Majalisar Dokokin Afirka
 Majalisar Dokokin Afirka | |
|---|---|
| Bayanai | |
| Iri |
international parliament (en)  |
| Aiki | |
| Member count (en) | 256 |
| Mulki | |
| Hedkwata |
Gallagher Convention Centre (en) |
| Subdivisions | |
| Tarihi | |
| Ƙirƙira | 18 ga Maris, 2004 |
| pap.au.int | |
Majalisar Pan-African Parliament ( PAP ), wacce aka fi sani da Majalisar Afirka, ita ce majalisar dokoki ta Tarayyar Afirka . [1] Ta gudanar da zamanta na farko a watan Maris 2004. Majalisar tana aiki da sa ido, kuma tana da ikon ba da shawara da tuntuɓar juna, wanda ke da shekaru biyar na farko. Da farko dai kujerar majalisar dokokin ƙasashen Afrika ta kasance a birnin Addis Ababa na kasar Habasha, amma daga baya aka koma birnin Midrand na kasar Afrika ta Kudu . Manufar kafa majalisar ita ce samar da wani fili da jama'a daga dukkan jihohin Afirka za su hadu, da yin shawarwari, da zartar da wasu manufofi kan batutuwan da suka shafi nahiyar Afirka baki daya.
Majalisar ta ƙunshi mafi girman mambobi biyar kowace ƙasa memba da ta amince da yarjejeniyar kafa ta, ciki har da aƙalla mace ɗaya a kowace ƙasa memba. [2] Ƙasashe membobi ne da majalisunsu na cikin gida ne ke zabar wadannan mambobi. Babban burin majalisar ita ce ta zama cibiyar da ke da cikakken ikon aiwatar da doka wanda ake zabar mambobinta ta hanyar jefa kuri'a a fadin duniya, kamar yadda shugaban ƙasar Afirka ta Kudu Jacob Zuma ya bayyana a jawabinsa na bude taro na farko na majalisar dokoki ta biyu na majalisar Pan-African a ranar 28 ga Oktoba, 2009. [3]
Majalisar Pan-African ta ƙunshi sassa uku. Zauren taron dai shi ne babban bangaren zartarwa da shawarwari na majalisar, inda wakilai ke taruwa akai-akai don tattauna batutuwan da suka shafi nahiyar Afirka da hanyoyin magance su. Ofishin shi ne sashin jagoranci na Majalisar, wanda ya kunshi shugaban kasa da mataimakan shugaban ƙasa huɗu, wadanda dukkansu wakilai ne suka zabe su a zauren Majalisar. Bangaren karshe na majalisar shi ne Sakatariya, wacce ita ce kungiya ce ta majalisar kuma magatakarda, mataimakin magatakarda, da mataimakin magatakarda na riko. Tare, waɗannan tsare-tsaren suna kiyayewa da aiwatar da manufofi da ƙa'idojin da aka tsara don gudanar da majalisar.
A zaben majalisar dokokin kasar a shekarar 2022, an zabi Chief Fortune Charumbira daga Zimbabwe a matsayin sabon shugaban kasa, sai kuma Massouda Mohamed Laghdaf daga Mauritania, Ashebiri Gayo daga Habasha, Lúcia Maria Mendes Gonçalves dos Passos daga Cape Verde, da Francois Ango Ndoutoume daga Gabon a matsayin mataimakan shugaban kasa. [4]
Tsarin
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Majalisar ta ƙunshi manyan hukumomi uku: Majalisa, Ofishi, da Sakatariya. Akwai kuma kwamitoci goma na dindindin, waɗanda aka ƙirƙira don magance sassa daban-daban na rayuwa a Afirka.
Gabaɗaya
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Majalisar ita ce babbar hukumar yanke shawara ta majalisar. Zauren taron ya kunshi wakilai daga kasashe membobi, kuma shugaban kasa ne ke jagoranta. Jiki ne ke zartar da shawarwari.
