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Majalisar farko ta Nicaea

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Majalisar farko ta Nicaea
ecumenical council (en) Fassara
Bayanai
Suna a harshen gida Σύνοδος τῆς Νῑκαίᾱς da Concilium Nicaenum
Magnum opus (mul) Fassara Nicene Creed (en) Fassara
Suna saboda Nicaea of Macedon (en) Fassara
Director / manager (en) Fassara Hosius of Corduba (en) Fassara
Ƙasa Daular Rumawa
Muhimmin darasi Christology (en) Fassara, Arianism, date of Easter (en) Fassara da Viaticum (en) Fassara
Ta biyo baya First Council of Constantinople (en) Fassara
Kwanan wata 325
Lokacin farawa Mayu 325
Lokacin gamawa ga Yuli, 325
Mai-tsarawa Constantine the Great (en) Fassara
Wuri
Map
 40°26′N 29°43′E / 40.43°N 29.72°E / 40.43; 29.72

Majalisar farko ta Nicaea ta kasance majalisa ce ta bishops na Kirista da aka taru a birnin Bithynian na Nicaea (yanzu İznik TurTurkiyya SarSarkin sarakuna na Roma I. Majalisar Nicaea ta hadu daga Mayu har zuwa ƙarshen Yuli 325 . [6][1]

Wannan majalisa ta ecumenical ita ce ta farko daga cikin kokarin da yawa don cimma yarjejeniya a cikin coci ta hanyar taron da ke wakiltar dukan Kristanci. Hosius na Corduba na iya jagorantar shawararta. [2] [3] Akalla bishops 200 ne suka halarta, manyan nasarorin da suka samu sun kasance sulhu da batun Christological na yanayin allahntaka na Allah Ɗa da alakarsa da Allah Uba, gina ɓangaren farko na Yarjejeniyar Nicene, umarnin kiyayewa iri ɗaya na ranar Easter, da kuma gabatar da dokar ka'idojin farko.[4][5]

Tarihi

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Rashin jituwa na Iskandariya

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Babban abin da ya sa aka kira Majalisar Nicaea ya tashi ne a cikin wata takaddama ta tauhidi tsakanin malaman Kirista na Iskandariya game da yanayin Yesu, asalinsa, da kuma alaƙar Allah Uba.[6] Masana sun ba da shawarar kwanakin tsakanin 318 da 322 don farkon jayayya.[6] Takamaiman asalin jayayya ba a bayyane yake ba, amma manyan 'yan wasan kwaikwayo sune Archbishop Alexander na Alexandria da presbyter Arius.[1] An san koyarwar Arius a wani bangare daga wasu rubuce-rubucensa waɗanda suka tsira, amma galibi daga abokan adawarsa, da farko Alexander da Athanasius na Alexandria.[1][6] Arius ya soki koyarwar Alexander game da Christology; Alexander ya koyar da cewa Yesu a matsayin Allah Ɗa an haife shi har abada daga Uba, yayin da Arius da mabiyansa suka tabbatar da cewa Uba shi kaɗai ya kasance har abada, kuma cewa Uba ne ya halicce shi ko ya haife shi, don haka yana da ma'anar asali kuma yana ƙarƙashin Uba.[1][6] Arius ya zargi Alexander da bin koyarwar Sabellius, wanda ya koyar da cewa Uba, Ɗa, da Ruhu Mai Tsarki mutum ɗaya ne, maimakon ra'ayin da aka yi a duk gabas cewa sun bambanta.[7] Alexander ya kira majalisa ta bishops daga Masar da Libya, wanda ya goyi bayan ra'ayin Alexander. Arius ya ki biyan kuɗi ga shawarar majalisa, kuma Alexander ya kori shi da mabiyansa da yawa kuma ya kore su daga Alexandria. Arius ya yi tafiya zuwa majami'u a gabashin Roma kuma ya rubuta wa bishops don samun goyon baya ga ra'ayinsa. Daga cikin magoya bayan Arius akwai Eusebius na Nicomedia da Eusebius na Kaisariya, kuma sun ba da shawara don ra'ayinsa da maido da cocin da ke Iskandariya. Alexander ya kuma rarraba wasiƙu don kare matsayinsa.[1][6]

Constantine da kiran majalisa

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A cikin 324, sarkin Roma na yamma Constantine ya ci sarkin Romawa na gabas Licinius kuma ya zama mai mulkin Daular Romawa.[1] A wannan lokacin ne - mai yiwuwa daga Eusebius na Nicomedia - ya fahimci jayayya tsakanin Alexander da Arius.[1] Constantine ya rubuta wasika ga su biyu, yana roƙon su kawo karshen jayayya da sulhunta.[1] Wannan ba shine farkon shigar Constantine kai tsaye a cikin gardamar coci ba; a baya ya yi ƙoƙari ya warware rarrabuwa game da Donatism a Arewacin Afirka, na farko ya nada Miltiades, Bishop na Roma, don jin jayayya (tare da umarnin "Ba na son ku bar rarrabuwa ko rarrabuwa a ko'ina.") sannan kuma kiran Majalisar Arles.[1]

