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Mai kula da gidan waya

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Infotaula d'esdevenimentMai kula da gidan waya
Map
 3°45′07″N 8°46′25″E / 3.752064°N 8.7737°E / 3.752064; 8.7737
Irimilitary operation (en) Fassara
Bangare naYakin Duniya na II
Kwanan watan14 ga Janairu, 1942
WuriBioko
Participant (en) Fassara

 

Operation Postmaster wani aiki ne na musamman na Birtaniyya da aka gudanar a yankin Fernando Po na Spain wanda a yanzu ake kira Bioko, kusa da yammacin Afirka a mashigin ruwan Guinea, a lokacin yakin duniya na biyu. Rundunar Kananan Hukumomi (SSRF) da Hukumar Soja ta Musamman (SOE) ne suka gudanar da aikin a watan Janairun 1942. Manufarsu ita ce su shiga cikin jiragen ruwa na Italiya da Jamus a cikin tashar jiragen ruwa, su tashi zuwa Legas. Rundunar SSRF karkashin jagorancin Manjo Gus March-Philipps ta bar Biritaniya a watan Agustan 1941 kuma ta tuka jirgin ruwa na Brixham, Maid Honor. [1] zuwa mulkin mallaka na Spain.

Hukumomin Birtaniyya da ke yankin sun ki ba da goyon bayan farmakin, wanda suka yi la’akari da cewa ya sabawa tsaka-tsakin Spain. An ba da izinin gudanar da aikin a ƙarshe daga Ofishin Harkokin Waje a London. A ranar 14 ga Janairu, 1942, yayin da jami'an jiragen ruwa ke halartar wata liyafa da wani wakilin SOE ya shirya, kwamandojin sun shiga tashar jiragen ruwa a cikin tug guda biyu, suka rinjayi ma'aikatan jiragen ruwa kuma suka tashi tare da jiragen ruwa, ciki har da jirgin ruwa na Italiyanci Duchessa d'Aosta. Hare-haren ya karawa SOE suna a wani muhimmin lokaci da kuma nuna iyawarta na tsarawa da gudanar da ayyukan sirri komai illar siyasa.

Tarihi

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A cikin 1941 Admiralty na Burtaniya ya fara karɓar rahotanni cewa Jiragen ruwa na Jamus suna amfani da koguna a sassan Vichy na Faransa na Afirka a matsayin tushe don man fetur. Rukunin da aka zaba don bincika rahotanni shine Small Scale Raiding Force (SSRF) wanda aka fi sani da No. 62 Commando.[2] An kafa SSRF a cikin 1941, kuma ta ƙunshi ƙaramin rukuni na 55 masu horar da kwamandoji masu aiki tare da Babban Ayyuka na Musamman (SOE). Yayinda yake ƙarƙashin ikon aiki na Hedikwatar Ayyuka ta Hadin Gwi, No. 62 Commando kanta tana ƙarƙashin umurnin Manjo Gus Maris-Phillipps .

Maid Honor, jirgin ruwa mai nauyin tan 65, ya bar tashar jiragen ruwa ta Poole a ranar 9 ga watan Agusta 1941, yana kan hanyar zuwa Yammacin Afirka. Ma'aikatan maza biyar suna karkashin umurnin Maris-Phillipps.[3] Sauran SSRF a karkashin umurnin Kyaftin Geoffrey Appleyard sun tashi a baya a cikin jirgin jigilar sojoji. A ranar 20 ga Satumba 1941 bayan makonni shida a cikin jirgin ruwa, Maid Honor ta isa Freetown, Saliyo. Freetown ita ce yarjejeniyar haɗuwa ga ƙungiyoyin biyu, jam'iyyar Appleyard ta isa ƙarshen watan Agusta.[4] Bayan zuwan Maid Honor a Freetown an fara nemo sansanonin jiragen ruwa na Jamus. Sun shiga cikin koguna da dama da ke yankin, sun kasa gano wani jirgin ruwa na karkashin ruwa ko shaida na wani jirgin ruwa.

Green and blue map of the Gulf of Guinea, a number of small island lead out from the mainland into the Atlantic
Tekun Guinea. Fernando Po, wanda yanzu ake kira Bioko, shine tsibirin da ya fi kusa da ƙasar.