Majalisar Afirka ta Kudu tana da wakilai guda 235 wadanda majalisun dokokin kasashe 47 a cikin 55 na kungiyar AU ke zabar su, maimakon a zabe su kai tsaye a matsayinsu. [5] Kowace kasa memba na tura tawagar 'yan majalisa biyar zuwa majalisar, akalla daya daga cikinsu mace ce. Yakamata ya kamata tsarin wakilan ya nuna bambancin siyasa na majalisar dokokin kasar. [6]
Ofishin
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]<b id="mwSQ">Ofishin</b> Shi ne rukunin jagoranci na majalisar kuma ya ƙunshi shugaban ƙasa da mataimakan shugaban ƙasa huɗu. Kowane memba na Ofishin yana wakiltar yanki daban-daban na Afirka. Membobin Ofishin na yanzu sune: [7]
- Shugaban kasa - Hon. Cif Fortune Zephania Charumbira daga Zimbabwe.
- Mataimakin shugaban kasa na farko - Hon. Farfesa Massouda Mohamed Laghdaf daga Mauritania.
- Mataimakin shugaban kasa na biyu - Hon. Dr Ashebiri Gayo daga Habasha.
- Mataimakin shugaban kasa na uku - Hon. Lucia Dos Passos daga Cape Verde.
- Mataimakin shugaban kasa na hudu - Hon. Jidda Mamar Mahamat daga kasar Chadi.
Sakatariya
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Sakatariyar tana taimakawa a harkokin yau da kullum na Majalisar, da gudanar da ayyuka kamar tarukan taro, shirya zabe da kuma kula da ma’aikata. Sakatariyar ta ƙunshi magatakardar majalisa da mataimakan magatakarda guda biyu - ɗaya daga cikinsu yana jagorantar Sashen Kasuwancin Majalisu, ɗayan kuma na Kudi, Gudanarwa, da Albarkatun Jama'a. Magatakardar Majalisar da mataimakansu kuma suna samun goyon bayan wasu ma'aikata da ma'aikata idan an buƙata. [8]
Tarihi
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Yarjejeniyar Abuja ta shekarar 1991 da Sanarwar Sirte ta shekarar 1999 sun bukaci a kafa Majalisar Ƙasa ta Afirka (PAP). Yarjejeniyar Abuja ta bayyana PAP ne kawai a matsayin wani bangare na hukumomin ƙungiyar tare da cewa, "Domin tabbatar da cewa mutanen Afirka sun shiga cikakken hali wajen ci gaba da haɗin kai na tattalin arzikin nahiyar, dole ne a kafa Majalisar Ƙasa ta Afirka. Tsarin kafa ta, ayyukanta, ikon ta da yadda za ta kasance za a fayyace su a cikin wata yarjejeniya da za ta tanadi hakan."
Bayan haka, an samar da Yarjejeniyar Kafa Tarayyar Afirka da wata yarjejeniya mai alaƙa da Yarjejeniyar Kafa Ƙungiyar Tattalin Arzikin Afirka da ta shafi Majalisar Ƙasa ta Afirka. Daga nan sai Dokar Kafa Tarayyar Afirka. An amince da Yarjejeniyar Kafa Majalisar Ƙasa ta Afirka a shekarar 2000 a taron koli na OAU da aka gudanar a Lomé, Togo. Zuwa shekarar 2022, PAP na da wakilai daga ƙasashe mambobin AU guda 47 daga cikin 55. Sashe na 22 na yarjejeniyar PAP ya tanadi cewa za ta fara aiki ne bayan mafi ƙarancin rinjayen ƙasashe mambobi sun ajiye takardun amincewa da ita.[9]
Ikon Majalisar Ƙasa ta Afirka ya karu sosai bayan taron AU-EU na shekarar 2017. Kafin wannan lokaci, majalisar na da ikon ba da shawara kawai. Sauye-sauyen da aka tsara kuma aka amince da su a shekarar 2017 sun mai da majalisar ta zama hukuma mai doka ta Tarayyar Afirka. Wadannan sauye-sauyen sun ba PAP damar tsara dokoki na misali ga ƙasashen Afirka da kuma sauya yadda zaɓe ke gudana a cikin majalisar.[10] Kafin 2017, kowace ƙasa mamba tana zaɓar mutane biyar da za su wakilce ta a majalisar. Yanzu haka, wakilai daga kowace ƙasa ana zaɓar su ne ta hanyar majalisar dokokin ƙasarsu, a zaɓen da ake gudanarwa a cikin wata guda a duk fadin Afirka.[10]
Manufa
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]- Aiwatar da manufofin da manufofin Tarayyar Afirka.
