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Makarantar Jama'a (United Kingdom)

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Makarantar Jama'a (United Kingdom)
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Ƙaramin ɓangare na independent school (en) Fassara da secondary school (en) Fassara
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Applies to jurisdiction (en) Fassara England and Wales (en) Fassara

Makarantar gwamnati a Ingila da Wales wani nau'in makaranta ce mai zaman kanta da ke karɓar kuɗi [1] wanda aka fara amfani da shi ga manyan yara maza. Makarantun suna "jama'a" ne daga yanayin karatun tarihi ta ma'anar buɗe wa ɗalibai ba tare da la'akari da yankinsu, ƙungiyarsu ko sana'arsu ta uba ko sana'a ko alaƙar iyali da gwamnati ko aikin soja ba, kuma ba a gudanar da su don neman ribar mai shi ba.

Duk da cewa kalmar "makarantar gwamnati" ta fara amfani da ita tun aƙalla ƙarni na 12, [2] an tsara amfani da ita ta hanyar Dokar Makarantun Gwamnati ta 1868 ( 31 & 32 Vict. c. 118), [lower-alpha 1] [3] wanda ya sanya mafi yawan shawarwari na Rahoton Clarendon na 1864. Clarendon ya binciki makarantu tara masu daraja (ciki har da makarantun kwana biyu, na Merchant Taylors da St Paul's ) sannan kuma bakwai daga baya Dokar ta gyara su: Eton, Shrewsbury, Harrow, Winchester, Rugby, Westminster, da Charterhouse . [4] Wasannin ƙungiya da na gasa sun zama muhimmin ɓangare na manhajar karatu, wanda ya ba da gudummawa wajen kafa dokoki da kuma yaɗa ci gaban wasanni daban-daban. [5] [6]

Duk da cewa an kafa yawancin makarantun gwamnati ne a ƙarƙashin taimakon agaji na gaske ga ɗaliban da ba su da galihu, a zamanin yau, akasin haka, sun zama manyan cibiyoyi kuma suna da alaƙa da ajin masu mulki . [7] [8] A tarihi, makarantun gwamnati sun samar da yawancin hafsoshin soja da masu gudanarwa na Daular Burtaniya . [9]

Ba kasafai ake amfani da kalmar a Scotland ba, inda ake amfani da "makarantar gwamnati" tun farkon karni na 18 don nufin makarantun gwamnati da ke samun tallafin gwamnati, kuma Dokar Ilimi (Scotland) ta 1872 ta ayyana ta a matsayin waɗanda hukumar makaranta ke kula da su a wani yanki, ko kuma na wani yanki. [10] [11] Akwai misalan yadda ake amfani da kalmar don nufin manyan makarantu masu zaman kansu na Scotland masu biyan kuɗi. [12]

Babu wata ma'ana ɗaya ko cikakkiyar ma'anar makarantar gwamnati, kuma amfani da kalmar ya bambanta a tsawon lokaci da kuma bisa ga mahallin. Farkon abin da ya fara shine bambancin da ke tsakanin makarantar gwamnati da koyarwa ta sirri (misali, wanda malami mai ɗaukar aiki ya bayar). [2] A Ingila da Wales, makarantun da ake kira makarantun gwamnati ba a ba su kuɗi daga harajin gwamnati : makarantun da ake ba da kuɗi haka galibi ana kiransu " makarantun jiha ". [13]

Sydney Smith a cikin wani labarin da aka buga a cikin The Edinburgh Review a shekarar 1810 ya ba da shawarar kamar haka:

By a public school, we mean an endowed place of education of old standing, to which the sons of gentlemen resort in considerable numbers, and where they continue to reside, from eight or nine, to eighteen years of age ... The characteristic features of these schools are, their antiquity, the numbers, and the ages of the young people who are educated at them.[14]