SOE ta ci gaba da kasancewa a yammacin Afirka, inda za ta iya lura da yankunan Vichy Faransanci, Mutanen Espanya da Portuguese da nufin ganowa da kuma hana duk wani aiki da ke barazana ga mallakar Birtaniya.[5] Yayin da kwamandojin ke neman sansanonin jiragen ruwa na Jamus, jami'an SOE sun fahimci wasu jiragen ruwa guda uku a tashar jiragen ruwa na Santa Isabel a tsibirin Fernando Po na Spain mai nisan kilomita 30 (19 mi) daga gabar tekun Afirka kusa da iyakar Najeriya da Guinea. .

Jiragen guda ukun dai su ne jirgin ruwan 'yan kasuwa na Italiya mai nauyin ton 8,500, Duchessa d'Aosta, babban jirgin ruwa na Jamus Likomba, da wani jirgin ruwa mai sarrafa dizal Bibundi. Duchessa d'Aosta yana da rediyo mai aiki wanda aka ɗauka a matsayin barazana, tare da yuwuwar samar da cikakkun bayanai game da ƙungiyoyin sojojin ruwa na Allied. Kayayyakin da aka ayyana shine fam miliyan 3 na ulu, fam 316,610 na fatu da fatu, fam miliyan 1.3 na kayan tanning, fam miliyan 4 na copra, fam 544,660 na danyen asbestos fiber da sama da miliyan 1.1 na tagulla na electrolytic. Ba a gabatar da shafi na farko na takardar da jirgin ya ke da shi ga hukumomin tashar jiragen ruwa ba kuma kyaftin din jirgin ya ki ba su cikakken bayani, lamarin da ya sa ake kyautata zaton cewa yana dauke da makamai ko alburusai. A ziyarar da ya kai tsibirin, wakilin SOE Leonard Guise ya ajiye jiragen a karkashin kulawa, kuma a watan Agustan 1941 ya gabatar da wani shiri don kama Likomba da kuma nakasa Duchessa d'Aosta. Admiralty ta ba da izini ga aikin soja a tashar jiragen ruwa mai tsaka-tsaki a ranar 20 ga Nuwamba 1941.

Don jigilar maharan zuwa tsibirin, an bayar da tug guda biyu, Vulcan da Nuneaton, wanda Gwamnan Najeriya, Sir Bernard Bourdillon ya ba da shi.[1] Rundunar sojojin za ta kunshi mutane 32: jami'an SOE guda hudu, kwamandoji 11 daga SSRF da kuma maza 17 da aka dauka daga jama'ar yankin domin yin tuggu guda biyu. Ofishin ya sha da kyar a lokacin da Babban Hafsan Sojojin Biritaniya (GOC) na Yammacin Afirka, Janar Sir George Giffard ya ki ba da goyon bayan aikin. Sai dai ya ki sakin mutanen 17 da ake bukata, yana mai cewa hakan zai kawo cikas ga wasu tsare-tsare da ya ke da shi, kuma za a dauki matakin a matsayin satar fasaha kuma zai iya haifar da illa.[6] Da yake amsa damuwar GOC ta Yammacin Afirka, Admiralty ta dakatar da aikin.[6] Har ila yau, Ofishin Harkokin Waje bai goyi bayan aikin ba, kuma Ofishin Jakadancin Burtaniya a Madrid ba, wanda ya damu da yiwuwar martani na gwamnatin Spain. Ba a ba da izinin karshe, wanda Ofishin Harkokin Waje ya goyi bayan shi ba har zuwa 6 ga Janairun 1942, bisa la'akari da cewa, yayin da ake zargin da Birtaniya ke shiga cikin harin ba za a iya gujewa ba, abin da aka ƙidaya shi ne kauce wa duk wata hujja mai mahimmanci.[4] A matsayin kariya Admiralty ya kuma aika da HMS <i id="mwxg">Violet</i>, wani na Flower-class corvette, don tsayar da jiragen ruwa a teku, wanda zai samar da labarin rufewa cewa an tsayar da su yayin da suke ƙoƙarin komawa gida zuwa Turai.[6]