- Haɓaka yancin ɗan adam]da dimokuradiyya a Afirka.
- Tabbatar cewa Membobin Kasashe suna bin kyakkyawan shugabanci, gaskiya da rikon amana.
- Bari al'ummomin Afirka su san mene ne manufofi da manufofin kungiyar Tarayyar Afirka ta yadda za su iya hade kansu a nahiyar yayin da suke ci gaba da aiki cikin tsarin kungiyar ta AU.
- Samar da zaman lafiya, tsaro da kwanciyar hankali a Nahiyar.
- Samar da dogaro da kai da farfado da tattalin arziki ta yadda za a samu makoma mai kyau ga al'ummar Afirka.
- Samar da hadin gwiwa da ci gaba a Afirka.
- Karfafa fahimtar hadin kai da gina makoma a tsakanin al'ummomin Afirka.
- Samar da hadin gwiwa tsakanin Al'ummomin Tattalin Arziki na Yanki da Mambobinsu a Majalisa.
Iko
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]- Duba, tattauna ko bayyana ra'ayi a kan kowanne lamari, ko dai bisa ƙudurinta ko kuma a bisa buƙatar Majalisar Tarayyar Afirka ko wasu hukumomin tsara manufofi, tare da yin shawarwari da ta ke ganin sun dace dangane da, daga cikin wasu abubuwa, batutuwan da suka shafi mutunta haƙƙin ɗan adam, ƙarfafa cibiyoyin dimokiraɗiyya da al'adun dimokiraɗiyya, da kuma inganta shugabanci nagari da bin doka.
- Tattauna kasafin kuɗinta da kuma na Ƙungiyar Tarayyar Afirka tare da bayar da shawarwari kafin amincewar Majalisar Tarayyar Afirka.
- Yin aiki don daidaita ko haɗa dokokin ƙasashe mambobi.
- Yin shawarwari da nufin taimakawa cimma manufofin OAU/AEC da kuma jawo hankali kan ƙalubalen da ke tattare da aiwatar da haɗin kai a Afirka da hanyoyin shawo kansu.
- Nemi jami’an OAU/AEC su halarci zaman ta, su gabatar da takardu ko kuma su taimaka wajen sauke nauyin ayyukanta.
- Inganta shirye-shirye da manufofin OAU/AEC a cikin yankunan da wakilan ƙasashe mambobi ke wakilta.
- Inganta daidaitawa da haɗa manufofi, matakai, shirye-shirye da ayyukan ƙungiyoyin tattalin arzikin yankuna da majalisun dokoki na nahiyar Afirka.
- Ɗaukar dokokinta na aiki, zaɓar shugaban majalisar da gabatar da shawarwari ga Majalisa da Majalisar Ministoci kan girma da tsarin ma’aikatan tallafi na Majalisar Ƙasa ta Afirka.
- Yin wasu ayyuka da ta ke ganin sun dace domin cimma manufofin da ke kunshe a cikin Sashe na 3 na Yarjejeniyar kafa ta.
Ɗaya daga cikin matakan farko da Majalisar Ƙasa ta Afirka ta ɗauka shi ne yanke shawarar aika tawagar tantance gaskiya zuwa yankin Darfur na ƙasar Sudan.
