Makarantar jariri
 Makarantar jariri | |
|---|---|
type of educational institution (en)  | |
 | |
| Bayanai | |
| Ƙaramin ɓangare na | Makarantar sakandare |
| Bangare na |
educational system (en) da early childhood education (en) |
| Ta biyo baya | Makarantar Firamare |
| Intended public (en) |
preschool student (en) |
Kindergarten [lower-alpha 1] wata hanya ce ta koyar da yara a makarantun gaba da sakandare bisa ga wasa, waƙa, ayyukan da suka shafi zane, da hulɗar zamantakewa a matsayin wani ɓangare na sauyawa daga gida zuwa makaranta. An fara yin irin waɗannan makarantu a ƙarshen ƙarni na 18 a Jamus da Alsace don yi wa yara waɗanda iyayensu duka ke aiki a waje da gida hidima. Wani malamin Jamus Friedrich Fröbel ne ya ƙirƙiro wannan kalmar, wanda hanyarsa ta yi tasiri a duniya a fannin ilimin yara a farkon shekaru. A yau, ana amfani da wannan kalmar a ƙasashe da yawa don bayyana cibiyoyin ilimi daban-daban da wuraren koyo ga yara daga shekaru biyu zuwa shida, bisa ga hanyoyin koyarwa daban-daban.
Tarihi
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Bayani
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]A shekara ta 1779, Johann Friedrich Oberlin da Louise Scheppler sun kafa wata cibiya ta farko a Strasbourg don kula da kuma ilmantar da yaran makarantar renon yara waɗanda iyayensu ba sa nan da rana. A daidai lokacin, a shekara ta 1780, an ƙirƙiri irin waɗannan cibiyoyin jarirai a Bavaria . A shekara ta 1802, Gimbiya Pauline zur Lippe ta kafa cibiyar kula da yara a Detmold, babban birnin masarautar Lippe, Jamus (wanda yanzu ke cikin Jihar North Rhine-Westphalia ).
A shekara ta 1816, Robert Owen, masanin falsafa kuma mai koyar da yara, ya buɗe makarantar farko ta jarirai ta Birtaniya kuma wataƙila a duniya baki ɗaya a New Lanark, Scotland. [2] [3] [4] Tare da haɗin gwiwarsa na masana'antun haɗin gwiwa, Owen yana son a ba wa yaran ingantaccen ilimin ɗabi'a don su dace da aiki. Tsarinsa ya yi nasara wajen samar da yara masu biyayya waɗanda ke da ilimin rubutu da lissafi na asali. [5]
Samuel Wilderspin ya buɗe makarantar jarirai ta farko a Landan a shekarar 1819, kuma ya ci gaba da kafa ɗaruruwan ɗalibai. Ya buga ayyuka da yawa kan wannan batu, kuma aikinsa ya zama abin koyi ga makarantun jarirai a Burtaniya da ma wasu wurare. Wasan kwaikwayo muhimmin ɓangare ne na tsarin ilimin Wilderspin. An yaba masa da ƙirƙirar filin wasa . A shekarar 1823, Wilderspin ya buga littafin On the Importance of Educationing the Infant Poor, wanda ya dogara da makarantar. Ya fara aiki da Ƙungiyar Makarantar Jarirai a shekara mai zuwa, yana sanar da wasu game da ra'ayoyinsa. Ya kuma rubuta "The Infant System", don haɓaka ƙarfin jiki, tunani, da ɗabi'a na dukkan yara daga shekara 1 zuwa bakwai .
Countess Theresa Brunszvik (1775-1861), wacce ta san kuma ta sami tasiri daga Johann Heinrich Pestalozzi, wannan misalin ya rinjayi ta don buɗe Angyalkert ('lambun mala'ika' a harshen Hungary) a ranar 27 ga Mayu, 1828, a gidanta da ke Buda, cibiyar kulawa ta farko daga cikin cibiyoyi goma sha ɗaya da ta kafa don ƙananan yara. A shekara ta 1836 ta kafa wata cibiya don kafa cibiyoyin kula da yara ƙanana. Wannan ra'ayin ya shahara tsakanin manyan mutane da kuma matsakaicin aji kuma an kwafi shi a ko'ina cikin Masarautar Hungary .
Ƙirƙirar makarantar yara
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Friedrich Fröbel (1782–1852) ya buɗe cibiyar "wasa da aiki" a shekarar 1837, a Bad Blankenburg, a masarautar Schwarzburg-Rudolstadt, a matsayin wata ƙwarewa ta gwaji ga yara da ke shiga makaranta. Ya sake wa makarantarsa suna zuwa Kindergarten (ma'ana "lambun yara") a ranar 28 ga Yuni, 1840, yana nuna imaninsa cewa ya kamata a kula da yara kuma a ciyar da su "kamar shuke-shuke a cikin lambu". Fröbel ya gabatar da yanayi na ilmantarwa inda yara za su iya haɓaka ta hanyar bayyana kansu da kuma koyo kai tsaye, wanda aka sauƙaƙe ta hanyar wasa, waƙoƙi, labarai, da sauran ayyuka daban-daban; wannan ya bambanta da tsoffin wuraren jarirai, don haka Fröbel an yaba masa da ƙirƙirar makarantar yara. [6] [7] [8] A kusan 1873, ƙungiyar yara ta ƙasa a Jamus ta ɗauki hanyar Caroline Wiseneder don koyar da waƙoƙin kayan kida ga ƙananan yara. [9]
A shekara ta 1840, malamar da ke da alaƙa da Emily Ronalds ita ce mace ta farko 'yar Birtaniya da ta yi nazarin tsarin Fröbel kuma ya ƙarfafa ta ta dasa ra'ayoyinta na makarantar renon yara a Ingila. [10] Daga baya, mata da Fröbel ta horar sun buɗe makarantun renon yara a duk faɗin Turai da kuma a duk faɗin duniya. An kafa makarantar renon yara ta farko a Amurka a Watertown, Wisconsin, a shekara ta 1856, kuma Margaretha Meyer-Schurz ta gudanar da ita da Jamusanci. [11]
Elizabeth Peabody ta kafa makarantar renon yara ta farko mai harshen Turanci a Amurka a shekarar 1860. An kafa makarantar renon yara ta farko kyauta a Amurka a shekarar 1870 ta hannun Conrad Poppenhusen, wani masanin masana'antu kuma mai taimakon jama'a na Jamus, wanda shi ma ya kafa Cibiyar Poppenhusen . An kafa makarantar renon yara ta farko da gwamnati ta ba da kuɗaɗen gwamnati a Amurka a St. Louis a shekarar 1873 ta hannun Susan Blow .
