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Makamashi mai sabuntawa

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Makamashi mai sabuntawa
makamashi
Bayanai
Ƙaramin ɓangare na renewable resource (en) Fassara, energy source (en) Fassara da economic sector (en) Fassara
Bangare na sustainability (en) Fassara
Fuskar Canjin makamashi da sector coupling (en) Fassara
Wanda yake bi fossil fuel (en) Fassara
Karatun ta renewable energy science (en) Fassara da Nazarin muhalli
Has goal (en) Fassara energy security (en) Fassara
Has contributing factor (en) Fassara affordability (en) Fassara
Has characteristic (en) Fassara fluctuation (en) Fassara da Low-carbon emission (en) Fassara
Relates to sustainable development goal, target or indicator (en) Fassara Target 7.2 of the Sustainable Development Goals (en) Fassara
Hannun riga da nonrenewable energy (en) Fassara

makamashi mai sabuntawa (wanda ake kira makamashi mai kore) makamashi ne da aka yi daga albarkatun halitta masu sabuntawa waɗanda aka sake cikawa a kan lokacin ɗan adam. Mafi yawan nau'ikan makamashi masu sabuntawa sune Hasken rana, wutar lantarki, da wutar lantarki. Bioenergy da ikon geothermal suma suna da mahimmanci a wasu ƙasashe. Wasu kuma suna la'akari da makamashin nukiliya a matsayin tushen Makamashi mai sabuntawa, kodayake wannan yana da rikici, saboda makamashi na nukiliya yana buƙatar uranium na hakar ma'adinai, hanyar da ba za a iya sabuntawa ba. Sabuntawa makamashi shigarwa na iya zama babba ko karami kuma sun dace da birane da yankunan karkara. Sau da yawa ana amfani da makamashi mai sabuntawa tare da ƙarin wutar lantarki. Wannan yana da fa'idodi da yawa: wutar lantarki na iya motsa zafi da motoci yadda ya kamata kuma yana da tsabta a lokacin amfani.[1][2] Tushen makamashi mai sabuntawa shine waɗanda ke da yanayin canzawa, kamar wutar lantarki da hasken rana. Sabanin haka, hanyoyin samar da makamashi masu sabuntawa sun haɗa da wutar lantarki mai ruwa, bioenergy, ko wutar lantarki.

Percentages of various types of sources in the top renewable energy-producing countries across each geographical region in 2023.
Kashi na nau'ikan tushe daban-daban a cikin manyan ƙasashe masu samar da makamashi a duk faɗin kowane yanki a cikin 2023

Tsarin makamashi mai sabuntawa ya zama da sauri ya zama mafi inganci kuma ya fi rahusa a cikin shekaru 30 da suka gabata.[3] Yawancin sabbin wutar lantarki da aka shigar a duniya yanzu ana iya sabuntawa.[4] Tushen makamashi mai sabuntawa, kamar hasken rana da wutar lantarki, sun ga raguwar farashi a cikin shekaru goma da suka gabata, suna sa su zama masu gasa tare da man fetur na gargajiya.[5] A mafi yawan ƙasashe, hasken rana ko iska a kan teku sune mafi arha sabon wutar lantarki. Daga 2011 zuwa 2021, makamashi mai sabuntawa ya karu daga 20% zuwa 28% na samar da wutar lantarki a duniya. Ikon daga rana da iska sun kasance mafi yawan wannan karuwa, suna girma daga jimillar 2% zuwa 10%. Amfani da makamashi na burbushin halittu ya ragu daga 68% zuwa 62%.[6] A cikin 2024, sabuntawa sun kai sama da kashi 30% na samar da wutar lantarki a duniya kuma ana sa ran za su kai sama da 45% nan da shekara ta 2030. [7][8] Kasashe da yawa sun riga sun sami sabuntawa wanda ke ba da gudummawa fiye da 20% na jimlar samar da makamashi, tare da wasu suna samar da fiye da rabi ko ma duk wutar lantarki daga hanyoyin sabuntawa.[9][10]

