Makamashi a Indonesia
 Makamashi a Indonesia | |
|---|---|
aspect in a geographic region (en)  | |
| Bayanai | |
| Ƙasa | Indonesiya |
A cikin shekarata 2019, jimlar samar da makamashi a Indonesia ya kai tan miliyan 450.79 na daidai da man fetur, tare da jimlar samarwar makamashi na farko na tan miliyan 231.14 na daidai da mai da amfani da wutar lantarki na ƙarshe na sa'o'i 263.32.[1] Daga shekara ta 2000 zuwa shekarar 2021, jimlar samar da makamashi ta Indonesia ta karu da kusan kashi 60%.[2] : 15 : 15
Amfani da makamashi a Indonesia ya daɗe yana mamaye albarkatun burbushin halittu. Da zarar babban mai fitar da mai wanda ya shiga OPEC a 1962, kasar tun daga lokacin ta zama mai shigo da mai duk da cewa har yanzu tana cikin OPEC har zuwa 2008 [3] kuma na ɗan gajeren lokaci a 2016, [4] yana mai da shi kadai memba mai shigo da man fetur a cikin kungiyar.[5] Indonesia ita ce kuma ta huɗu mafi girma mai samar da kwal kuma ɗaya daga cikin manyan masu fitar da kwal a duniya, tare da tan miliyan 24,910 na tabbatar da ajiyar kwal tun daga shekara ta 2016, yana mai da ita ƙasa ta 11 tare da mafi yawan ajiyar kwal a duniya. [6][1] Bugu da kari, Indonesia tana da wadataccen makamashi mai sabuntawa, ya kai kusan 417,8 gigawatt (GW) wanda ya kunshi hasken rana, iska, ruwa, makamashi na geothermal, halin yanzu na teku, da bioenergy, kodayake an yi amfani da kashi 2.5% kawai.[7][8] Bugu da ƙari, Indonesia tare da Malaysia, suna da kashi biyu bisa uku na tanadin iskar gas na ASEAN tare da jimlar samar da iskar gas ta shekara-shekara sama da cubic mita biliyan 200 a cikin Shekarar 2016. [9]
Gwamnatin Indonesia ta tsara alkawura da yawa don kara amfani da makamashi mai tsabta da rage hayakin gas, da sauransu ta hanyar bayar da Babban Shirin Makamashi na Kasa (RUEN) a cikin shekarata 2017 da shiga Yarjejeniyar Paris. A cikin RUEN, Indonesia ta yi niyyar Sabon Makamashi da Sabuntawa don isa kashi 23% na jimlar makamashi ta hanyar shekarar 2025 da 31% ta hanyar 2050. Har ila yau, kasar ta yi alkawarin rage hayakin iskar gas da kashi 29% nan da shekara ta 2030 a kan yanayin kasuwanci-kamar yadda aka saba, kuma har zuwa kashi 41% ta hanyar tallafin kasa da kasa.[10] Har ila yau, ya yi alkawarin kawar da wutar lantarki ta hanyar a shekarun 2040s, kodayake ƙalubale da yawa sun kasance [11]
Indonesia tana da manyan ayyukan sabuntawa, kamar gonar iska ta 75 MW a Sidenreng Rappang Regency, wani gonar iska na 72 MW a Jeneponto Regency, da Cirata Floating Solar Power Plant a Yammacin Java tare da damar 145 MW wanda zai zama mafi girma Floating Solar Energy Plant a Kudu maso gabashin Asiya.[12]
Bayani na gaba ɗaya
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]| Yawan jama'a (miliyoyin) |
Makamashi na farko (TWh) |
Fitarwa (TWh) |
Fitarwa (TWh) |
Wutar Lantarki (TWh) |
Rashin CO2 (Mt) | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 2004 | 217.6 | 2,024 | 3,001 | 973 | 104 | 336 |
| 2007 | 225.6 | 2,217 | 3,851 | 1,623 | 127 | 377 |
| 2008 | 228.3 | 2,311 | 4,035 | 1,714 | 134 | 385 |
| 2009 | 230.0 | 2,349 | 4,092 | 1,787 | 140 | 376 |
| 2010 | 239.9 | 2,417 | 4,436 | 2,007 | 154 | 411 |
| 2012 | 242.3 | 2,431 | 4,589 | 2,149 | 166 | 426 |
| 2012R | 246.9 | 2,484 | 5,120 | 2,631 | 181 | 435 |
| 2013 | 250.0 | 2,485 | 5,350 | 2,858 | 198 | 425 |
| Canji 2004-10 | 10.2% | 19.4% | 48% | 106% | 48% | 22% |
| Mtoe = 11.63 TWh
= Ka'idodin lissafin CO sun canza, lambobin sun sabunta | ||||||
A cewar IEA, samar da makamashi ya karu da 34% kuma fitar da 76% daga shekara ta 2004 zuwa shekarar 2008 a Indonesia. A cikin shekarata 2017, Indonesia tana da MW 52,859 na ƙarfin lantarki da aka shigar, MW 36,892 daga cikinsu suna kan hanyar Java-Bali. [13] A cikin shekarata 2022, Indonesia tana da ƙarfin lantarki na 81.2 GW tare da ƙididdigar ƙarfin 85.1 GW don shekarar 2023.[14]
A cikin shekara ta 2021, jimlar samar da makamashi na Indonesia (TES) ya ƙunshi 30.3% kwal, 28.9% mai, da 14.4% gas. Tushen makamashi mai sabuntawa ya kara da cakuda, tare da biofuels da sharar gida da suka kai 13.8%, iska da hasken rana suna samar da 11.6%, da kuma ruwa yana ba da gudummawa 0.9%.[15]
Makamashi ta hanyar tushe
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