Arthur Leach ya bayyana a cikin Tarihin Kwalejin Winchester na 1899: "Ma'anar aiki ɗaya tilo ta Makarantar Gwamnati ... ita ce makarantar masu kuɗi ko ta masu kuɗi wacce gaba ɗaya ko kusan gaba ɗaya Makarantar Kula da Yara ce, tana ƙarƙashin wani nau'i na iko na jama'a, kuma ... ba ta gida ba ce". Edward C. Mack ya bayyana makarantar gwamnati a 1938 a matsayin "makarantar kwana wacce ba ta gida ba ce ga manyan azuzuwan". Vivian Ogilvie a cikin 1957 Makarantar Jama'a ta Ingila ta yi nuni da "halaye guda biyar da aka saba dangantawa da makarantar gwamnati":

it is a class school, catering for a well-to-do clientèle; it is expensive; it is non-local; it is a predominantly boarding school; it is independent of the State and of local government, yet it is not privately owned or run for profit.[15]

A watan Nuwamba na shekarar 1965, Majalisar Ministocin Burtaniya ta yi la'akari da ma'anar da Hukumar Makarantun Gwamnati ta kafa a wannan shekarar. Tunanin da ta fara shi ne ma'anar Kwamitin Fleming na shekarar 1944, wanda ya yi amfani da makarantu waɗanda suka kasance membobin Taron Shugabannin Makarantu na wancan lokacin, Ƙungiyar Hukumomin Gwamnati ko Ƙungiyar Makarantun 'Yan Mata . [16] A wancan lokacin, akwai irin waɗannan makarantu masu zaman kansu guda 276 (maza 134 da 'yan mata 142), waɗanda Hukumar Makarantun Gwamnati ta 1965 ta ɗauki nauyin aikinta tare da makarantun nahawu guda 22 da aka kula da su da kuma makarantun nahawu guda 152 na tallafin kai tsaye . [17]

A shekarar 2023, bisa ga ma'anar Hukumar Makarantun Gwamnati ta 1965 ko kuma ma'anar Kwamitin Fleming na 1944, [18] akwai makarantun sakandare masu zaman kansu guda 302 waɗanda ke cikin Taron Shugabannin Makarantu da Shugabannin Makarantu (78% na makarantun HMC suna da ilimi tare, 9% na maza ne kawai da 13% na mata kawai), [19] [20] da makarantun sakandare na 'yan mata 152 waɗanda ke cikin Ƙungiyar Makarantun 'Yan Mata . [21]

Yawancin makarantun gwamnati suna da alaƙa da, ko kuma an kafa su ta hanyar, ƙungiyar Kirista, musamman Cocin Ingila, [22] amma a wasu lokuta majami'un Roman Katolika da Methodist . Ƙananan adadi ba su da alaƙa da addini ko kuma waɗanda ba su da alaƙa da addini, ciki har da Makarantar Oswestry, Makarantar Sevenoaks, Bedales, [23] da Makarantar Kwalejin Jami'a .

Ra'ayin manyan makarantun gwamnati ya daɗe yana wanzuwa, amma koyaushe yana da wasu muhawara kan zama memba. Littafin Howard Staunton na 1865 mai taken Manyan Makarantun Ingila ya yi la'akari da cewa kalmar tana nufin makarantu tara na Clarendon Commission tare da Kwalejin Cheltenham, Asibitin Christ, da Kwalejin Dulwich . A cikin 1881, C. Kegan Paul & Co ya buga Makarantun Jama'a namu, tare da babi kan makarantu bakwai: Eton, Harrow, Winchester, Rugby, Westminster, Marlborough, da Charterhouse . A cikin 1893 Edward Arnold ya buga wani littafi mai suna Manyan Makarantun Jama'a, tare da babi kan kowanne daga cikin Eton, Harrow, Charterhouse, Cheltenham, Rugby, Clifton, Westminster, Marlborough, Haileybury, da Winchester . Rahoton Bryce na 1895 ( Rahoton Hukumar Sarauta kan Ilimin Sakandare ) ya bayyana makarantun da Dokar Makarantun Gwamnati ta 1868 ta gyara a matsayin "manyan makarantu bakwai masu baiwa". [24]

Tarihi

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Tarihin farko

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Ra'ayin tsohon matattakalar Norman da malamai, Makarantar King's Canterbury, lithograph na William Harvey, 1851