Babban dalilin da ya sa za a yi amfani da makamashi mai sabuntawa maimakon man fetur shine a jinkirta kuma a ƙarshe a dakatar da Canjin yanayi, wanda galibi ya haifar da hayakin gas. Gabaɗaya, tushen makamashi mai sabuntawa yana gurɓata ƙasa da man fetur. Hukumar Kula da Makamashi ta Duniya ta kiyasta cewa don cimma matsaya ta hanyar fitar da hayaki a shekarar 2050, 90% na wutar lantarki ta duniya za a buƙaci samar da shi ta hanyar sabuntawa.[11] Sabuntawa kuma suna haifar da ƙarancin gurɓataccen iska fiye da man fetur, inganta lafiyar jama'a, kuma ba su da hayaniya.[12]

Aikace-aikacen makamashi mai sabuntawa har yanzu yana fuskantar cikas, musamman tallafin man fetur, [13] lobbying daga masu samar da wutar lantarki masu ci gaba, [14] da kuma adawa da amfani da ƙasa don shigarwar sabuntawa. [15][16] Kamar duk hakar ma'adinai, hakar maɓuɓɓugar da ake buƙata don fasahar makamashi mai sabuntawa da yawa yana haifar da Lalacewar muhalli.[17] Bugu da ƙari, kodayake yawancin hanyoyin samar da makamashi masu sabuntawa suna da ɗorewa, wasu ba haka ba ne.  

Ma'anar

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Ana fahimtar makamashi mai sabuntawa a matsayin makamashi da aka yi amfani da shi daga abubuwan da ke faruwa a kai a kai. Hukumar Kula da Makamashi ta Duniya ta bayyana shi a matsayin "makamashi da aka samo daga matakai na halitta waɗanda aka sake cika su da sauri fiye da yadda aka cinye su". Hasken rana, wutar lantarki, hydroelectricity, makamashi na geothermal, da biomass an yarda da su zama manyan nau'ikan makamashi mai sabuntawa.[18] Makamashi mai sabuntawa sau da yawa yana kawar da man fetur na al'ada a wurare huɗu: samar da wutar lantarki, ruwan zafi / sararin samaniya, sufuri, da sabis na makamashi na ƙauyuka (a waje).[19]

Abubuwa biyu mafi muhimmanci na makamashi mai sabuntawa, hasken rana da iska, sune hanyoyin samar da makamashi na lokaci-lokaci: ba sa samuwa koyaushe, wanda ke haifar da ƙananan Abubuwan da ke da iko. Sabanin haka, tashoshin wutar lantarki na burbushin halittu, tashoshan wutar lantarki na nukiliya da wutar lantarki na ruwa yawanci suna iya samar da ainihin adadin makamashi da wutar lantarki ke buƙata a wani lokaci. Za'a iya kama hasken rana ne kawai a rana, kuma yana da kyau a yanayin da ba shi da girgije. Zamani na wutar lantarki na iya bambanta sosai ba kawai yau da kullun ba, har ma da wata-wata. Wannan yana haifar da ƙalubale yayin sauyawa daga burbushin burbushin halittu: buƙatun makamashi sau da yawa zai zama mafi girma ko ƙasa da abin da sabuntawa zai iya samarwa.[20]

