Mai rubuta waka
Mawallafin waƙa mutum ne wanda ke kirkirar waƙoƙi kiɗa ko rubuta Kalmomin waƙoƙi, ko duka biyun. Ana iya kiran marubucin kiɗa don waƙa a matsayin mawaki, kodayake ana amfani da wannan kalmar galibi a cikin kiɗa na gargajiya da fim da wasan bidiyo. Marubucin waƙa wanda yafi rubuta kalmomin waƙar ana kiransa mai rubutun kalmomi. Matsi daga masana'antar kiɗa don samar da shahararrun waƙoƙi yana nufin cewa rubuce-rubucen waƙoƙin kasuwanci sau da yawa tsari ne na haɗin gwiwa tare da ayyukan da aka raba tsakanin mutane da yawa.[1] Misali, marubucin waƙoƙi wanda ya ƙware wajen rubuta kalmomin za a iya haɗa shi da wani marubucin waƙar da ya ƙware a ƙirƙirar waƙoƙoƙi na asali. Waƙoƙin pop na iya kasancewa daga membobin rukuni daga ƙungiyar ko kuma ma'aikatan marubuta - marubutan waƙoƙi da Masu wallafa kiɗa ke aiki kai tsaye.[1] Wasu marubuta suna aiki ne a matsayin masu wallafa kiɗa, yayin da wasu ke da masu wallafawa na waje.[1]
A cikin 'yan shekarun da suka gabata, koyon gargajiya da kuma koyar da kai don koyon yadda za a rubuta waƙoƙi ana kara su da digiri na jami'a, difloma na kwaleji da "makarantu na dutse".[1] Ilimi game da fasahar kiɗa ta zamani (sequencers, synthesizers, gyaran sauti na kwamfuta), abubuwan rubuce-rubuce da ƙwarewar kasuwanci suna da mahimmanci ga marubutan waƙoƙi na zamani. Kwalejojin kiɗa da yawa suna ba da difloma da digiri na rubuce-rubuce tare da tsarin kasuwancin kiɗa.[1] Tunda rubuce-rubuce da wallafe-wallafen wallafe-rubucen na iya zama tushen samun kudin shiga, musamman idan waƙar ta zama rikodin da aka buga; bisa doka, a Amurka, waƙoƙin da aka rubuta bayan 1934 na iya kwafe su ne kawai ta hanyar marubuta. Ana iya siyan ikon doka don ba da waɗannan izini, siyarwa ko canja wurin. Wannan yana ƙarƙashin Dokar haƙƙin mallaka ta duniya.[1]
Ana iya amfani da mawaƙa ta hanyoyi daban-daban. Za su iya rubuta kalmomi ne kawai ko tsara kiɗa tare da wani mai zane. Za su iya gabatar da waƙoƙi ga ƙungiyoyin A & R, masu bugawa, wakilai da manajoji don la'akari da masu fasaha da yawa. Ana iya yin waƙoƙin waƙa a madadin marubucin waƙoƙi ta hanyar mai bugawa ko kuma da kansa ta amfani da takardun shaida kamar RowFax, littafin MusicRow da SongQuarters . [1] Kwarewar da ke da alaƙa da rubuce-rubuce sun haɗa da kasuwanci da kerawa. Wasu abubuwan kwangila suna haifar da ma'aikatan marubuta da marubuta ba su karɓi yabo na jama'a ba don gudummawarsu ga waƙa, kamar marubucin fatalwa a cikin wallafe-wallafen wallafe-walfinai.
