Makarantar sakandare
 Makarantar sakandare | |
|---|---|
type of educational institution (en)  | |
 | |
| Bayanai | |
| Ƙaramin ɓangare na | makaranta |
| Amfani |
early childhood education (en) |
| Ta biyo baya |
Makarantar Firamare da first school (en) |
| Product or material produced (en) |
child care (en) |
| Intended public (en) |
preschool student (en) |
Makarantar renon yara ta gaba (wani lokacin ana rubuta ta a matsayin makarantar renon yara ko makarantar renon yara ), wanda kuma aka sani da makarantar renon yara ta gaba, makarantar wasan kwaikwayo, ko makarantar renon yara, wani wuri ne na ilimi ko wurin koyo wanda ke ba da ilimin yara tun suna ƙanana kafin su fara karatun tilas a makarantar firamare . Ana iya gudanar da shi a bainar jama'a ko kuma a masu zaman kansu kuma ana iya ba da tallafi daga kuɗaɗen gwamnati. Matsakaicin shekarun yara a makarantun renon yara a yawancin ƙasashe shine daga shekaru 4 zuwa 6 (makarantar renon yara zuwa makarantar renon yara ).
Kalmomi
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Kalmomin sun bambanta dangane da ƙasa. A wasu ƙasashen Turai, kalmar "kindergarten" tana nufin ilimin da aka tsara wa yara a matakin ISCED 0 - tare da shekaru ɗaya ko da yawa na irin wannan ilimin dole ne - kafin yara su fara makarantar firamare a matakin ISCED 1. [1]
Ana iya amfani da waɗannan kalmomi ga cibiyoyin ilimi na wannan rukunin shekaru:
- Makarantar firamare ko kuma makarantar yara [2] daga haihuwa zuwa shekara 6 – wata hidima ce ta ilimi da iyaye za su iya sanya yaransu a ciki kafin makarantar firamare. Wannan kuma za a iya amfani da shi don bayyana ayyuka ga yara ƙanana da shekarun makarantar firamare, musamman a ƙasashen da makarantar firamare ta zama tilas. Shirin makarantar firamare yana gudana ne a makarantar firamare .
- Makarantar renon yara (Birtaniya da Amurka) daga watanni 0 zuwa shekaru 5 - cibiyar kula da yara ce ta ilimi kafin firamare wadda ta haɗa da makarantar renon yara.
- Kula da yara daga watanni 0 zuwa shekaru 2 da rabi - ana gudanar da shi a Makarantar Yara, amma kuma ana iya kiransa "aikin kula da yara" ko "circle". [3] [4]
- Makarantar renon yara (Amurka da Birtaniya) daga shekara 2 zuwa 5 - ana gudanar da ita a Makarantar renon yara; shiri yana da alaƙa da ko yaron yana kan hanya ta ci gaba, kuma horar da yaron a cikin tukunya babban abu ne, don haka yaro zai iya farawa tun yana ɗan shekara 2. Mutane da yawa suna ɗaukar ilimin renon yara a matsayin mai mahimmanci da amfani ga kowane yaro domin yana iya ba wa yaron damar sabbin hulɗar zamantakewa. Ta hanyar koyo bisa ga fahimta, ilimin zamantakewa da ci gaban jiki, yaro a makarantar renon yara zai koyi game da muhallinsa da kuma yadda ake yin magana da wasu. Yaran da ke zuwa makarantar renon yara suna koyon yadda duniyar da ke kewaye da su ke aiki ta hanyar wasa da sadarwa.
- Makarantar Pre-K (ko Pre-Kindergarten) daga shekaru 4 zuwa 5 - ana gudanar da ita ne a Makarantar Nursery kuma shiri ne na inganta damar shiga makarantun pre-firamare ga yara a Amurka. Akwai abubuwa da yawa fiye da koyar da yaro launuka, lambobi, siffofi da sauransu.