Cocin Wesleyan Methodist ya buɗe makarantar yara ta farko mai zaman kanta a Kanada a Charlottetown, Prince Edward Island, a shekarar 1870. A ƙarshen shekaru goma, sun zama ruwan dare a manyan garuruwa da biranen Kanada. A shekarar 1882, an kafa makarantun yara na farko na gwamnati a ƙasar a Berlin, Ontario ( Kitchener na zamani) a Makarantar Tsakiya . A shekarar 1885, Makarantar Normal ta Toronto (horon malamai) ta buɗe sashen koyar da yara na renon yara. [12]
Ƙungiyar renon yara ta Australiya ta bayyana a cikin shekaru goma na ƙarshe na ƙarni na sha tara a matsayin aikin agaji da ilimi. An kafa makarantar renon yara ta farko kyauta a Ostiraliya a cikin 1896 a Sydney, New South Wales, ta hannun Ƙungiyar Kindergarten ta NSW (yanzu KU Children's Services) ƙarƙashin jagorancin mai gyara Maybanke Anderson .
Malamar makaranta 'yar Amurka Elizabeth Harrison ta yi rubutu sosai kan ka'idar ilimin yara ƙanana kuma ta yi aiki don haɓaka ƙa'idodin ilimi ga malaman makarantun renon yara ta hanyar kafa abin da ya zama Kwalejin Ilimi ta Ƙasa a shekarar 1886.
Ta ƙasa
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Afghanistan
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A Afghanistan, yara tsakanin shekaru uku zuwa shida suna zuwa makarantun yara ( Dari ; Pashto ) Duk da cewa makarantun yara a Afghanistan ba sa cikin tsarin makarantu, gwamnati ce ke kula da su sau da yawa.
An fara gabatar da shirye-shiryen ci gaban yara a lokacin mamayar Soviet tare da kafa makarantun firamare 27 na birane a shekarar 1980. Adadin makarantun firamare ya karu sosai a shekarun 1980, inda ya kai kololuwa a shekarar 1990 tare da sama da 270 a Afghanistan. A lokacin da ya kai kololuwa, akwai malamai 2,300 da ke kula da yara sama da 21,000 a kasar. Waɗannan wurare sun kasance wani abu na birane, galibi a Kabul, kuma an haɗa su da makarantu, ofisoshin gwamnati, ko masana'antu. Dangane da tsarin Soviet, waɗannan shirye-shiryen ci gaban yara sun samar da kula da yara, makarantar firamare, da makarantar firamare ga yara daga watanni uku zuwa shida a ƙarƙashin jagorancin Ma'aikatar Aiki da Jin Dadin Jama'a.
- ↑ The term is borrowed from German and literally means "children-garden" or "garden of children".[1] The term was coined in the metaphorical sense of "place where children can grow in a natural way", not in the literal sense of having a "garden". The German pronunciation is de.
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- ↑ Samfuri:Etymonline
- ↑ Vag, Otto (March 1975). "The Influence of the English Infant School in Hungary". International Journal of Early Childhood. Springer. 7 (1): 132–136. doi:10.1007/bf03175934. S2CID 145709106.
- ↑ "New Lanark Kids". Archived from the original on 22 February 2004.
- ↑ "infed.org – Education in Robert Owen's new society: the New Lanark institute and schools". infed.org. Archived from the original on January 23, 2013. Retrieved December 23, 2009.
- ↑ "Socialist – Courier: Robert Owen and New Lanark". Socialist-courier.blogspot.co.uk. June 29, 2012. Archived from the original on October 23, 2013. Retrieved November 27, 2013.
- ↑ "Pioneers In Our Field: Friedrich Froebel – Founder of the First Kindergarten". Scholastic Corporation. Archived from the original on October 9, 2020. Retrieved March 5, 2020.
- ↑ Gutek, Gerald L. "Friedrich Froebel (1782–1852)". StateUniversity.com. Retrieved March 5, 2020.
- ↑ "Froebel: an introduction". University of Edinburgh. Retrieved August 17, 2024.
- ↑ "Dolmetsch Online – Composers Biography W". www.dolmetsch.com. Retrieved 2021-05-04.
- ↑ Ronalds, B.F. (2023). "Emily Ronalds (1795–1889) and her Social Reform Work". Transactions of the Unitarian Historical Society. 28 (2): 81–95.
- ↑ "Watertown Historical Society". Archived from the original on June 21, 2015. Retrieved October 9, 2020.
- ↑ Cite error: Invalid
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