Marubutan ma'aikata
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Mawallafin waƙoƙi waɗanda suka sanya hannu kan yarjejeniyar rubuce-rubuce ta musamman tare da mai bugawa ana kiransu marubuta ma'aikata. Kasancewa marubucin ma'aikata yadda ya kamata yana nufin cewa, a lokacin kwangilar marubucin waƙa tare da mai bugawa, duk waƙoƙin su ana buga su ta atomatik ta wannan kamfani kuma ba za a iya buga su a wasu wurare ba.[1]
A cikin yanayin kiɗa na ƙasar Nashville, akwai al'adun marubuta masu ƙarfi inda marubuta masu kwangila ke aiki na yau da kullun "9-to-5" a ofishin bugawa kuma ana biyan su albashi na yau da kullum, in ji marubucin ma'aikata Gary Growden. Wannan albashi shine ainihin "draw" na marubucin, ci gaba a kan kudaden shiga na gaba, wanda ake biya kowane wata kuma yana ba su damar rayuwa a cikin kasafin kuɗi.[2] Mai bugawa ya mallaki haƙƙin mallaka na waƙoƙin da aka rubuta a lokacin yarjejeniyar don lokacin da aka tsara, bayan haka marubucin waƙoƙi zai iya dawo da haƙƙin mallaki.[2] A wata hira da HitQuarters, marubucin waƙa Dave Berg ya yaba da fa'idodin saitin: "Na sami damar mai da hankali kan rubuce-rubuce a duk lokacin kuma koyaushe ina da isasshen kuɗi don rayuwa".[3]
Ba kamar marubutan kwangila ba, wasu marubutan ma'aikata suna aiki a matsayin ma'aikata ga masu bugawa. A karkashin sharuddan waɗannan ayyukan don yarjejeniyar haya, abubuwan da aka kirkira sun kasance mallakar mai bugawa. Saboda tanadin sake dawowa na Dokar haƙƙin mallaka ta Amurka ta 1976 ba ta shafi "ayyukan da aka yi don hayar ba", haƙƙin waƙar da aka kirkira a ƙarƙashin kwangilar aiki ba za a iya "sake dawowa" da marubucin ba bayan shekaru 35. A Nashville, ana ƙarfafa matasa marubuta da karfi don kauce wa waɗannan nau'ikan kwangila.
Marubutan ma'aikata sun zama ruwan dare a duk masana'antar, amma ba tare da shirye-shiryen aiki na ofishin da aka fi so a Nashville ba. Dukkanin manyan masu bugawa suna daukar ma'aikata a karkashin kwangila.[3] Samun kwangilar marubucin ma'aikata tare da mai bugawa na iya zama mataki na farko ga kowane sana'ar rubuce-rubuce, tare da wasu marubuta da sha'awar samun 'yancin kai mafi girma fiye da wannan saitin da zarar sun sami digiri na nasara.[3] Mawallafin waƙa Allan Eshuijs ya bayyana kwangilar marubucin ma'aikatansa a Universal Music Publishing a matsayin yarjejeniyar farawa. Nasarar da ya samu a karkashin shirin ta ba shi damar kafa kamfaninsa na wallafe-wallafen don ya iya "kiyaye yawan kuɗin [bugawa] yadda zai yiwu kuma ya ce yadda za a yi".[4]
Takamaiman matsayi
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Mai kunnawa
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Page Module:Message box/ambox.css has no content. Mai yin waƙa marubuci ne wanda ke kirkirar da kuma tsara kiɗa ko bugun waƙa, sau da yawa yana kafa tushe ko "gadon kiɗa". Kayan aiki da aka saba amfani da su sune masu hadawa, na'urorin drum, da kuma tashoshin sauti na dijital. Masu yin doke ko mawaƙa ba lallai bane su kasance masu yin rikodin ta hanyar ma'anar tunda gabaɗaya ba sa aiki kai tsaye tare da masu fasaha a cikin ɗakin rikodin da ke kula da samarwa da rikodin samfurin ƙarshe. Maimakon haka, suna ba da gudummawa ga wani muhimmin ɓangare na waƙar wanda mai tsara rikodin da mai zane ya haɓaka a cikin zaman studio.
Wasu masu samar da rikodin su ma masu bugawa ne, kuma za su shiga cikin dukkan tsari: gabaɗaya suna karɓar rubuce-rubuce da ƙimar samarwa. Wannan gaskiya ne musamman ga masu samar da R & B da hip-hop a cikin samar da hip hop na birane. Misali, masu samarwa kamar su Rodney Jerkins, Dr. Dre, Timbaland ko Pharrell Williams, sabanin mai samar da dutse wanda ba zai iya ba da gudummawa a matsayin marubucin waƙa ba.