Manazarta

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
  1. ↑ Armaroli, Nicola; Balzani, Vincenzo (2011). "Towards an electricity-powered world". Energy and Environmental Science. 4 (9): 3193–3222. Bibcode:2011EnEnS...4.3193A. doi:10.1039/c1ee01249e. ISSN 1754-5692.
  2. ↑ Armaroli, Nicola; Balzani, Vincenzo (2016). "Solar Electricity and Solar Fuels: Status and Perspectives in the Context of the Energy Transition". Chemistry – A European Journal. 22 (1): 32–57. Bibcode:2016ChEuJ..22...32A. doi:10.1002/chem.201503580. PMID 26584653.
  3. ↑ "Global renewable energy trends". Deloitte Insights. Archived from the original on 29 January 2019. Retrieved 28 January 2019.
  4. ↑ "Renewable Energy Now Accounts for a Third of Global Power Capacity". irena.org. 2 April 2019. Archived from the original on 2 April 2019. Retrieved 2 December 2020.
  5. ↑ "2023 Levelized Cost Of Energy+". www.lazard.com (in Turanci). Retrieved 2024-06-10.
  6. ↑ "Renewables 2022". Global Status Report (renewable energies): 44. 14 June 2019. Retrieved 5 September 2022.
  7. ↑ "Global Electricity Review 2025". Ember (in Turanci). Retrieved 2025-04-11.
  8. ↑ "Renewables - Energy System". IEA (in Turanci).
  9. ↑ Ritchie, Hannah; Roser, Max; Rosado, Pablo (January 2024). "Renewable Energy". Our World in Data.
  10. ↑ Sensiba, Jennifer (2021-10-28). "Some Good News: 10 Countries Generate Almost 100% Renewable Electricity". CleanTechnica. Archived from the original on 17 November 2021. Retrieved 2021-11-22.
  11. ↑ "Rapid rollout of clean technologies makes energy cheaper, not more costly". International Energy Agency (in Turanci). 2024-05-30. Retrieved 2024-05-31.
  12. ↑ Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named :2
  13. ↑ Timperley, Jocelyn (2021-10-20). "Why fossil fuel subsidies are so hard to kill". Nature. 598 (7881): 403–405. Bibcode:2021Natur.598..403T. doi:10.1038/d41586-021-02847-2. PMID 34671143 Check |pmid= value (help). S2CID 239052649 Check |s2cid= value (help).
  14. ↑ Lockwood, Matthew; Mitchell, Catherine; Hoggett, Richard (May 2020). "Incumbent lobbying as a barrier to forward-looking regulation: The case of demand-side response in the GB capacity market for electricity". Energy Policy (in Turanci). 140. Bibcode:2020EnPol.14011426L. doi:10.1016/j.enpol.2020.111426. |hdl-access= requires |hdl= (help)
  15. ↑ Susskind, Lawrence; Chun, Jungwoo; Gant, Alexander; Hodgkins, Chelsea; Cohen, Jessica; Lohmar, Sarah (June 2022). "Sources of opposition to renewable energy projects in the United States". Energy Policy (in Turanci). 165. Bibcode:2022EnPol.16512922S. doi:10.1016/j.enpol.2022.112922.
  16. ↑ "Net Zero by 2050 – Analysis". IEA (in Turanci). 18 May 2021. Retrieved 2023-03-19.
  17. ↑ Isaacs-Thomas, Bella (2023-12-01). "Mining is necessary for the green transition. Here's why experts say we need to do it better". PBS NewsHour (in Turanci). Retrieved 2024-05-31.
  18. ↑ Harjanne, Atte; Korhonen, Janne M. (April 2019). "Abandoning the concept of renewable energy". Energy Policy (in Turanci). 127: 330–340. Bibcode:2019EnPol.127..330H. doi:10.1016/j.enpol.2018.12.029.
  19. ↑ REN21 Renewables Global Status Report 2010.
  20. ↑ Olauson, Jon; Ayob, Mohd Nasir; Bergkvist, Mikael; Carpman, Nicole; Castellucci, Valeria; Goude, Anders; Lingfors, David; Waters, Rafael; Widén, Joakim (December 2016). "Net load variability in Nordic countries with a highly or fully renewable power system". Nature Energy. 1 (12): 16175. Bibcode:2016NatEn...116175O. doi:10.1038/nenergy.2016.175. ISSN 2058-7546. S2CID 113848337. Archived from the original on 4 October 2021. Retrieved 4 October 2021.
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