai kula, (misali ana iya buƙatar mai kula don kuɗin mutumin amma ba don mutumin ba) kuma, idan haka ba, wanene mai kula ya kamata ya zama.[4] Tabbatar da ko kulawar ta zama dole na iya la'akari da dalilai da yawa, gami da ko akwai wani zaɓi mai ƙuntatawa, kamar amfani da ikon da ya riga ya kasance na lauya da Wakilin kiwon lafiya.[5] A wasu lokuta, jayayya ta kulawa na iya zama jayayya sosai kuma tana iya haifar da shari'a tsakanin iyaye da yara masu girma ko tsakanin 'yan uwa daban-daban da juna a cikin abin da ke da rikici game da dukiyar iyaye.
Wani rahoto da aka buga a cikin shekarata 2010 ta Ofishin Gudanar da Gwamnatin Amurka ya kalli shari'o'i 20 da aka zaɓa wanda masu kula suka sace ko kuma ba su da kyau sun sami dukiya daga abokan ciniki. A cikin 6 daga cikin waɗannan shari'o'i 20, kotuna sun kasa tantance masu kula da su yadda ya kamata kafin lokaci kuma sun nada mutane da ke da hukunci na laifi ko manyan matsalolin kudi, kuma a cikin 12 daga cikin shari'oʼi 20, kotunan sun kasa kula da masu kula da zarar an nada su.
A watan Oktoba na shekara ta 2017, The New Yorker ta wallafa wata kasida da ke kallon halin da ake ciki a Nevada inda masu kula da kwararru a wasu lokuta suna da abokan ciniki da yawa, kuma sun yi jayayya game da kammala cewa a lokuta da yawa kotuna ba su kula da waɗannan shirye-shiryen yadda ya kamata ba. A cikin shekarata 2018, an buga shirin bincike na "The Guardians", yana zargin " satar tsofaffi" a Nevada ta hanyar kamfanonin kula da masu zaman kansu ba tare da dangi ko wasu alaƙa da ke akwai da unguwarsu ba, suna neman riba ta tattalin arziki daga ajiyar tsofaffi.[6]
Kula da yara
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Mai kula da halitta
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Iyaye ƙarami yaro sune masu kula da yaron.[7]
Mai kula da doka
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Yawancin hukunce-hukunce sun yarda cewa iyayen yaro sune masu kula da yaron, kuma iyaye na iya sanya wanda zai zama mai kula da yaron a lokacin da ya mutu, yawanci yana ƙarƙashin amincewar kotun. Kotun na iya nada mai kula da ƙarami idan iyayensu sun nakasa ko sun mutu ko kuma idan iyayen ƙaramin ba za su iya sarrafa lafiyar ɗansu da jin daɗin su ba.[8] Idan an nada wanda ba iyaye ba a matsayin mai kula, kotun za ta tantance yadda haƙƙin iyaye ke tasiri ta hanyar nadin (misali, kafa jadawalin ziyara). [9]
Kula da manya masu nakasa
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Ana iya nada masu kula da shari'a a cikin shari'o'in kula da manya (duba kuma ra'ayin mazan jiya). Misali, saboda ba a nada iyaye ta atomatik don zama mai kula da yaransu mai nakasa ta hankali ko ta jiki wanda ya kai ga balaga, [1] iyaye na iya fara aikin kulawa don zama masu kula da doka lokacin da yaron ya kai shekarun mafi girma.
Wani sanannen misali na irin wannan tsari shine halin da ya shafi Britney Spears, wanda aka sanya shi cikin ra'ayin mazan jiya a karkashin kulawar mahaifinta, Jamie Spears, da lauya Andrew Wallet a cikin shekarata2008, biyo bayan jerin gwagwarmayar mutum da aka yada sosai da kuma batutuwan da suka shafi lafiyar hankali.
Manazarta
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]- ↑ 1.0 1.1 Millar, Dorothy Squatrito (2013). "Guardianship Alternatives: Their Use Affirms Self-Determination of Individuals with Intellectual Disabilities". Education and Training in Autism and Developmental Disabilities. 48 (3): 291–305. ISSN 2154-1647. JSTOR 23880988.
- ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 McSwiggan, Sally; Meares, Susanne; Porter, Melanie (March 2016). "Decision-making capacity evaluation in adult guardianship: a systematic review". International Psychogeriatrics (in Turanci). 28 (3): 373–384. doi:10.1017/S1041610215001490. ISSN 1041-6102. PMID 26412394. S2CID 33108335.
- ↑ Frolik, Lawrence A. (2012). "Guardianship reform: When the best is the enemy of the good". Stanford Law & Policy Review. 9 (2): 347–358 – via Hein Online.
- ↑ "Guardianship—Acting for Adults Who Become Disabled". State Bar of Michigan. Retrieved 20 December 2017.
- ↑ "Alternatives to Guardianship and Conservatorship for Adults in Iowa" (PDF). National Resource Center for Supported Decision-Making. 2007. Archived from the original (PDF) on 22 December 2017. Retrieved 20 December 2017.
- ↑ "The Guardians". guardiansdocumentary.com. Archived from the original on June 27, 2018.CS1 maint: unfit url (link)
- ↑ "Guardianship of children". Community Law. Community Law Centres o Aotearoa. Archived from the original on 30 January 2018. Retrieved 20 December 2017.
- ↑ Wex Definitions Team (January 2022). "Guardianship". Cornell Law School Legal Information Institute. Retrieved October 14, 2022.
- ↑ "Guardianship - Family Court - Delaware Courts - State of Delaware". courts.delaware.gov. Retrieved 2022-12-04.