Kalubale
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Zaɓe
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Zaɓen Gabaɗaya
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Duk da cewa manufar Majalisar Ƙasa ta Afirka ita ce gudanar da zaɓe cikin 'yanci da gaskiya, akwai abubuwa da dama da ke hana wannan buri cika. Wakilai na Majalisar ana zaɓar su ne daga ƙasashen mambobi, kuma cin hanci da rashin gaskiya a zaɓe kamar tsoratar da masu kaɗa ƙuri'a da murɗa sakamakon zaɓe abu ne da ake fama da shi a Afirka.[11] A wasu ƙasashe mambobi, hakan na zuwa ne ta hanyar haɗin gwiwa tsakanin hukumomin zaɓe da shugabannin siyasa don fitar da sakamakon ƙarya. Akwai iyaka ga abin da Majalisar Ƙasa ta Afirka za ta iya yi domin tabbatar da gudanar da sahihin zaɓe wanda zai haifar da muhalli na gaskiya da dimokiraɗiyya, don haka ana takaita ikon ta ta fuskar cimma wannan buri.[12]
Zaɓen Shugabanci na 2021
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Bayan karewar wa’adin shekaru uku na Roger Nkodo Dang a watan Mayu 2021, Majalisar Ƙasa ta Afirka ta gudanar da zama domin zaɓar sabon shugaban majalisa da mataimakansa. Amma zaman bai cimma wata matsaya ba saboda rashin jituwa tsakanin wakilan yammacin da tsakiyar Afirka dangane da wanda zai shugabanci majalisar. Har ma da tashin hankali ya barke tsakanin ‘yan majalisar, inda wasu har suka riƙe akwatin ƙuri’a da hannu. Saboda haka, zaman ya ƙare ba tare da sanin wanene zai jagoranci majalisar a gaba ba.[13] Tarayyar Afirka ta shiga tsakani a watan Nuwamba 2021 domin taimaka wa majalisar ta kammala zaɓenta da dawo da doka da oda.[14] Tun daga lokacin, Bouras Djamel aka zaɓa a matsayin shugaban rikon kwarya na majalisar, yayin da sauran sakamakon zaɓen ke jiran a kammala su yayin babban taron da aka shirya yi a watan Yuli 2022.[15]
Harshe
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Babban ƙalubale ne batun harshe a Majalisar Ƙasa ta Afirka. Harshen Larabci, Turanci, Faransanci da Fotugis ne suke zama harsunan aiki guda huɗu a majalisar. Amma akwai buƙatar a haɗa harsunan asali na Afirka cikin jerin harsunan aiki. Dalilin hakan kuwa shi ne cewa uku daga cikin waɗannan harsuna (sai dai Larabci) suna da alaƙa da mulkin mallaka da tsohon tsarin mulki a Afirka. Wannan matsalar na ƙara bayyana ne ta hanyar wakilcin ƙasashe a majalisar, inda kowace ƙasa – ko da yawan jama’arta – ke da yawan wakilai iri ɗaya.[12]
Burokraɗiyya
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]A faɗin nahiyar Afirka, akwai nau’o’in gwamnati na hukuma da na al’ada waɗanda ke aiki daidai gwargwado. Amma da yawa daga cikin waɗannan gwamnatoci na fuskantar matsalar shugabanni waɗanda ba sa son sauka daga mulki (“shugaba har abada”).[16] Baya ga hakan, akwai ƙasashe masu rikice-rikicen siyasa da sauya kundin tsarin mulki akai-akai. A irin waɗannan yanayi, gudunmawar da wasu ƙasashe za su bayar a majalisar na ƙuntatawa, saboda hakan yana hana aika wakilan da suka dace, kuma masu wakiltar ra'ayin jama’ar su. Rashin gaskiya da cin hanci ma babban kalubale ne a faɗin Afirka. Tunda majalisar na buƙatar ƙasashen mambobi su biya kuɗin rajista zuwa Tarayyar Afirka da majalisar kanta, to cin hanci a cikin ƙasa na iya sa waɗannan kuɗaɗen su faɗa hannun jami’an gwamnati maimakon zuwa ga majalisar. Wannan na rage wa majalisar kuɗin aiki da kuma ikon aiwatar da ayyuka.[17]