Manyan layi
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Marubucin layi na sama ko mai layi na sama shine marubucin waƙa wanda yawanci ke rubuta waƙa a kan bugun da ya riga ya kasance. A cikin layi na sama, marubucin ba ya ƙirƙirar waƙa daga karkata, amma maimakon ƙirƙirar kalmomi da waƙoƙi a kan nau'Irin kiɗa na yanzu, sautin, jituwa, rhythm, da kuma nau'in waƙa.[5] Akwai banbanci: wasu marubutan saman layi suna rubuta kalmomi da waƙoƙi a capella, kafin suyi aiki tare da mai gabatarwa don rubuta wani bangare ko jituwa don tafiya tare da waƙoƙin.
A cikin rubuce-rubucen kasuwanci na zamani, al'ada ce don a samar da waƙar kiɗa da farko ba tare da wata murya ko kalmomi ba. Wannan ya faru ne saboda haɓakar kayan aikin samar da kiɗa da tashoshin sauti na dijital waɗanda aka tsara don saurin tsari na kiɗa na lantarki, kamar Cubase [6] da Ableton Live . [7]
Mai ba da labari na farko yawanci ƙwararren mawaƙi ne, kuma zai raira waƙa a kan waƙa a matsayin mawaƙin demo. Idan waƙar ta kasance ga wani mai zane-zane, mai zane-zanen farko na iya raira demo a cikin salon wannan mai zane ko hayar mawaƙa don wannan dalili. Manyan layin sau da yawa suna aiki a cikin rukuni don yin rubutu tare. Wani lokaci masu samarwa suna aika waƙoƙi ga marubuta fiye da ɗaya na saman layi don mai samarwa ko mawaƙa ya zaɓi zaɓin da suka fi so. Tunda waƙar iri ɗaya ce, ana iya gyara waƙoƙin marubuta daban-daban kuma a haɗa su. Lokaci-lokaci, mai gabatarwa na iya zaɓar wasu layin waƙoƙi ko ra'ayoyin waƙa daga layi ɗaya ba tare da ya ba da kyauta ko ya biya su ba. Wadannan yanayi wani lokacin sukan haifar da yaƙe-yaƙe na shari'a game da mallakar waƙoƙi ko kalmomin.[8]
A al'ada, marubucin waƙa zai shirya takardar jagora don waƙa, wanda ya ƙunshi ɗaya ko fiye da waƙoƙin kiɗa tare da bayanin waƙoƙi da ci gaba da aka nuna a ciki. Ana iya amfani da wannan don bugawa, ingantawa da yin rajistar haƙƙin mallaka na waƙa a cikin ajiya.
Mawallafin waƙoƙi masu aiki da yawa
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
A matsayin masu kida
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Mawallafin waƙoƙi galibi ƙwararrun masu kunna Kayan kiɗa ne. A wani bangare, wannan saboda tsarin "aiki" waƙar ko tsari yana buƙatar marubucin waƙoƙi ya kunna kayan aiki, yawanci guitar ko Piano, don jin yadda ci gaban chord ke sauti da haɓaka ma'anar yadda saitin da aka ba da chords ke tallafawa waƙar. Yin wasa da kayan aiki yana bawa marubucin waƙa damar yin gwaji da kuma ingantawa, yin canje-canje ga saurin, jituwa da sautin waƙa a matsayin wani ɓangare na ci gaba da tsarin rubutu.
Koyaya, wasu mawaƙa sun dogara gaba ɗaya akan tashoshin sauti na dijital (DAWs) don abun da ke ciki, suna barin kunna kayan aikin jituwa na gargajiya. Suna iya samun ƙwarewar aiki kawai, ta amfani da ƙirar MIDI don kunna ra'ayoyinsu ko zana alamar ta amfani da juzu'in piano na dijital.