Makarantun gwamnati sun fito ne daga makarantun nahawu [25] da aka kafa don ilmantar da ɗalibai, waɗanda galibi aka tsara don koyar da malamai, a cikin nahawun Latin. Don haka, suna da alaƙa da ilmantar da yara maza. Kalmar "jama'a" ta fara amfani da ita ne saboda a tsawon lokaci ba a takaita damar shiga irin waɗannan makarantu ba bisa ga wurin zama, aikin uba ko matsayi, kuma suna ƙarƙashin wani ɓangare na gudanarwa ko iko na jama'a, sabanin makarantu masu zaman kansu waɗanda ake gudanarwa don ribar kansu na mai shi(s). Asalin makarantu a Ingila galibi addini ne, kodayake a cikin 1640 Majalisar Wakilai ta gayyaci mai gyara da mai haɓaka ilimin duniya Comenius zuwa Ingila don kafa da shiga cikin wata hukuma don haɓaka ilmantarwa. An yi niyya cewa sakamakon wannan zai zama buga littattafai "na duniya" da kuma kafa makarantu ga yara maza da mata. [26] Yaƙin Basasa na Ingila ya hana duk wani gyara.

Kallon Kwalejin Eton a cikin idon tsuntsaye, wanda David Loggan ya kafa a shekara ta 1440, an buga shi a cikin littafinsa mai suna Cantabrigia Illustrata na 1690.

Wasu makarantu sun tsufa musamman, kamar Makarantar Sarki, Canterbury c. 597, Makarantar Sarki, Rochester c. 604, Makarantar St Peter, York c. 627, Makarantar Sherborne c. 710, (wanda aka sake kafawa a shekarar 1550 ta Edward VI ), Makarantar Warwick c. 914, Ely na Sarki c. 970 (a da can Makarantar Grammar Cathedral ta Ely, sannan Makarantar Sarki Ely lokacin da Henry VIII ya sake kafa ta a 1541, daga baya ya karɓi sunan yanzu a 2012) da Makarantar St Albans c. 948 Har zuwa ƙarshen Zamanin Tsakiya, yawancin makarantu Cocin ne ke iko da su; kuma suna da takamaiman sharuɗɗan shiga; wasu kuma an takaita su ga 'ya'yan membobin ƙungiyoyi, sana'o'i, ko kamfanonin samar da kayayyaki . [27]

A shekara ta 1382, William na Wykeham, Bishop na Winchester kuma Chancellor na Ingila, ya kafa Kwalejin Winchester . A shekara ta 1440, Henry VI ya kafa Kwalejin Eton. Waɗannan makarantun suna da tushe mafi girma fiye da makarantun nahawu na gida da ake da su, suna da babban goyon bayan siyasa, kuma sun karɓi ɗaliban "ba na gida ba". Wannan shine "farkon sabuwar makaranta". Dokar Chantries ta Edward VI ta 1547 ta rushe tallafin addini wanda ya ba da kuɗi ga makarantu da yawa, waɗanda aka sake kafa su a ƙarƙashin sunansa ( Makarantar Berkhamsted c. 1541, Makarantar Sherborne c. 705, Makarantar Stamford c. 1532 ) [28] Elizabeth ta ɗaya ta sake kafa Makarantar Westminster a shekarar 1560, [29] da sabbin dokoki, don zaɓar Malaman Sarauniya guda arba'in. Wannan ya haifar da "uku" na makarantu masu gata - Winchester, Eton da Westminster. Tun daga ƙarni na 16 zuwa gaba, an ci gaba da kafa makarantun kwana na yara maza ko kuma an ba su don amfanin jama'a.