Zaman Tattaunawa
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Majalisar Afirka ta Kudu na iya haduwa a wani zama na yau da kullun har sau biyu a cikin shekara, yawanci a watan Maris da Agusta. Wadannan tarurruka na yau da kullun, tarurruka ne na yau da kullun da ake tattaunawa kan batutuwan da suka shafi Afirka, kuma za a iya kada kuri'a a kan 'yan majalisar dokoki don biyan bukatun Afirka kamar yadda 'yan majalisar Pan-African suka ga dama, kuma za su dauki tsawon wata guda. Kwamitocin dindindin na majalisar a kullum suna haduwa sau biyu a shekara don gudanar da tarukan doka, kuma za su iya yin taro a duk lokacin da suka ga dama yayin zaman majalisar na yau da kullun don tarukan da ba na doka ba. Majalisar kuma za ta iya yin taro a wani zama na musamman idan akwai gaggawa ko kuma wani yanayi na daban.[3]
A wasu daga cikin wadannan tarukan ana gudanar da zaben shugaban riko da mataimakin shugaban hukumar. Wadannan mukamai dai ‘yan majalisar wakilai ne da suka fito daga yankuna 5 na Afirka: Arewaci, Tsakiya, Gabas, Yamma, da Kudanci, inda Mukaddashin Shugaban kasar ya fito daga kowanne daga cikin wadannan yankuna. Dole ne Majalisar ta amince da 'yan takara kafin a jefa kuri'a a kan wadanda za a kada kuri'a a zahiri.[3]
Ƙarfin Dokoki
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Kafin a yi sauye-sauye ga Majalisar Ƙasa ta Afirka a shekarar 2017, ba a taɓa wuce wata doka ba ta hannun majalisar.[18] Sai dai sauye-sauyen da aka gabatar a 2017 sun mai da majalisar cibiyar dokoki ta cikakken iko da ke wakiltar Tarayyar Afirka, inda ta samu damar tsara da amincewa da Dokoki Misali da ƙasashen mambobi za su iya ɗauka. Yanzu haka, Majalisar na iya karɓa, duba da kuma bayar da ra'ayi a kan shawarwarin dokoki, yarjejeniyoyi da sauran ƙa’idojin kasa da kasa. Bugu da ƙari, Majalisar na da iko bisa ƙa’idojin kuɗi da dokoki da Tarayyar Afirka ta tsara, wadda hakan ke ba ta damar kula da ayyukan tara kuɗaɗen kanta ta hanyar dokokin majalisa. Duk wata doka da Majalisar ta gabatar dole ne a mika ta zuwa Majalisar Tarayyar Afirka domin sahalewa da amincewa ta ƙarshe.[10]
Dokoki Misali
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Tsari
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Tsarin ƙirƙira Dokar Misali a Majalisar Ƙasa ta Afirka na da matakai guda uku: matakin fara tsari, matakin tsara doka, da matakin amincewa. Ana iya fara ƙirƙirar Doka Misali daga: Babban taro (Plenary), kwamitin majalisa, Ofishin shugabancin majalisar (Bureau), ɗan majalisa guda, rukuni na 'yan majalisa, ƙungiyar jigogi (thematic caucus), wani bangaren Tarayyar Afirka, ko wata ƙungiyar jama'a da aka rajista a cikin wata ƙasa mamba, ko ɗan ƙasa da ke zaune a wata ƙasa mamba ko wani kamfani da aka rajista a wata ƙasa mamba. Ofishin Sakatare (Secretariat) yana bayar da shawarwari na fasaha ga cibiyoyin siyasa na majalisar dangane da yanke shawarar fara tsarin ƙirƙirar doka. Ofishin