Tushen makamashi na burbushin halittu
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Karfe
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Indonesia, wacce aka gane a matsayin babbar mai fitar da kwal mai zafi a duniya tun lokacin da ta wuce Australia a cikin shekarata 2018, tana taka muhimmiyar rawa a kasuwar kwal ta duniya, da farko tana ba da sabis ga ƙasashen Asiya kamar China, Indiya, Japan, da sauransu. Yazo a shekarar 2019, Indonesia ta fitar da gajeren tan miliyan 506 na kwal, wanda ya kai kashi 32% na fitar da kwal a duniya. Fitar da kwal na kasar ya karu zuwa gajeren tan miliyan 679 a cikin shekara ta 2019, karuwar kashi 12% daga shekarar da ta gabata. Wannan hauhawar samarwa ya haifar da raguwar farashi, wanda ya sa gwamnati ta saita iyakar samar da gajeren tan miliyan 606 a cikin shekarar 2020.[16]
A cikin gida, Indonesia ta aiwatar da Dokar Kasuwancin Cikin Gida (DMO), tana buƙatar kamfanonin hakar ma'adinai su rarraba kashi 25% na kayan aikin su don amfani da gida a farashin $ 70 a kowace tan. Koyaya, saboda raguwar buƙatun cikin gida a cikin shekarata 2020, Ƙungiyar Ma'adinai ta Indonesiya ta nemi dakatar da DMO na ɗan lokaci.[16]
Ma'adanai na kwal na Indonesia suna da yawa, an kiyasta cewa za su wuce shekaru 80, tare da manyan ajiya da ke Kudancin Sumatra, Gabashin Kalimantan, da Kudancin Kalimantan. Kasar tana mai da hankali kan kara bincike da samarwa, wanda ya karu da kusan 105% daga shekara ta 2010 zuwa shekarar 2020, wanda ya haifar da buƙata mai ƙarfi a Asiya.[16][17]
Manazarta
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]- 1 2 "Indonesia - Countries & Regions". IEA (in Turanci). Retrieved 2021-08-30.
- ↑ International Energy Agency Special Report, IEA (2021). "An Energy Sector Roadmap to Net Zero Emissions in Indonesia" (PDF). www.iea.org. p. 15. Retrieved 22 April 2024.
- ↑ "BBC NEWS | Business | Indonesia to withdraw from Opec". 2013-12-03. Archived from the original on 3 December 2013. Retrieved 2024-11-04.
- ↑ "Net oil importer Indonesia leaves producer club OPEC, again". Reuters. 2016-12-01. Archived from the original on 1 December 2016. Retrieved 2024-11-04.
- ↑ "OPEC : Member Countries". www.opec.org. Retrieved 2021-08-30.
- ↑ "Indonesia Coal Reserves and Consumption Statistics - Worldometer". www.worldometers.info (in Turanci). Retrieved 2021-08-30.
- ↑ "Berapa Potensi Energi Terbarukan di Indonesia? | Databoks". databoks.katadata.co.id (in Harshen Indunusiya). Archived from the original on 2023-04-13. Retrieved 2021-08-30.
- ↑ "Direktorat Jenderal EBTKE - Kementerian ESDM". ebtke.esdm.go.id (in Turanci). Retrieved 2021-08-30.
- ↑ "The Role of Natural Gas in ASEAN Energy Security". ASEAN Centre for Energy (in Turanci). 2015-12-02. Archived from the original on 2021-08-30. Retrieved 2021-08-30.
- ↑ Chrysolite, Hanny; Juliane, Reidinar; Chitra, Josefhine; Ge, Mengpin (2017-10-04). "Evaluating Indonesia's Progress on its Climate Commitments" (in Turanci). Retrieved 2014-04-26.
- ↑ Do, Thang Nam; Burke, Paul J. (2024-06-01). "Phasing out coal power in two major Southeast Asian thermal coal economies: Indonesia and Vietnam". Energy for Sustainable Development. 80: 101451. Bibcode:2024ESusD..8001451D. doi:10.1016/j.esd.2024.101451. ISSN 0973-0826.
|hdl-access=requires|hdl=(help) - ↑ Rahman, Riska (December 18, 2020). "Indonesia kicks off largest solar power plant development". The Jakarta Post (in Turanci). Retrieved 2021-09-02.
- ↑ Simaremare, Arionmaro (2017). "Least Cost High Renewable Energy Penetration Scenarios in the Java Bali Grid System" (PDF). Asia Pacific Solar Research Conference. Archived (PDF) from the original on 13 March 2018.
- ↑ Arif, Rusli (2023-01-30). "Menteri ESDM Sebut Kapasitas Terpasang Pembangkit Listrik 2023 Ditargetkan Capai 85,1 GW". ruangenergi.con (in Harshen Indunusiya). Retrieved 2023-04-24.
- ↑ "Indonesia - Countries & Regions". IEA (in Turanci). Retrieved 2024-03-19.
- 1 2 3 "International - U.S. Energy Information Administration (EIA)". www.eia.gov. Retrieved 2024-04-25.
- ↑ Cahyafitri, Raras (December 31, 2013). "Coal miners to boost production". The Jakarta Post (in Turanci). Retrieved 2023-03-24.