Makkah

Makkah
	مكة المكرمة (ar)
	;
Inkiya	أم القرى
Wuri
	21°25′21″N 39°49′34″E / 21.4225°N 39.8261°E
Ƴantacciyar ƙasa	Saudi Arebiya
Province of Saudi Arabia (en)	yankin Makka
Babban birnin	Kingdom of Hejaz (en) (1916–1925); Kingdom of Nejd and Hejaz (en) (1925–1932); yankin Makka (1932–); The Holy Capital Governorate (en) (1932–)
Yawan mutane
Faɗi	2,427,924 (2022)
• Yawan mutane	3,194.64 mazaunan/km²
Labarin ƙasa
Yawan fili	760 km²
Altitude (en)	277 m
Bayanan tarihi
Muhimman sha'ani	Siege of Mecca (en)
Tsarin Siyasa
• Gwamna	Khalid bin Faisal (en)
Bayanan Tuntuɓa
Kasancewa a yanki na lokaci	UTC+03:00 (en)
Tsarin lamba ta kiran tarho	1
Wasu abun
Yanar gizo	hmm.gov.sa

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Makkah, ^[1] Makkah al-Mukarramah a hukumance, ^[2] babban birnin lardin Makka ne a yankin Hejaz na yammacin Saudiyya; shi ne birni mafi tsarki a Musulunci^[3]. Yana da nisan kilomita 70 (mil 43) daga Jeddah akan Bahar Maliya, a cikin wani kunkuntar kwari mai tsayin mita 277 (909 ft) sama da matakin teku. Yawan jama'arta a cikin 2022 ya kasance miliyan 2.4, wanda ya sa ya zama birni na uku mafi yawan jama'a a Saudi Arabiya bayan Riyadh da Jeddah. Kusan kashi 44.5 cikin 100 na al’ummar Saudiyya ‘yan kasar ne kuma kusan kashi 55.5% ‘yan kasashen waje ne musulmi daga wasu kasashe.^[4] Yawan alhazai fiye da sau uku a kowace shekara a lokacin aikin hajji, wanda ake yi a watan Hijira na sha biyu ga Zul-Hajji^[5]. Tare da baƙi sama da miliyan 10.8 na duniya a cikin 2023, Makka tana ɗaya daga cikin birane goma da aka fi ziyarta a duniya.^[6]

Makka gaba daya ana daukarsa "tushen tushen Musulunci"^[7]^[8]. Ana girmama Makka a Musulunci a matsayin mahaifar Annabi Muhammadu. Kogon Hira da ke saman Jabal al-Nur ("Dutsen Haske"), kusa da birnin, shi ne inda Musulmai suka yi imani da cewa an saukar da Alkur'ani ne ga Muhammadu^[9]Ziyarar Makka don aikin Hajji wajibi ne a kan dukkan musulmin da ke da iko. Babban Masallacin Makkah, wanda aka fi sani da Masjid al-Haram, gidan Ka'aba ne, wanda Musulmi suka yi imani da cewa Ibrahim da Isma'il ne suka gina shi. Shi ne wuri mafi tsarki na Musulunci kuma alkiblar salla ga dukkan musulmin duniya^[10].

Mahukuntan musulmi na yankin da kewaye sun dade suna kokarin kwace birnin da kuma rike shi a hannunsu, don haka kamar yadda akasarin yankin Hijaz ya yi, birnin ya ga canje canjen gwamnatoci da dama. A kwanan baya ne Ibn Saud da abokansa suka mamaye birnin a lokacin da Saudiyya ta mamaye birnin Hejaz a shekarar 1925. Tun daga wannan lokacin, Makka ta samu gagarumin ci gaba a girma da ababen more rayuwa, tare da sabbin gine-gine na zamani irin su The Clock Towers, gini na hudu mafi tsayi a duniya da kuma na uku mafi girma a kasa^[11].