shugabanci (Bureau) ne ke zaɓar kwamitin da ya dace da batun da doka ke buƙata domin duba ko dokar za ta yi amfani, za ta yiwu kuma za a iya aiwatar da ita. Wannan ana tantance shi ta hanyar gwajin damar aiwatarwa, gwajin doka da kuma iya aiwatarwa. Sakamakon wannan gwaji ana mikawa Babban Taro (Plenary) wanda zai kada ƙuri’a ko za a ci gaba da tsara Dokar Misali. Idan an amince, dokar za ta shiga matakin tsara doka da amincewa kafin daga ƙarshe a mika ta zuwa Tarayyar Afirka domin sahalewa.[19]
Dokoki Misali da Aka Gabatar
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Misalin wata Doka Misali da Majalisar Ƙasa ta Afirka ta amince da ita kuma Majalisar Tarayyar Afirka ta sahale ta ita ce dokar da ta shafi aikin 'yan sanda a Afirka. Wannan doka an amince da ita daga Majalisar a shekara ta 2018, sannan Majalisar Tarayyar Afirka ta tabbatar da ita a shekarar 2022. Manufar dokar ita ce sauya aikin 'yan sanda daga "na danniya zuwa na mutunta dimokuradiyya da kare haƙƙin mutane", da kuma bayar da cikakken tsari kan "rawar da suke takawa, ikon su, ɗabi’un su, da yanayin aikin su." [20] Manyan manufofin doka uku sun haɗa da: kula da ‘yan sanda ta hanyar tsarin dimokuradiyya da na farar hula; bin doka da oda; da samar da ƙa’idodin aiki da suka dace da kare haƙƙin ɗan adam. Dokar ta haɗa da shawarwari daga kwararru daban-daban a aikin ‘yan sanda a Afirka, kuma tana bayyana mafi kyawun tsarin doka da za a iya amfani da shi a tsakanin tsarin dokoki da ayyukan ‘yan sanda daban-daban da ake da su a nahiyar. Komitin da ya tsara dokar ya gane daga farko cewa haɗa ra’ayin jama’a da kowane mai ruwa da tsaki zai taimaka wajen ganin an yi dokar da za ta dace da nahiyar da kuma sauƙaƙe amfani da ita ga masu ruwa da tsaki.[21]
Asusun Lamuni
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]An kafa asusun amincewa a ranar 26 ga Mayu 2005. A cikin kudirin samar da asusun, an ce asusun amincewa da majalisar dokokin Afirka ta Pan-African zai inganta " shugabanci nagari, gaskiya da dimokuradiyya, tabbatar da zaman lafiya da kwanciyar hankali, daidaito tsakanin jinsi da ci gaba a hadewar al'ummar Afirka a cikin Afirka da sauran kasashe. Zai kuma tallafa wa yaki da cutar kanjamau, yunwa da talauci a nahiyar".[22]
Shugabannin Majalisar Afrika
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]| Ƙungiyar haɗin kan Afrika | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Lamba | Suna | Farkon zangon mulki | Ƙarshen zangon mulki | Ƙasa |
| 1 | Gertrude Mongella | 2004 | 2008 | Samfuri:TAN |
| 2 | Idriss Ndele Moussa | 2009 | 2012 | Samfuri:CHA |
| 3 | Bethel Nnaemeka Amadi | 2012 | 2015 |  Nijeriya |
| 4 | Roger Nkodo Dang | May 2015 | April 2020 |  Cameroon |
| 5 | Fortune Z. Charumbira | April 2020 | August 2020 |  Zimbabwe |
| 6 | Bouras Djamel | August 2020[23] | June 2022 |
|
| 7 | Fortune Z. Charumbira | June 2022[24] | incumbent | Zimbabwe |
Manazarta
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]- ↑ Staff writer (2024). "Pan-African Parliament (PAP)". uia.org. Union of International Associations. Yearbook of International Organizations Online. Retrieved 12 January 2025.