Aikin

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In the distance are cloud covered mountains, while in the front of the picture are houses leading to the harbour which has two piers leading out to sea
Hoton zamani (2007) na Santa Isabel daga iska

Wakilin SOE Richard Lippett ya sami aiki tare da kamfanin jigilar kaya John Holt & Co (Liverpool), wanda ke da ofisoshin kasuwanci a tsibirin. Da ya karbi mukamin, ya fara shirye-shiryen kai farmakin. Ya fahimci cewa ma'aikatan Duchessa d'Aosta sun kasance cikin halin karɓar gayyata zuwa gayyata a bakin teku kuma sun gudanar da bikin nasu a cikin jirgin ruwa a ranar 6 ga Janairu 1942. A ƙarƙashin sunan mai halartar biki, Lippett ya sami damar samun bayanai game da shirye-shiryen jirgin don teku, lambobin ma'aikatan, da shirye-shiryen agogo.

Maharan sun bar Legas ne da jakunkuna biyu a safiyar ranar 11 ga watan Junairu 1942, kuma a kan hanya sun yi aikin saukar da kayak (kayan nadewa) da hawa jiragen ruwa a cikin teku a karkashin jagorancin Kyaftin Graham Hayes. Sun kusanci tashar jiragen ruwa na Santa Isabel kuma a 23:15 da 23:30 hours a ranar 14 ga Janairu 1942; duka biyun sun kasance a matsayi na mita 180 (590 ft) a wajen tashar jiragen ruwa. A bakin teku, Lippett ya shirya don gayyatar jami'an Duchessa d'Aosta zuwa liyafar cin abinci; Jami'an Italiya 12 da jami'an Jamus biyu daga Likomba sun halarci taron.

Bangarorin kwana sun taru a kan benen tuwon guda biyu a lokacin da suka shiga tashar jiragen ruwa. Vulcan, tare da Maris-Phillips da na biyu a kan umarnin Appleyard a kan jirgin, sun nufi Duchessa d'Aosta. Yayin da suke gabatowa, ana iya ganin wasu mutane a bayan jirgin ruwan ‘yan kasuwa, amma da alama ba su kula da wannan tuggu ba, face sun haska fitilar da ke wajen. A lokaci guda kuma, ƴan folbot ɗin da ke ƙarƙashin umarnin Hayes daga Nuneaton, an yi musu jigilar su zuwa Likomba da Bibundi, waɗanda aka haɗa su tare. Da wani mai gadi da ke Bibundi ya kalubalanci shi, sai suka rarrashe shi da amsa cewa kyaftin din jirgin ne ya dawo. Mutanen da ke cikin kwalekwalen sun hau Bibundi, kuma ma’aikatan jirgin mutum biyu da ke kan agogon suka tsallake rijiya da baya. Bayan sun makala tuhume-tuhume kan sarkar anga, kwamandojin sun jagoranci Nuneaton tare da Likomba don kai ta da Bibundi.

ship at sea steaming from left to right, her guns are unmanned and the bridge crew can be seen
Jirgin ruwa na HMS Violet

Da zarar sun shirya, aka tayar da tuhumar, aka saki anka, kuma Nuneaton ya fara janye Likomba daga tashar jiragen ruwa. Maza goma sha ɗaya daga Vulcan sun sami nasarar shiga Duchessa d'Aosta; yayin da wata kungiya ta makala tuhume-tuhume a kan sarkokin anga, wata kuma ta yi bincike a kasa, tana tattara fursunoni. Busa sarƙoƙin anga, Vulcan ya fara fitar da Duchessa d'Aosta daga tashar jiragen ruwa. Fashe-fashen dai sun sanar da jama'ar garin, inda suka fara taruwa a mashigin ruwan, amma ba a yi yunkurin hana jiragen ba fita. Yawancin wuraren da ke dauke da jiragen sama sun bude wuta a kan manufofi, suna gaskata fashewar ta haifar da harin sama, amma bindigogi shida da ke kare tashar jiragen ruwa daga harin daga teku sun kasance shiru. Daga shiga tashar jiragen ruwa zuwa barin tare da jiragen ruwa a ƙarƙashin janyewa, aikin ya ɗauki minti 30, ba tare da wani asarar ga ƙungiyar da ta kai hari ba.