Mawallafin waƙa na iya fadada kan babban waƙoƙin murya da ci gaba ta hanyar ƙara ƙarin waƙoƙi na kayan aiki, ƙugiyoyi, riffs da licks. Wadannan na iya faruwa kafin ko bayan waƙar murya, ko tare da waƙar muryar murya) kuma ƙara iri-iri ga waƙar da tsarin ta. Wani sashi na solo na kayan aiki na iya rubutawa ta hanyar marubucin waƙa, kodayake ya zama ruwan dare a ba da damar wasu mawaƙa su inganta kuma su ƙara nasu solo ga waƙa.
Baya ga sayar da waƙoƙinsu da ra'ayoyin kiɗa ga wasu masu fasaha su raira waƙa, yawancin mawaƙa-masu kida suna ƙirƙirar waƙoƙi don yin kansu, ko dai solo ko tare da ƙungiyar.
A matsayin masu samarwa
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Tare da ci gaban fasaha na baya-bayan nan, marubucin waƙa yanzu zai iya ƙirƙirar kiɗa mai cinikayya kusan gaba ɗaya akan kwamfutar tafi-da-gidanka. Wannan ci gaban fasaha ya sanya rawar mai gabatarwa / marubucin waƙa ya zama abin da ya fi shahara. Wataƙila saboda rawar da jama'a ke takawa ba su fahimci aikin furodusa ba, matsakaicin mai sauraro bai san lokacin da mai zane ya ɗauki matsayin furodusa.
Brian Wilson na Beach Boys yana daya daga cikin farkon kuma sanannun misalai na marubucin waƙa wanda ya zama mai samar da kiɗa. A cikin shekaru biyu na nasarar kasuwanci ta ƙungiyar, Wilson ya karɓi mulki daga mahaifinsa Murry, kuma shi kaɗai ne mai samar da duk rikodin su tsakanin 1963 da 1967. Misali na baya-bayan nan shine mawaƙa-mai rubuta waƙoƙi Beyonce, wanda aka ba shi kyauta a matsayin mai samar da waƙoƙin da yawa.
A matsayin mawaƙa
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Yawancin mawaƙa suna rubuta waƙoƙi ga kansu, kuma saboda haka, galibi ana kiransu mawaƙa-masu rubuce-rubuce.[9]
Rubuce-rubuce guda ɗaya
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
A rubuce-rubucen waƙa ko rubuce-buce, mutum ɗaya yana da alhakin ƙirƙirar dukkan kiɗa da kalmomin waƙa. A cewar Billboard, kashi 44% na waƙoƙin da suka kai lamba ɗaya a kan jadawalin <i id="mw6g">Billboard</i> Hot 100 a cikin shekarun 1970s an rubuta su ne ta hanyar marubucin waƙa ɗaya kawai. Adadin ya ragu zuwa 42% a cikin shekarun 1980, 24% a cikin shekarun 1990, 6% a cikin 2000s, da 4% a cikin 2010s.
Lionel Richie da Diane Warren su ne kawai marubutan waƙa tare da akalla 8 lambar-ɗaya da aka rubuta da kansu kawai. 'Yan wasan kwaikwayo kalilan ne kawai suka rubuta, suka samar, kuma suka yi waƙar Hot 100 mai lamba ɗaya kamar Prince ("Lokacin Doves Cry"), Debbie Gibson ("Foolish Beat" da "Lost in Your Eyes"), Alicia Keys ("Fallin'"), da Pharrell Williams ("Happy").