Tarihi

A cikin 2010, Makka da kewaye sun zama wuri mai mahimmanci don ilimin burbushin halittu game da juyin halitta na farko, tare da gano burbushin Saadanius. Ana ɗaukar Saadanius a matsayin ɗan fari mai alaƙa da kakannin kakannin birai da birai na Tsohuwar Duniya. Wurin zama na burbushin halittu, kusa da abin da a yanzu ake kira Bahar Maliya a yammacin Saudiyya, yanki ne mai dausayi mai dausayi tsakanin shekaru miliyan 28 zuwa 29 da suka wuce.^[13] Masana burbushin halittu da ke cikin binciken suna fatan samun ƙarin burbushin halittu a yankin.^[14]

Tarihin farko (har zuwa karni na 6 AD)

Tarihin farko na Makka har yanzu yana cike da rashin ingantaccen tushe. Garin yana cikin tsakiyar yankin yammacin Larabawa wanda akwai wasu mabubbugar rubutu ko kayan tarihi masu yawa.^[15]Wannan rashin ilimin ya bambanta da yankunan arewaci da kudancin yammacin Larabawa, musamman yankin Syro-Falasdinawa da kuma Yemen, inda masana tarihi ke da tushe daban-daban kamar ragowar wuraren ibada, rubuce-rubuce, abubuwan lura da marubutan Greco-Roman, da bayanan da masana tarihi na coci suka tattara. Yankin Hejaz da ke kewaye da Makka yana da yanayin nisa, dutsen da ba shi da kyau, wanda ke tallafawa tsirar jama'a a cikin warwatsewar tudu da kuma shimfidar ƙasa mai albarka. Gabar Tekun Bahar Maliya ba ta ba da tashar jiragen ruwa mai sauƙi ba kuma mazaunan bakin teku da ƙauyuka a yankin ba su da ilimi.^[16]

Binciken ilimi ya nuna cewa a lokacin Muhammadu mutanen Makka sun kai kusan 550.[43] Malaman musulmi masu amfani da hanyoyin gargajiya na iya sanya adadin ya kai 10,000.[44] Maganar Makka ta farko a cikin adabin da ba na Musulunci ba ya zo ne a shekara ta 741, tun bayan rasuwar Muhammad, a cikin tarihin Byzantine-Arab, ko da yake a nan marubucin ya sanya yankin a Mesopotamiya maimakon Hejaz.[45]

Yankin Badar a Saudi Arabiya

Tufafi

Yanayin sanya kayan mutanen saudiya a zamanin da

Mulki

Jami'i mai bayar da tsaro ga al'umma Khalid Fahad
Babbar kofar Sarki Abdul Aziz

Addini

Masallacin harami
Mina
Dutsen Jabal Rahamat
Alhazai a Makka mai girma

Qur'ani

Masallatai

Tsohon Masallaci a Hubaidiyah

Makkah

Massallacin Makkah da Dakin Ka'aba

Madina

Masallacin Madina

Mutane

Dan kasar Saudiya mai suna Essam Al Mojalid
Hayat Sindi, Daya daga cikin sanannun mata a kasar Saudiya

Al'adu

Tattalin arziki

Noma

Bishiyan Dabino
Yayan Dabino
Bishiyoyin dabino
Gonan dabino
Bishiyan dabino a wani muhalli inda ba gona ba
Gonan Dabino

Manazarta

↑ /ˈmɛkə/
↑ Arabic: مَكَّة ٱلْمُكَرَّمَة, romanized: Makkah al-Mukarramah, lit. 'Makkah the Noble', Hejazi Arabic pronunciation: [makːa almʊkarːama]
↑ Merriam-Webster's Geographical Dictionary. Merriam-Webster. 2001. p. 724. ISBN 978-0-87779-546-9.
↑ "Makkah (Makkah al-Mukarramah, Mecca Region, Saudi Arabia) - Population Statistics, Charts, Map, Location, Weather and Web Information". City Population. Retrieved 3 February 2024.
↑ "Hajj The Holy Pilgrimage". Salamislam. 3 January 2021. Archived from the original on 31 May 2022. Retrieved 31 May 2022.
↑ "Euromonitor International's report reveals world's Top 100…". Euromonitor. 13 December 2023. Retrieved 29 February 2024.
↑ Ogle, Vanessa (2015). The Global Transformation of Time: 1870–1950. Harvard University Press. p. 173. ISBN 978-0-674-28614-6. Mecca, "the fountainhead and cradle of Islam," would be the center of Islamic timekeeping.
↑ Nicholson, Reynold A. (2013). Literary History Of The Arabs. Routledge. p. 62. ISBN 978-1-136-17016-4. Mecca was the cradle of Islam, and Islam, according to Muhammad, is the religion of Abraham.
↑ Khan, A M (2003). Historical Value Of The Qur An And The Hadith. Global Vision Publishing Ho. pp. 26–. ISBN 978-81-87746-47-8.; Al-Laithy, Ahmed (2005). What Everyone Should Know About the Qur'an. Garant. pp. 61–. ISBN 978-90-441-1774-5.
↑ Nasr, Seyyed (2005). Mecca, The Blessed, Medina, The Radiant: The Holiest Cities of Islam. Aperture. ISBN 0-89381-752-X.
↑ Bayat, Ehsan (28 January 2021). "Dr. Ehsan Bayat - 6 Facts You Need to Know about the Abraj Al-Bait Clock Tower". Dr. Ehsan Bayat. Retrieved 19 June 2024.
↑ /ˈmɛkə/
↑ Sample, Ian (14 July 2010). "Ape ancestors brought to life by fossil skull of 'Saadanius' primate". The Guardian. London. Archived from the original on 27 September 2016.
↑ Laursen, Lucas (2010). "Fossil skull fingered as ape–monkey ancestor". Nature. doi:10.1038/news.2010.354. ISSN 0028-0836.
↑ Peters, F. E. (1994). Mecca: a Literary History of the Muslim Holy Land. Princeton: Princeton University Press. pp. 135–136. ISBN 978-1-4008-8736-1. OCLC 978697983.
↑ Peters, F. E. (1994). Mecca: a Literary History of the Muslim Holy Land. Princeton: Princeton University Press. pp. 135–136. ISBN 978-1-4008-8736-1. OCLC 978697983.