A cikin teku a ranar 15 ga Janairu 1942, Maris-Phillips ya kafa agogon yau da kullun kuma ya sanya masu gadi a kan fursunoni 29 da suka kama. Da yamma suka fara samun matsala da injuna da igiyoyin ja da tasoshin da aka kama. Kashegari Vulcan ya isa wurin da za a yi taron kuma HMS Violet ya "kama" a teku. Nuneaton, wanda ke fama da matsalar injiniya, ya sami damar tuntuɓar mai haɗin gwiwar Najeriya Ilorin ta hanyar semaphore, wanda hakan ya tuntubi Legas, kuma an aika jirgin don jawo su zuwa tashar jiragen ruwa.

Sakamakon haka

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Hukumar gudanarwar ayyuka ta musamman yanzu sun nuna ikonsu na gudanar da ayyuka, komai illar siyasa. Hugh Dalton, ministan gwamnati mai kula da SOE, ya sanar da firaministan Burtaniya Winston Churchill sakamakon harin. Ya kuma bayyana imaninsa cewa "sauran gwamnatoci masu tsaka-tsaki za su ji daɗin cewa Biritaniya, idan an buƙata, za ta yi watsi da ka'idojin yaƙi a ƙoƙarinsu na yin nasara". Wakilin da ke kula da tashar SOE Africa ya gabatar da rahoto ga shugaban SOE Colin Gubbins yana tunani game da nasarar Postmaster: "watakila a nan gaba ba zai zama dole ba don tattaunawa mai tsawo kafin a fara aiki na minti 30".

Gwamnatin Spain ta fusata kan harin, wanda ake ganin ya sabawa tsaka-tsakin kasar; Ministan harkokin wajen kasar Ramón Serrano Suñer ya bayyana wannan aiki da cewa

Harin da ba za a iya jurewa ba a kan ikon mulkinmu, babu wani dan kasar Spain da zai gaza tada hankali da wannan aikin na satar fasaha da aka yi ta hanyar saba wa kowane hakki da kuma cikin ruwa a karkashin ikonmu. Kada ka yi mamaki, idan muka mayar da amsar da shari’ar ta buƙaci—na makamai.[7]

A cikin gidajen rediyon Jamus sun ba da rahoton cewa ... "British mai lalata ya shiga tashar jiragen ruwa kuma ya watsar da tuhume-tuhumen masu zurfi don tayar da igiyoyin anga kuma an harbe ma'aikatan jirgin" kuma Völkischer Beobachter na 21 ga Janairu 1942 ya buga labarin tare da kanun labarai "Kin Birtaniya - Admiralty Lies on Act of Piracy". British Naval Intelligence ta ba da nasu sanarwa:

Dangane da zargin da Jamus ta yi na cewa sojojin ruwa na kawancen sun aiwatar da wani farmaki kan jiragen ruwa na Axis a tashar jiragen ruwa ta Santa Isabel na kasar Spain, Fernando Po, fadar mulkin Birtaniyya tana ganin ya zama dole ta bayyana cewa babu wani jirgin ruwa na Biritaniya ko Allied da ke kusa da ...Sakamakon ... na gidan rediyon Jamus, babban kwamandan Birtaniya ya aike da aikin leken asiri ga jami'an sintiri. Yanzu an samu rahoto cewa an ga wani babban jirgin ruwa da ba a san ko wanene ba, kuma jiragen ruwa na Biritaniya na ci gaba da zuwa wurin domin gudanar da bincike."[8]

An boye bayanan harin hatta daga hannun hafsan hafsoshin Burtaniya, wadanda kawai aka sanar da su, a ranar 18 ga Janairun 1942, cewa an kama Duchessa d'Aosta daga teku mai nisan mil 230 (kilomita 370) kuma an kai shi Legas.