Rubuce-rubuce
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Ana iya rubuta waƙoƙi tare ko rubuta tare da haɗin gwiwar wasu marubuta.[10] Mataki na farko a rubuce-rubuce shine kafa rarraba gudummawar tsakanin masu haɗin gwiwa. A cikin dokar haƙƙin mallaka, babu bambancin muhimmancin tsakanin kalmomin waƙar ko waƙar waƙar, saboda haka ana ba kowane marubuci daidaitattun mallaka akan waƙar, sai dai idan an shirya wani yarjejeniya.[11] Marubutan waƙoƙin "Phantom" suna ba da ƙananan gudummawa ga waƙoƙi. Misalan wannan zai zama marubucin waƙa wanda ke ba da shawarar layi don aya ko mawaƙa na zaman da ba bisa ka'ida ba yana ba da shawarar ci gaba don coda. Yawancin lokaci ba a ba wa mawaƙa na "Phantom" yabo ba.
Lokaci na rubuce-rubuce na iya zama da gangan kuma ya haɗa da jam'iyyun da ke kawo ra'ayoyin da aka bayyana a sarari game da jinsi, taken, yanayi da tsarin waƙar da suke so su yi daidai. Sabanin wannan, marubutan na iya amfani da hanyar "rashin sani" wanda duk bangarorin ke tsara ra'ayoyin kuma waƙar a hankali tana samun tsari. Wannan an fi sani da jamming da mawaƙa.
Haɗin gwiwar rubuce-rubuce
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin].jpg)
Haɗin gwiwar rubuce-rubuce ko duo na rubuce-aikace haɗin gwiwa ne wanda ya ƙunshi marubuta biyu waɗanda yawanci suna raba kashi 50% na sarauta da yabo ga waƙoƙin da suka kirkira. Haɗin gwiwar rubuce-rubuce na iya kasancewa tsakanin mawaƙa da mawaƙa (Andrew Lloyd Webber tare da Tim Rice, ko Elton John tare da Bernie Taupin), [12] mai wasan kwaikwayo da furodusa (Madonna tare da Patrick Leonard ko Mariah Carey tare da Walter Afanasieff), ko tsakanin abokan aiki (Mick Jagger da Keith Richards na Rolling Stones ko Björn Ulvaeus da Benny Andersson na ABBA).[13]
A cewar Billboard, haɗin gwiwar rubuce-rubuce tsakanin John Lennon da Paul McCartney ya kasance mafi nasara a kowane lokaci, wanda ya haifar da waƙoƙi sama da 180 da [./List_of_<i id= Billboard_Hot_100_chart_achievements_and_milestones#Artist_achievements" id="mwAUE" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="List of Billboard Hot 100 chart achievements and milestones">rikodin lambobi 20] ga Beatles a kan Billboard Hot 100. Abokan haɗin gwiwar rubuce-rubuce tsakanin Billie Eilish da Finneas O'Connell sun samar da nasarori da yawa a Kwalejin Kwalejin don Mafi Kyawun Waƙar asali da kuma Grammy Awards don Waƙar Shekara da Rubuce-rubi na Shekara.
sansanin rubuce-rubuce
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]A songwriting camp ne taron da yawa masu samarwa da kuma highiners a wani pre-zaɓaɓɓen wuri don manufar rubuta waƙoƙi: wani lokacin wadannan waƙoƙin ne ga wani takamaiman mai zane, wani lokacin suna da manufar samar da sabon abu da kuma ƙirƙirar sabon haɗin gwiwa.[14][15][16] A matsayin daya daga cikin masu fasaha masu cin nasara wajen sakin waƙoƙi da yawa, Rihanna an san ta da gudanar da sansanoni daban-daban na rubuce-rubuce don yin kundin ta. [9] Har ila yau, sansanonin rubuce-rubuce sun shahara sosai a masana'antar kiɗa ta K-pop.[17][18]
Samfurin
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Samfurin shine sake amfani da wani ɓangare (ko samfurin) na rikodin sauti daga waƙar da ta riga ta kasance a cikin sabon abun da ke ciki. Mawallafin waƙoƙi na asali (s) na waƙar yawanci suna karɓar ƙididdigar haɗin gwiwa lokacin da aka samo aikin su a kan wata waƙa, kodayake ba sa yawan shiga cikin tsarin rubuce-rubucen sabon waƙar. Misali, an ba da Sting a matsayin marubuci tare da Todd Gaither da Faith Evans don "Zan rasa ka" (1997) saboda samfurin "Kowane numfashi da kuka ɗauka" (1983), waƙar da ya rubuta kawai ga 'yan sanda. Koyaya, "Zan ɓace ku" ba ta da amincewar doka don samfurin kafin a sake shi, don haka Sting ya kai karar kuma ya sami 100% na sarautar waƙar, tare da biyan kuɗi da aka ruwaito har zuwa 2053. [19] Kundin Beyonce na Lemonade (2016) yana da nau'ikan marubuta 72 saboda amfani da samfurori a mafi yawan waƙoƙinsa.[20]
Dubi kuma
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]- Rolling Stone's 100 Greatest Songwriters of All Time
- Jerin Mawallafin Waƙoƙi waɗanda aka shigar da su
- Kyautar Grammy don Mawallafin Waƙoƙi na Shekara, Ba na gargajiya ba
Manazarta
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]- 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 "How to pitch your songs to industry insiders says Growden". EMusician. 1 July 2007. Archived from the original on 2010-07-24. Retrieved 25 August 2010.