- ↑
"Honorable Members of Parliament (MPs) | Pan-African Parliament". Pan-African Parliament (in Turanci). 2024. Archived from the original on 2024-06-04. Retrieved 2024-06-11.
The Parliament has up to 275 members representing the 55 AU Member States that have ratified the Protocol establishing it (¬five members per Member State, including at least one woman and representing the diversity of political opinions in their own national parliament or deliberative organ)
- 1 2 3 "The Pan-African Parliament | African Union". au.int. Archived from the original on 2020-11-28. Retrieved 2022-04-08.
- ↑ "Pan-African Parliament elects new leadership | African Union". Archived from the original on 2022-07-05. Retrieved 2025-06-03.
- ↑ "About PAP - General Overview". Archived from the original on 24 April 2015.
- ↑ "About PAP". Pan African Parliament. Archived from the original on 2 March 2018.
- ↑ "Pan-African Parliament elects new leadership". 29 June 2022. Archived from the original on 2022-07-05.
- ↑ "Secretariat". Archived from the original on 2015-05-03. Retrieved 2025-06-03.
- ↑ "Pan African Parliament". www.internationaldemocracywatch.org. Archived from the original on 7 December 2021. Retrieved 2022-04-08.
- 1 2 3 "The Pan-African Parliament: getting ready for the 2017 AU-EU Summit" (PDF). European Parliament (Policy Brief). 2017.
- ↑ Abuya, Edwin (2010-01-01). "Can African States Conduct Free and Fair Presidential Elections?". Northwestern Journal of Human Rights. 8 (2): 122.
- 1 2 Mngomezulu, Bheki (2018-09-12). "Reflecting on the Pan-African Parliament : prospects and challenges". Journal of African Union Studies. 7 (2): 45–62. doi:10.31920/2050-4306/2018/v7n2a3. ISSN 2050-4292. S2CID 158551696.
- ↑ "Africa Parliament Scuffle Upends Leadership Talks". VOA (in Turanci). 4 June 2021. Retrieved 2022-04-07.
- ↑ ISSAfrica.org. "AU steps in to try and fix the Pan-African Parliament". ISS Africa (in Turanci). Retrieved 2022-04-07.
- ↑ "Does the Pan-African Parliament serve a purpose?". The Africa Report.com (in Turanci). 2022-02-04. Retrieved 2022-04-28.
- ↑ Amadi, E. (2016), ‘The Pan-African Parliament (PAP): Issues, Challenges and Prospects’, International Journal of Social Sciences and Management Research, 3(1): 1-9.
- ↑ Transparency International, 2015. Report on Corruption Index.
- ↑ Fagbayibo, Babatunde (23 November 2017). "Toothless Pan-African Parliament could have meaningful powers. Here's how". The Conversation (in Turanci). Retrieved 2022-04-29.
- ↑ "Legislation". Pan-African Parliament (in Turanci). Retrieved 2022-04-30.
- ↑ "Pan African parliament approves model law on police". The Independent Uganda (in Turanci). 2019-10-14. Retrieved 2022-04-29.
- ↑ Edwards, Louise (January 3, 2022). "Model Law promotes rights-based police reform across Africa | Association for the Prevention of Torture". www.apt.ch (in Turanci). Retrieved 2022-04-29.
- ↑ "Establishment of the Pan-African Parliament Trust Fund". Archived from the original on 2 March 2009. Retrieved 2009-11-09.
- ↑ "Bouras Djamal becomes Acting President of the Pan African Parliament - AFRICAN PARLIAMENTARY NEWS". www.africanparliamentarynews.com. Retrieved 2021-12-23.
- ↑ "Meet Zimbabwe's Fortune Charumbira, the new president of the Pan African Parliament". Africa Briefing (in Turanci). 30 June 2022. Archived from the original on 4 July 2022. Retrieved 3 July 2022.