Mai yawan kitse
 Mai yawan kitse | |
|---|---|
| Bayanai | |
| Ƙaramin ɓangare na |
unsaturated fat (en)  |
| Hannun riga da |
monounsaturated fat (en) |
A cikin ilmin sunadarai da abinci mai ƙiba jiki, kitse mai ƙwayoyin cuta ne wanda ke ƙunshe da polyunsaturated fatty acid (abbreviated PUFA), wanda shine ƙananan ƙwayoyin ƙwayoyin da ke da ƙashin baya tare da haɗin carbon-carbon biyu ko fiye.[1][2] Wasu polyunsaturated fatty acids suna da mahimmanci. Polyunsaturated fatty acids sune precursors zuwa kuma an samo su ne daga polyunsaturated kitse, wanda ya haɗa da mai bushewa.
Nomenclature
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Matsayi na haɗin carbon-carbon biyu a cikin sarkar carboxylic acid a cikin kitse an sanya shi da haruffa na Helenanci.[1] Atom din carbon mafi kusa da ƙungiyar carboxyl shine alpha carbon, carbon na gaba shine beta carbon da sauransu. A cikin fatty acids carbon atom na methyl group a ƙarshen sarkar hydrocarbon ana kiranta Omega carbon saboda Omega ita ce harafin karshe na haruffa na Helenanci. Omega-3 fatty acids suna da haɗin biyu na carbon uku daga methyl carbon, yayin da omega-6 fatty acins suna da haɗin sau biyu na carbon shida daga methyl carbons. Hoton da ke ƙasa yana nuna omega-6 fatty acid, linoleic acid.
Ana iya rarraba sinadarin sinadarin polyunsaturated a cikin kungiyoyi daban-daban ta hanyar tsarin sunadarai:
- Polyenes da aka katse da methylene
- Acids masu kitse da aka haɗa
- sauran PUFAs
Dangane da tsawon kashin carbon, wani lokacin ana rarraba su cikin rukuni biyu: [3] Dukansu suna da ƙungiyoyin pentadiene.
- gajeren sarkar polyunsaturated fatty acids (SC-PUFA) , tare da 18 carbon atoms. Wadannan sun fi yawa. Manyan mambobi sun hada da linoleic acid, α-linolenic acid, da Arachidonic acid.[4]
- polyunsaturated fatty acids (LC-PUFA) mai tsawo tare da 20 ko fiye da atoms carbon
Fitarwa
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]PUFAs tare da 18 carbon atoms, waɗanda sune mafi yawan iri-iri, ba su da dabbobi masu shayarwa. Tun da yake suna da muhimman ayyukan abinci, biosynthesis din su ya sami kulawa sosai. Shuke-shuke suna samar da PUFAs daga oleic Aceit. Ana kiran mahimman enzymes da fatty acid desaturases, wanda ke gabatar da ƙarin haɗin biyu. Desaturases suna canza oleic acid zuwa linoleic acid wanda ya zama farkon alpha-linolenic acid, gamma-linolenric acid da dihomo-gamma-linolenlic acid.[5]
Ana samun PUFAs na masana'antu ta hanyar hydrolysis na kitse wanda ke dauke da PUFAs. Tsarin yana da rikitarwa ta hanyar yanayin PUFAs, wanda ke haifar da halayen gefe da launi. Don haka, hydrolysis na tururi sau da yawa ya kasa saboda wannan dalili. Alkaline hydrolysis na mai da aka biyo bayan acidization yana da tsada. Lipases, dangin enzymes, suna nuna yiwuwar a matsayin masu sauƙin kai da kore don samar da PUFAs daga triglycerides.
Gabaɗaya, a waje da mahallin abinci, PUFAs sune abubuwan da ba a so na mai na kayan lambu, don haka akwai babban sha'awa wajen cire su daga, a ce, man zaitun. Ɗaya daga cikin fasahar don rage hulɗar PUFA ita ce ta hanyar zaɓaɓɓen ƙwayoyin da aka samo asali tare da ureas.
Halin da aka yi
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Daga hangen nesa na nazarin sunadarai, PUFA suna da manyan Lambobin iodine. Wadannan manyan dabi'u kawai nuna gaskiyar cewa PUFAs suna da poly. Hydrogenation na PUFAs yana ba da ƙarancin abubuwan da ba a cika su ba. Ga samfuran da ba su da kyau daga ɓangaren hydrogenation sau da yawa suna ƙunshe da wasu trans isomers. Ana iya shirya nau'in C20 mai suna elaidic acid ta wannan hanyar.
Manazarta
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]- ↑ 1.0 1.1 "Essential Fatty Acids". Micronutrient Information Center, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR. May 2014. Retrieved 24 May 2017. Cite error: Invalid
<ref>tag; name "osu2014" defined multiple times with different content - ↑ "Omega-3 fatty acids, fish oil, alpha-linolenic acid". Mayo Clinic. 2017. Retrieved 24 May 2017.
- ↑ Buckley MT, et al. (2017). "Selection in Europeans on Fatty Acid Desaturases Associated with Dietary Changes". Mol Biol Evol. 34 (6): 1307–1318. doi:10.1093/molbev/msx103. PMC 5435082. PMID 28333262.
- ↑ Feussner, Ivo; Wasternack, Claus (2002). "The Lipoxygenase Pathway". Annual Review of Plant Biology. 53: 275–297. doi:10.1146/annurev.arplant.53.100301.135248. PMID 12221977.
- ↑ Jiao, Jingjing; Zhang, Yu (2013). "Transgenic Biosynthesis of Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids: A Sustainable Biochemical Engineering Approach for Making Essential Fatty Acids in Plants and Animals". Chemical Reviews. 113 (5): 3799–3814. doi:10.1021/cr300007p. PMID 23421688.