Bishop Hosius na Corduba ya kai wasikar Constantine zuwa Alexandria a matsayin wakilin sa. Hosius a bayyane yake ya jagoranci taron majalisa a Iskandariya game da ranar Ista, kafin ya kira majalisa na bishops na Gabas a Antakiya. Wannan majalisa ta amince da matsayin Alexander kuma ta ba da wata sanarwa ta bangaskiya wacce ta tabbatar da cewa an "yi amfani da Ɗan ba daga wanzuwar ba, amma daga Uba, ba kamar yadda aka yi ba, amma a matsayin samfurin gaskiya" kuma ya ƙunshi la'ana game da Arius.[1][6] Eusebius na Caesaria kuma an yanka shi na ɗan lokaci saboda jayayya cewa Uba da Ɗa sun kasance na nau'o'i biyu daban-daban.[8][7]

Hosius ya sa Constantine ya yi kira ga majalisa.[9][10][11] Daga nan bishops za su taru a Ancyra a Asia Minor don "babban majalisa mai matsayi", ko dai a kan nasu motsin ko kuma umarnin Constantine. Constantine ya tura majalisa zuwa Nicaea a Bitiniya, wurin da zai ba shi damar halarta da kansa (saboda kusanci da babban birninsa a Nicomedia) kuma zai ba da damar sauƙin shiga ga bishops daga ko'ina cikin daular.[12][1] Sarkin ya kuma shirya bikin tunawa da shekara ta ashirin na mulkinsa a Nicaea.[13]

Masu halarta

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Kudin majalisa, gami da tafiyar bishops, an biya su ne daga baitulmalin sarki.[14] Rahotanni na zamani na halartar sun kasance daga 250 zuwa 300, tare da adadi na 318 da Athanasius na Antakiya ya bayar ya zama karɓa na al'ada.[1] 318 kuma shine adadin dangin Ibrahim da aka bayar a Littafin Farawa.[7] Jerin masu sanya hannu ga yanke shawara na ƙarshe na majalisa sun ƙunshi sunaye 200-220.[15] Tare da presbyters da dikona da ke halartar kowane bishop, jimlar halartar na iya kasancewa tsakanin 1200 da 1900.[14] Yawancin bishops sun kasance daga gabas, tare da kusan ashirin daga Masar da Libya, wasu hamsin daga Falasdinu da Siriya, kuma fiye da ɗari daga Asia Minor.[7] Bishop daya daga Farisa da Scythia sun kasance.[15] 'Yan kalilan da suka halarci yamma sune Hosius, Caecilianus na Carthage, Nicasius na Die, Marcus na Calabria, Domnus na Pannonia, da Victor da Vicentius, dattawa biyu da ke wakiltar Bishop Sylvester na Roma. Daga cikin bishops na gabas, manyan magoya bayan Arius sune Eusebius na Nicomedia, Eusebius nke Kaisariya, Menophantus na Afisa, Patrophilus na Scythopolis, Narcissus na Neronias, Theonas na Marmarike, Secundus na Ptolemais, da Theognis na Nicaea. Manyan masu adawa da Arius sun hada da Alexander na Iskandariya, Eustathius na Antakiya, Marcellus na Ancyra da Macarius na Urushalima.[1]

An gudanar da majalisa a fadar sarki ta Nicea.[14] Wataƙila bishops sun taru a cikin zauren Basilica na rectangular bisa ga bayanin Eusebius na Kaisariya.[14]

Bayani na gaba ɗaya

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Constantine ya buɗe majalisa tare da ƙofar da ta dace bayan bishops sun iso, tare da Eusebius ya bayyana shi a matsayin "kamar wani mala'ika na sama na Allah, mayafinsa mai haske yana haskakawa kamar hasken haske, yana haskaka da hasken wuta na rigar purple, kuma an yi masa ado da hasken zinariya da duwatsu masu daraja. " Daga nan sai ya ba da jawabin buɗewa a cikin Latin (maimakon Girkanci da yawancin masu halarta ke magana).[13] Masanin tarihin coci na ƙarni na biyar Socrates na Constantinople ya ba da ranar buɗewa a matsayin 20 ga Mayu 325, kodayake yana iya kasancewa daga baya a watan Yuni.[15][16]