Manazarta

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
  1. ↑ "PUBLIC SCHOOL | English meaning - Cambridge Dictionary".
  2. 1 2 "The term 'Public School' Appendix A of Fleming Report (1944)". education-uk.org. Gillard, D. (2018) Education in the UK: a history. Archived from the original on 22 March 2024. Retrieved 22 March 2024.
  3. ↑ "Text of the Public Schools Act 1868". education-uk.org. Gillard D (2018) Education in the UK: a history. Archived from the original on 3 June 2024. Retrieved 22 May 2024.
  4. ↑ Kynaston, David (20 January 2021). "A history of private schools and reform". www.pepf.co.uk. Private Education Policy Forum.
  5. ↑ Heggie, Vanessa (2016-05-01). "Bodies, Sport and Science in the Nineteenth Century". Past & Present (231): 169–200. doi:10.1093/pastj/gtw004. ISSN 0031-2746. PMC 5906749. PMID 29706669. What sets British team and competitive sports slightly apart ... is that they were introduced primarily to solve an educational rather than strictly military need. These sports were initially aimed not at the general population but at the upper classes and social elite, or at least their male offspring; they were therefore structured around the pedagogical and disciplinary requirements of a limited range of institutions, that is, the elite public schools and the universities of Oxford and Cambridge.
  6. ↑ "The Public Schools' Cult of Sport in Victorian Times". victorianweb.org. Retrieved 2025-05-17.
  7. ↑ Social Mobility Commission. "Elitist Britain 2019: the educational pathways of Britain's leading people (summary)". www.gov.uk. GOV.UK.
  8. ↑ Walford, Geoffrey (June 1986). "Ruling-class Classification and Framing". British Educational Research Journal. 12 (2): 183–195. doi:10.1080/0141192860120207. S2CID 146433863.
  9. ↑ Griggs, Clive (January 1994). "The Influence of British Public Schools on British Imperialism". British Journal of Sociology of Education. 15 (1): 129–136. doi:10.1080/0142569940150108. JSTOR 1393353.
  10. ↑ "Scottish Education and School Systems". www.scotland.org. Scottish Government.
  11. ↑ "Public, adj". Dictionaries of the Scots Language: SND: DSL. 29 November 2024. Retrieved 29 November 2024.
  12. ↑ "Top Scots Public School Shamed OVer Bullying". The Herald. 17 April 2016. Retrieved 9 November 2021.
  13. ↑ "The British Education System". Headmasters' and Headmistresses' Conference.
  14. ↑ Smith, Sydney (Aug 1810). "Remarks on the System of Education in Public Schools". Edinburgh Review: 327.
  15. ↑ Ogilvie, Vivian (1957). The English Public School. London: B. T. Batsford. p. 7.
  16. ↑ Crosland, Anthony. "House of Commons 22nd December 1965". Hansard.
  17. ↑ "Public Schools: Memorandum by the Secretary of State for Education and Science" (PDF). 19 November 1965. p. 1. Archived from the original (PDF) on 12 December 2019. Retrieved 21 May 2019.
  18. ↑ Fleming, David. "The Public Schools and the General Education System". www.education-uk.org. Gillard, D. (2018) Education in the UK: a history. Archived from the original on 4 August 2023. Retrieved 1 January 2023.
  19. ↑ HMC, Leading Independent Schools. "About Us". The Heads' Conference. Archived from the original on 8 March 2023. Retrieved 31 March 2023.
  20. ↑ "'Fact 5' from HMC 'Facts and Figures'". The Heads' Conference. Archived from the original on 8 March 2023. Retrieved 31 March 2023.
  21. ↑ "gsa - Girls' School Association". www.independentschoolsyearbook.co.uk. Retrieved 1 January 2023.
  22. ↑ Landow, George. "A Critical View of British Public Schools". victorianweb.org. The Victorian Web.
  23. ↑ "Bedales Jaw". www.bedales.org.uk. Bedales School. Archived from the original on 2025-07-14. Retrieved 2026-07-07.
  24. ↑ "Page 44 Bryce Report 1895". educationengland.org.uk/history. Gillard, D. (2018) Education in England: a history. Archived from the original on 5 June 2018.
  25. ↑ Fleming, David. "The Fleming Report 1944, p.6 (para.22)". educationengland.org.uk. Gillard, D. Archived from the original on 19 April 2015.
  26. ↑ "Education in England – Chapter 1". educationengland.org.uk. Gillard, D. (2018) Education in England: a history.
  27. ↑ "Livery Companies and Education". world-traders.org. The Worshipful Company of World Traders.
  28. ↑ OpenLibrary.org. "The English grammar schools to 1660 by Foster Watson". Open Library. Retrieved 2026-03-13.
  29. ↑ "Elizabeth I has been credited with founding the Westminster School in 1560". Luminarium.org. Retrieved 30 August 2011.
  1. ↑ The Public Schools Act 1868 does not define "public school"; as made clear in its preamble, it is "An Act to make further Provision for the good Government and Extension of certain Public Schools in England."
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