Maji Maji Rebellion
 | |
| Iri |
historical event (en)  rebellion (en) |
|---|---|
| Bangare na | Kasa Afrika |
| Kwanan watan | ga Yuli, 1905 |
| Wuri |
German East Africa (en) , German East Africa (en) |
| Ƙasa |
Tanzaniya da German East Africa (en) |
Tawayen Maji Maji tawaye ne da makamai na 'yan Afirka kan mulkin mallaka na Jamus a gabashin Afirka ta Jamus (Tanzaniya a yau). Yakin ya samo asali ne daga manufofin turawan mulkin mallaka na Jamus da aka tsara don tilastawa 'yan asalin ƙasar noman auduga don fitar da su zuwa ƙasashen waje. Yakin ya kasance daga shekarun 1905 zuwa 1907, inda mutane 75,000 zuwa 300,000 suka mutu, saboda yunwa. [1] Ƙarshen yaƙin ya biyo bayan wani lokaci na yunwa, wanda aka sani da Babbar Yunwa (ukame), wanda akasarinsa ya haifar da ƙazamar manufofin duniya da gwamna von Götzen ya yi amfani da shi don murkushe tawayen. Waɗannan dabaru masana sun bayyana su a matsayin kisan kare dangi. [2] Wataƙila sunan shine asalin kalmar 'tawayen Mau Mau' a Kenya shekaru hamsin bayan haka.
Dalilai
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Bayan gwagwarmayar Afirka a tsakanin manyan ƙasashen Turai a cikin shekarar 1880s, Jamus ta karfafa ikonta a kan wasu yankuna na Afirka na yau da kullum. Waɗannan su ne Jamus ta Gabas ta Afirka (Tanzaniya, Ruwanda, Burundi, da wani ɓangare na Mozambique), Jamus ta Kudu maso yammacin Afirka (Namibiya ta yanzu), Kamaru, da Togoland (ya rabu tsakanin Ghana da Togo).
Jamusawan sun yi rauni sosai a gabashin Afirka na Jamus. Duk da haka, sun kiyaye tsarin garu a ko'ina cikin yankin kuma sun sami damar yin wani iko a kansa. Da yake riƙo da mulkin mallaka ya yi rauni, sai suka koma yin amfani da dabarun murkushe jama'a da karfi.
Jamus ta sanya harajin kai a shekara ta 1898 kuma ta dogara sosai kan aikin tilastawa don gina tituna da cim ma wasu ayyuka daban-daban. A shekara ta 1902, gwamnan Jamus na Gabashin Afirka, Gustav Adolf von Götzen ya ba da umarnin ƙauyuka su yi noman auduga a matsayin amfanin gona don fitar da su zuwa waje. An tuhumi kowane ƙauye da samar da kaso na auduga, duk da cewa yawan ruwan sha na audugar ya sa ba a iya nomawa a yawancin ƙasar. An sanya shugabannin ƙauyen su kula da yadda ake samar da su, wanda hakan ya sa su gaba da sauran jama'a. [3] Gwamnatin Jamus ta kuma ɓullo da dokokin kare gandun daji da namun daji. Duk da yake waɗannan matakan na iya zama abin kyawawa a ka'idar, sun haifar da wahala mai yawa ga al'ummar Afirka, ba ko kaɗan ba saboda ƙaruwar aladun daji, wanda ya yi mummunar lalacewa ga kayan abinci. [4]
Manufofin Jamus ba su da farin jini sosai, saboda suna da mummunar tasiri ga rayuwar al'ummomin yankin. Tsarin zamantakewar al'umma yana canzawa cikin sauri: yayin da ake canza matsayin maza da mata, dole ne su dace da al'ummomi. Tun da aka tilasta wa maza su bar gidajensu don yin aiki, dole ne mata su ɗauki wasu ayyukan maza na gargajiya. Haka kuma, rashin mazaje ya kawo cikas ga dukiyoyin ƙauyen, da kuma yadda jama’a ke iya tafiyar da muhallinsu da kuma dogaro da kansu. A cikin shekarar 1905, fari ya yi barazana ga yankin. Dukkan waɗannan da kuma adawa da manufofin gwamnati na noma da ƙwadago ne suka haifar da tawaye ga Jamusawa a cikin watan Yuli.
Bayan tawayen, Gwamna von Götzen ya fara gudanar da bincike kan musabbabin tawayen. Sunseri ta takaita sakamakon binciken kamar haka:
Daga karshe mambobin kwamitin sun yi saɓani a kan yanayin tashin hankalin, inda aka raba tsakanin waɗanda suke ganin wani yunkuri ne na rashin hankali da ‘yan bokaye da shugabanni masu amfani da maganin ruwan maji suka haifar, sun koka da yadda suka ci gaba da rasa tasirinsu tun bayan zuwan Turawan mulkin mallaka, da kuma waɗanda suka yi watsi da matsayin matsafa da kuma jaddada nauyin da gwamnatin Jamus ta haifar. Da’irar gwamnan sun gina hoton wani yunkuri na camfi, wanda ya samo asali daga akidar gargajiya ta yadda za a dakile manufofinsu daga zurfafa bincike. [5]
A cikin shekarar 1909 Götzen ya buga tarihin tawaye. John Iliffe ya ce game da wannan aikin yana da "abin ban mamaki don ba shi da wata magana game da makircin auduga da marubucin ya fara," kuma ya kira shi "labari na maƙarƙashiya." [6]
Manazarta
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]- ↑ Iliffe 1967.
- ↑ Bachmann, Klaus; Kemp, Gerhard (July 30, 2021). "Was Quashing the Maji-Maji Uprising Genocide? An Evaluation of Germany's Conduct through the Lens of International Criminal Law". Holocaust and Genocide Studies. 35 (2): 243. doi:10.1093/hgs/dcab032.
If the German command’s strategy was to destroy entire settlements (crops, harvests, and food), kill civilians along with combatants, coerce the surrender of entire groups through deliberate starvation, and to intentionally deprive ethnic groups of the leadership that was crucial to their survival — then Germany’s conduct in East Africa deserves the label of genocide.
- ↑ Iliffe 1969.
- ↑ Sunseri, Thaddeus (1997). "Famine and Wild Pigs: Gender Struggles and the Outbreak of the Majimaji War in Uzaramo (Tanzania)". The Journal of African History. 38 (2): 235–259. doi:10.1017/S0021853796006937. JSTOR 182823.
- ↑ Sunseri, Thaddeus (2000). "Statist Narratives and Maji Maji Ellipses". International Journal of African Historical Studies. 33: 569. doi:10.2307/3097435. JSTOR 3097435.
- ↑ (William Roger ed.). Missing or empty
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