Wataƙila Hosius ya jagoranci muhawara da ayyukan majalisa a matsayin wakilin Constantine.[15][1] Constantine ya shiga cikin muhawara na majalisa (a Helenanci), amma bai ga kansa a matsayin memba mai jefa kuri'a ba saboda bai kasance bishop ba.[15] Babu cikakkun takardun majalisa kamar yadda suke yi ga majalisun da suka biyo baya, don haka ainihin jerin muhawara na majalisa ba su da tabbas.[1] An tsara majalisun coci a lokacin bayan ayyukan Majalisar Dattijai ta Roma, tare da shugaban jami'in da ke da babban iko, kuma mahalarta suna magana bi da bi bisa ga matsayi.[13] Wataƙila batun farko da aka yi la'akari da shi shine matsayin Eusebius na Kaisariya da sauran bishops da aka fitar da su a Antakiya, saboda wannan zai tantance ko za su iya shiga cikin sauran majalisa. A cewar Eusebius, an yarda da ikirarin bangaskiyarsa kuma an mayar da shi.[15] Wani labarin da Eustathius na Antakiya ya rubuta wata sanarwa ta bangaskiya ta Eusebius da majalisa ta ƙi, kodayake wannan mai yiwuwa Eusebius na Nicomedia ne.[1]

An rubuta wata sanarwa ta bangaskiya bisa ga ka'idodin da suka gabata (watakila ta ƙaramin kwamiti), kuma majalisa ta yi muhawara game da kowane layi. Dukkanin sai dai bishops biyu sun yi rajista ga nau'in ƙarshe na ka'idar kamar yadda aka karɓa.[15] Baya ga tambayar Arian, majalisa ta kuma yi la'akari da lissafin Ista, kuma ta karɓi hanyar Roman da Alexandrian a kan ƙin yarda da bishops da yawa na gabas.[15] Har ila yau, bishops sun amince da ƙuduri game da rarrabuwar Melitian kuma sun ba da canons ashirin.[15] An rufe majalisa a cikin makonni na farko na Yuli, tare da gayyatar bishops don halartar bikin cika shekaru ashirin da Constantine ya yi a kan kursiyin a ranar 25 ga Yuli. Dukkanin bishops da sarki sun ba da wasiƙu da ke ba da labarin yanke shawara na majalisun da za a rarraba a duk fadin daular.[15]

Majalisar Ikklisiya

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majalisa farko ta Nicaea ita ce majalisa ta farko ta cocin. Nicaea "shi ne karo na farko da aka yi duk wani yunkuri na kiran babban majalisa na dukan cocin wanda, aƙalla a ka'idar, cocin a kowane bangare na Daular Roma ya kamata a wakilta shi".

An samo shi daga Girkanci (Girkanci na dā: οἰκουμένη, , lit. ''), "ecumenical" yana nufin "duniya baki daya" amma gabaɗaya ana zaton yana iyakance ga sanannen duniya mai zama, kuma a wannan lokacin a tarihi kusan daidai yake da Daular Romawa. Amfani da farko da aka yi amfani da kalmar don majalisa shine Eusebius' Life of Constantine a kusa da 338, wanda ya bayyana cewa "ya kira majalisa ta ecumenical" (σύνοδον οἰκουμενικὴν anxiκρότει, sýnodon oikoumenik Şan synekrótei) [17] da wasika a cikin 382 ga Paparoma Damasus I da bishops na Latin daga Majalisar farko ta Constantinople.[18][19]

Muhimmancin tarihi a matsayin ƙoƙari na farko don samun yarjejeniya a cikin coci ta hanyar taron da ke wakiltar dukan Kristanci, [20] majalisar ita ce karo na farko da aka tattauna fannoni na fasaha na Kristology. Ta hanyarsa an kafa misali ga manyan majalisun da suka biyo baya don karɓar ka'idoji da ka'idojin. Wannan majalisa galibi ana ɗaukar ta farkon lokacin majalisun ecumenical guda bakwai na farko a Tarihin Kiristanci.[21]

Manazarta

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  1. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 Hanson 1988.
  2. ↑ Carroll 1987
  3. ↑ Vallaud 1995.
  4. ↑ On the Keeping of Easter
  5. ↑ Leclercq 1911b
  6. 1 2 3 4 5 6 Lyman 2021.
  7. 1 2 3 4 Edwards 2006.
  8. ↑ Ayres 2004.
  9. ↑ "Hosius of Córdoba | Christianity, Visigoths, Reformer | Britannica".
  10. ↑ "Bishop Osius (256-357?)". 12 July 2023.
  11. ↑ "Pope Silvester & the Council of Nicaea (Vs. James White)". 12 January 2017.
  12. ↑ David G. Missing or empty |title= (help)
  13. 1 2 3 Drake 2021.
  14. 1 2 3 4 Jacobs 2021.
  15. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Gwyn 2021.
  16. ↑ Barnes 1981.
  17. ↑ Vita Constantini
  18. ↑ Ad Afros Epistola Synodica
  19. ↑ SEC
  20. ↑ Kieckhefer 1989
  21. ↑ "The First Seven Ecumenical Councils – MOLL-Y – The Method of Loci Learning – York". Retrieved July 10, 2020.
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