- Kindergarten (Amurka) daga shekaru 5 zuwa 6 - ana gudanar da shi a Makarantar Kindergarten da/ko wasu makarantun firamare na firamare; a sassa da yawa na duniya (ba kamar a ƙasashen da ke magana da Turanci ba) yana nufin matakan farko na ilimi na yau da kullun .
Tarihi
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Asalin
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
A zamanin da makaranta ta takaita ga yara waɗanda suka riga suka koyi karatu da rubutu a gida, an yi yunƙurin samar da damar zuwa makaranta ga marayu ko kuma yaran mata da ke aiki a masana'antu.
A shekara ta 1779, Johann Friedrich Oberlin da Louise Scheppler sun kafa wata cibiya ta farko a Strasbourg don kula da kuma ilmantar da yaran da ba sa zuwa makaranta a lokacin da rana. A daidai lokacin, a shekara ta 1780, an kafa irin waɗannan cibiyoyin jarirai a Bavaria A shekara ta 1802, Pauline zur Lippe ta kafa cibiyar kula da yara a Detmold .
A shekara ta 1816, Robert Owen, masanin falsafa kuma mai koyar da yara, ya buɗe makarantar farko ta jarirai ta Birtaniya kuma wataƙila a duk duniya a New Lanark, Scotland. [5] [6] [7] Tare da haɗin gwiwarsa na masana'antun haɗin gwiwa, Owen yana son a ba wa yaran ingantaccen ilimin ɗabi'a don su dace da aiki. Tsarinsa ya yi nasara wajen samar da yara masu biyayya waɗanda ke da ilimin rubutu da lissafi na asali. [8]
Samuel Wilderspin ya buɗe makarantar jarirai ta farko a Landan a shekarar 1819, kuma ya ci gaba da kafa ɗaruruwan ɗalibai. Ya buga ayyuka da yawa kan wannan batu, kuma aikinsa ya zama abin koyi ga makarantun jarirai a duk faɗin Ingila da ma wasu wurare. Wasan kwaikwayo muhimmin ɓangare ne na tsarin ilimin Wilderspin. An san shi da ƙirƙirar filin wasa . A shekarar 1823, Wilderspin ya buga On the Importance of Educationing the Children Poor, bisa ga makarantar. Ya fara aiki da Ƙungiyar Makarantar Jarirai a shekara mai zuwa, yana sanar da wasu game da ra'ayoyinsa. Ya kuma rubuta "Tsarin Jarirai, don haɓaka ƙarfin jiki, hankali, da ɗabi'a daga dukkan yara daga shekara ɗaya zuwa bakwai".
Yaɗa
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Countess Theresa Brunszvik (1775–1861), wacce ta san kuma Johann Heinrich Pestalozzi ya yi mata tasiri, wannan misali ya yi mata tasiri wajen buɗe Angyalkert ('lambun mala'ika' a harshen Hungary) a ranar 27 ga Mayu 1828 a gidanta da ke Buda, cibiyar kulawa ta farko daga cikin cibiyoyi goma sha ɗaya da ta kafa don ƙananan yara. A shekara ta 1836 ta kafa wata cibiya don kafa cibiyoyin kula da yara ƙanana. Wannan ra'ayi ya shahara tsakanin manyan mutane da kuma matsakaicin aji kuma an kwafi shi a duk faɗin masarautar Hungary.