[1] /ˈmɛkə/

[2] Arabic: مَكَّة ٱلْمُكَرَّمَة, romanized: Makkah al-Mukarramah, lit. 'Makkah the Noble', Hejazi Arabic pronunciation: [makːa almʊkarːama]

[3] Merriam-Webster's Geographical Dictionary. Merriam-Webster. 2001. p. 724. ISBN 978-0-87779-546-9.

[4] "Makkah (Makkah al-Mukarramah, Mecca Region, Saudi Arabia) - Population Statistics, Charts, Map, Location, Weather and Web Information". City Population. Retrieved 3 February 2024.

[5] "Hajj The Holy Pilgrimage". Salamislam. 3 January 2021. Archived from the original on 31 May 2022. Retrieved 31 May 2022.

[6] "Euromonitor International's report reveals world's Top 100…". Euromonitor. 13 December 2023. Retrieved 29 February 2024.

[7] Ogle, Vanessa (2015). The Global Transformation of Time: 1870–1950. Harvard University Press. p. 173. ISBN 978-0-674-28614-6. Mecca, "the fountainhead and cradle of Islam," would be the center of Islamic timekeeping.

[8] Nicholson, Reynold A. (2013). Literary History Of The Arabs. Routledge. p. 62. ISBN 978-1-136-17016-4. Mecca was the cradle of Islam, and Islam, according to Muhammad, is the religion of Abraham.

[9] Khan, A M (2003). Historical Value Of The Qur An And The Hadith. Global Vision Publishing Ho. pp. 26–. ISBN 978-81-87746-47-8.; Al-Laithy, Ahmed (2005). What Everyone Should Know About the Qur'an. Garant. pp. 61–. ISBN 978-90-441-1774-5.

[10] Nasr, Seyyed (2005). Mecca, The Blessed, Medina, The Radiant: The Holiest Cities of Islam. Aperture. ISBN 0-89381-752-X.

[11] Bayat, Ehsan (28 January 2021). "Dr. Ehsan Bayat - 6 Facts You Need to Know about the Abraj Al-Bait Clock Tower". Dr. Ehsan Bayat. Retrieved 19 June 2024.

[12] /ˈmɛkə/

[13] Sample, Ian (14 July 2010). "Ape ancestors brought to life by fossil skull of 'Saadanius' primate". The Guardian. London. Archived from the original on 27 September 2016.

[14] Laursen, Lucas (2010). "Fossil skull fingered as ape–monkey ancestor". Nature. doi:10.1038/news.2010.354. ISSN 0028-0836.

[15] Peters, F. E. (1994). Mecca: a Literary History of the Muslim Holy Land. Princeton: Princeton University Press. pp. 135–136. ISBN 978-1-4008-8736-1. OCLC 978697983.

[16] Peters, F. E. (1994). Mecca: a Literary History of the Muslim Holy Land. Princeton: Princeton University Press. pp. 135–136. ISBN 978-1-4008-8736-1. OCLC 978697983.

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