- 1 2 "Interview with Roger Murrah". HitQuarters. 22 June 2009. Archived from the original on 17 February 2012. Retrieved 25 August 2010.CS1 maint: unfit url (link)
- 1 2 3 "Interview with Dave Berg". HitQuarters. 4 January 2010. Archived from the original on 14 March 2012. Retrieved 25 August 2010.CS1 maint: unfit url (link)
- ↑ "Interview with Allan Eshuijs". HitQuarters. 6 September 2010. Archived from the original on 5 November 2013. Retrieved 7 September 2010.CS1 maint: unfit url (link)
- ↑ Samama, Benjamin (2 March 2016). "What's the Difference Between a Songwriter and a Topline Writer?". Blog.sonicbids.com. Retrieved 2 April 2018.
- ↑ Walden, John. "Steinberg Cubase 10". Soundonsound.com. Retrieved 2020-03-18.
- ↑ Dee, Mella (19 June 2017). "Toplining – What it is (and Isn't) and How to Become a Topliner". Mella Music. Archived from the original on 28 December 2024. Retrieved 3 April 2018.
- ↑ Lindvvall, Helienne (26 August 2011). "Behind the music: Why topline melody writing creates disputes between artists and songwriters". The Guardian. Retrieved 2 April 2018.
- 1 2 "Rihanna says she's held "tons of writing camps" for a new album | NME". NME. October 2, 2020.
- ↑ "Definition". Thefreedictionary.com. 2011. Retrieved 29 September 2015.
- ↑ "Music Connection". Musicconnection.com. 2013. Retrieved 29 September 2015.
- ↑ "Tim Rice rules out collaborating again with Andrew Lloyd Webber". the Guardian. March 26, 2012.
- ↑ "BBC - 7 legendary song-writing duos that changed the face of pop music". Archived from the original on 2021-02-05. Retrieved 2021-01-17.
- ↑ Knopper, Steve (August 7, 2018). "The Songwriting Camps Where Pop's Biggest Hits (and Personalities) Get Crafted". Vulture.com.
- ↑ "Songwriting Camps". Shelly Peiken. May 9, 2016. Retrieved January 16, 2021.
- ↑ "How many people does it take to write a hit song?". Bbc.com. May 16, 2017.
- ↑ "How to Write and Pitch Songs for the J-Pop and K-Pop Markets". BMI.com. September 13, 2016.
- ↑ "Muki's K-pop songwriting expedition [Photo Diary]". Theindustryobserver.thebrag.com. June 1, 2018.
- ↑ Lifton, Dave (January 7, 2014). "Sting Earns $2,000 a Day Because Puff Daddy Didn't Say 'Please' Back in 1997". Ultimate Classic Rock (in Turanci). Retrieved January 22, 2020.
- ↑ Fallon, Kevin (April 13, 2017). "Does Beyoncé Write Her Own Music? And Does It Really Matter?". The Daily Beast. Retrieved August 21, 2020.