Friedrich Fröbel (1782–1852) ya buɗe cibiyar wasan kwaikwayo da ayyukan a shekara ta 1837 a ƙauyen Bad Blankenburg a masarautar Schwarzburg-Rudolstadt, Thuringia, wanda ya sake masa suna Kindergarten a ranar 28 ga Yuni 1840. A wannan shekarar, malamar makaranta Emily Ronalds ita ce mutum ta farko 'yar Birtaniya da ta yi nazarin tsarinsa kuma Fröbel ya ƙarfafa ta ta dasa ra'ayoyinsa a Ingila. [9]
Daga baya, mata da Fröbel ta horar sun buɗe makarantun yara a duk faɗin Turai da kuma ko'ina cikin duniya. An kafa makarantar yara ta farko a Amurka a Watertown, Wisconsin a 1856 kuma an gudanar da ita cikin harshen Jamusanci. [10] Elizabeth Peabody ta kafa makarantar yara ta farko a harshen Ingilishi a Amurka a 1860 kuma an kafa makarantar yara ta farko kyauta a Amurka a 1870 ta Conrad Poppenhusen, wani masanin masana'antu kuma mai taimakon jama'a na Jamus, wanda shi ma ya kafa Cibiyar Poppenhusen kuma an kafa makarantar yara ta farko da gwamnati ta ba da kuɗi ga jama'a a Amurka a St. Louis a 1873 ta Susan Blow . Cocin Wesleyan Methodist ya buɗe makarantar yara ta farko mai zaman kanta a Kanada a Charlottetown, Prince Edward Island a 1870 kuma a ƙarshen shekaru goma, sun zama ruwan dare a manyan garuruwa da biranen Kanada. An kafa makarantun yara na farko na gwamnati a ƙasar a Berlin, Ontario a 1882 a Makarantar Tsakiya . A shekara ta 1885, Makarantar Al'ada ta Toronto (horon malamai) ta buɗe sashen koyar da yara ƙanana. [11]
Elizabeth Harrison ta yi rubuce-rubuce sosai kan ka'idar ilimin yara ƙanana kuma ta yi aiki don haɓaka ƙa'idodin ilimi ga malaman makarantun renon yara ta hanyar kafa abin da ya zama Kwalejin Ilimi ta Ƙasa a 1886.
Head Start shine shirin farko na makarantun gaba da sakandare da gwamnati ke daukar nauyinsa a Amurka, wanda Shugaba Johnson ya kafa a shekarar 1965 don iyalai masu karamin karfi - kashi 10% ne kawai na yara suka shiga makarantar gaba da sakandare. Saboda yawan buƙatu, jihohi daban-daban sun ba da tallafin makarantun gaba da sakandare ga iyalai masu karamin karfi a shekarun 1980.
Manazarta
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]- ↑ "Eurydice" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 9 October 2016. Retrieved 25 March 2017.
- ↑ Stephens, Terence (28 November 2013). "Preschool Report". ChildCareIntro.com. Archived from the original on 12 December 2013. Retrieved 9 December 2013.
- ↑ Turner, Martin; Rack, John Paul (2004). The study of dyslexia. Birkhäuser, ISBN 978-0-306-48531-2
- ↑ Dustmann, Christian; Fitzenberger, Bernd; Machin, Stephen (2008). The economics of education and training. Springer, ISBN 978-3-7908-2021-8
- ↑ Vag, Otto (March 1975). "The Influence of the English Infant School in Hungary". International Journal of Early Childhood. 7 (1): 132–136. doi:10.1007/bf03175934. S2CID 145709106.
- ↑ "New Lanark Kids: Robert Owen". Archived from the original on 15 August 2010. Retrieved 1 December 2013.
- ↑ "Education in Robert Owen's New Society: the New Lanark Institute and schools". Archived from the original on 23 January 2013. Retrieved 1 December 2013.
- ↑ "Socialist – Courier: Robert Owen and New Lanark". Socialist-courier.blogspot.co.uk. 29 June 2012. Archived from the original on 23 October 2013. Retrieved 27 November 2013.
- ↑ Ronalds, B.F. (2023). "Emily Ronalds (1795–1889) and her Social Reform Work". Transactions of the Unitarian Historical Society. 28 (2): 81–95.
- ↑ "Watertown Historical Society". Watertown Historical Society. Archived from the original on 21 June 2015. Retrieved 21 June 2015.
- ↑ Cite error: Invalid
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