A kan Fernando Po da kansa, Richard Lippett, wanda ya kasance a tsibirin, an kai shi don yin tambayoyi daga hukumomin Spain a ranar 17 ga Janairu 1942. Ya yi nasarar shawo kan su cewa ba shi da wani abu game da tashi daga jiragen ruwa, kuma bai kashe wani kudi ba a bikin ga jami'an jiragen ruwa. An sake shi daga tsare a ranar 27 ga Janairu 1942, amma an hana shi izinin barin tsibirin. Daga karshe ya tashi a asirce da kwalekwale, ya isa kasar Burtaniya a ranar 1 ga Maris 1942. Bayan aikin, an bar Maid Honor a Legas kuma daga ƙarshe an sayar da ita ga gwamnatin Saliyo a matsayin mai juyawa. Duchess d'Aosta ta tashi zuwa Greenock sannan kuma ta gudanar da ita ta Canadian Pacific a matsayin Empire Yukon don Ma'aikatar Sufurin Yakin.[9] Likomba ta gudanar da Elder Dempster Lines, wanda ya sake masa suna Malakel a 1947 sannan ya sayar da shi ga Laberiya a 1948. [10]

Bayan harin Maris-Phillipps an ba da Odar Hidima Mai Girma, an ba Hayes kyautar Soja, da Appleyard a Bar ga Giciyen Sojansa; Lippett da Guise kowanne an nada su memba na Order of the British Empire . [11] Wani kwamandan, kuma ƙwararren matuƙin jirgin ruwa a harin, Private Anders Lassen, shine mutum na farko da ya hau Duchessa d'Aosta. Don ingantacciyar ingantacciyar hanyar shigar da jirgin, Lassen an ba shi kwamiti a fagen, da lambar yabo nan take na Cross Military.

An kashe Maris-Phillipps a lokacin Operation Aquatint a watan Satumbar 1942. [12] A wannan manufa, Hayes ya guje wa kamawa kuma ya haye iyakar Spain, sai kawai a mika shi ga Jamusawa waɗanda suka tsare shi a kurkuku na watanni tara kafin a kashe shi da 'yan bindiga a ranar 13 ga Yuli 1943. Appleyard daga baya ya shiga Hukumar Jirgin Sama ta Musamman, kuma a ranar da aka kashe Hayes an ruwaito Appleyard ya ɓace lokacin da jirginsa ya kasa dawowa daga aikin. Lassen ya kuma shiga Special Air Service; an ba shi sanduna biyu ga MC kuma ya ci gaba zuwa manyan. An kashe shi a Italiya a shekara ta 1945, kuma an ba shi lambar yabo ta Victoria Cross saboda ayyukansa a can. [13][14]

A cikin al'adun gargajiya

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Fim ɗin 2024 Ma'aikatar Yakin Rashin Gaggawa yana nuna fasalin ƙagaggen aikin, bisa ga littafin 2014 Churchill's Secret Warriors: The Explosive True Story of the Special Forces Desperadoes of WWII by Damien Lewis.

[15][16]

Bayani

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  1. ↑ "Maid Honor". Shipping and Shipbuilding. Retrieved 2024-11-29.
  2. ↑ Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named "ch48".
  3. ↑ Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named "bi125".
  4. 1 2 Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named "me53".
  5. ↑ "Series reference HS 3—Special Operations Executive: Africa and Middle East Group: Registered Files". The Catalogue. The National Archives. Retrieved 16 June 2010.
  6. 1 2 3 Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named "bi129".
  7. ↑ Binney, shafi 148–149
  8. ↑ Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named "bi148".
  9. ↑ "Empire U, V W, Y, Z". World Ship Society. Retrieved 1 September 2010.
  10. ↑ "Elder Dempster Lines, ships of the line". Ships and Shipping. Archived from the original on 18 July 2011. Retrieved 25 June 2010.
  11. ↑ "No. 35645". The London Gazette (Supplement). 24 July 1942. p. 3293.
  12. ↑ "CWGC headstone March-Phillipps". Commando Veterans Association. Archived from the original on 12 June 2011. Retrieved 3 June 2010.
  13. ↑ "No. 37254". The London Gazette (Supplement). 4 September 1945. p. 4469.
  14. ↑ "No. 37476". The London Gazette (Supplement). 19 February 1946. p. 1048.
  15. ↑ Blakemore, Erin (2024-04-23). "The real spies who inspired 'The Ministry of Ungentlemanly Warfare'". History. Retrieved 2024-09-16.
  16. ↑ Zemler, Emily (2024-04-19). "How accurate is a new movie about the real-life spies who inspired Bond? We checked". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved 2024-09-16.

Bayanan da aka ambata

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