Maktar

Maktar
Wuri
35°51′N 9°12′E
Ƙasa	Tunisiya
Governorate of Tunisia (en)	Siliana Governorate (en)
Delegation (en)	delegation of Makthar (en)
Babban birnin	delegation of Makthar (en)
Yawan mutane
Faɗi	12,942
Labarin ƙasa
Altitude (en)	900 m
Bayanan Tuntuɓa
Lambar aika saƙo	6140
Wasu abun
Yanar gizo	comumune-makthar.gov.tn

Maktar ko Makthar (Larabci|مكثر), wanda aka fi sani da wasu sunaye daban-daban a lokacin zamanin da, gari ne kuma wuri ne na tarihin ƙasa a Siliana Governorate, Tunisia.

Berber Numidians ne suka kafa Maktar a matsayin wurin tsaro da faɗaɗawar Carthaginian . A ƙarshen Yaƙin Punic na Uku, yawancin 'yan gudun hijirar Punic ne suka zaunar da shi bayan halakar Carthage na Romawa a cikin 146. BC A karkashin mulkin Romawa, ta sami matsayin birni na kyauta a ƙarƙashin Julius Kaisar a cikin 46 BC kuma ya zama mulkin mallaka na Romawa a AD 146. Ya zama wani yanki na lardin Byzacena kuma ya kasance wurin zama na bishop na Kirista. A karkashin Rumawa da Rumawa, ta canza matsayinta na farko don yin aiki a matsayin gidan tsaro daga hare-haren Berber na gida. Garin ya tsira daga mamayar musulmi amma kabilar Banu Hilal suka lalata su a ranar 11 ga watan karni kafin a sake kafawa. Garin na yanzu yana da yawan jama'a 13,576 a cikin 2014.

Sunan

Carthaginians sun rubuta sunan garin daban-daban kamar  ( Punic ),  ( Punic ), kuma  ( Punic ). [ 4 ] Romawa sun yi amfani da sunan a matsayin Mactaris, wanda ya zama Colonia Aelia Aurelia Mactaris a kan girmansa zuwa matsayin mulkin mallaka. Daga baya aka sanya wannan suna a matsayin Maktar.

Yanayin ƙasa

Tana kusa da kilomita 140 kilometres (87 mi) (87 kudu maso yammacin Tunis da kilomita 60 kilometres (37 mi) (37 Kudu maso gabashin El Kef. Garin na zamani yana kan tudu a kusa da 900 metres (2,953 ft) sama da matakin teku. Yana zaune a wancan gefen kwarin daga rushewar Romawa kuma an san shi da ra'ayoyinsa masu kyau. Garin yana da yanayi na nahiyar, tare da hunturu mai sanyi da lokacin rani mai dumi da kuma dusar ƙanƙara a wasu lokuta a cikin watanni na Janairu da Fabrairu.

Tarihi

Maktar a cikin Atlas archaeological na TunisiaTarihin Archaeological na Tunisia

Shirin Maktar

A cikin karni na 3 BC, Numidians sun gina katanga mai mahimmanci a wurin, waɗanda aka zaɓa don sarrafa hanyoyin kasuwanci tsakanin Sbeitla, Kairouan, da El Kef . Kafa ya girma cikin sauri, kuma ƙarƙashin Masinisa ya haɓaka zuwa babbar cibiyar Numidia . Bayan faduwar Carthage a cikin 146 BC, yawancin 'yan gudun hijirar Punic sun yi tururuwa zuwa Maktar, suna kawo al'adu da fasaha. Gine-gine, ƙungiyoyin jama'a, da harshe sun sami tasiri sosai daga Carthaginians.

Da farko, aikin Romawa ya riƙe gwamnatin Punic da gudanarwa ta hanyar tsarin majistare na sufetes, yayin da baƙi na Romawa suka kasance a cikin pagus daban (pagus). Mactaris ya girma ya zama ɗayan biranen da suka fi arziki a lardin a matsayin wurin wucewa don hatsi, mai, dabbobi, da masana'antu tsakanin Carthage, Sufetula, Thugga, da Tebessa. A karkashin Trajan (97-117), an yi amfani da birnin. Birnin ya sami kundin tsarin mulkin Romawa da matsayin mulkin mallaka, inda aka ba duk mazauna zama ɗan ƙasar Romawa ta atomatik.

Matsalar ƙarni na uku, wanda ya haifar da faduwar Daular Romawa, ya kuma shafi Maktar. An dakatar da raguwar na ɗan lokaci a ƙarƙashin Diocletian (284-305). A ƙarshen zamanin d ̄ a an kafa diocese na Mactaris na Cocin Roman, kuma ana iya ganin kiristanci na birnin a cikin gina majami'u da yawa. An ambaci birnin a cikin karni na 5 Notitia provinciarum da civitatum Africae da Peutinger Map . Maktar ya tsira daga mamayewar Vandals kuma ya zama muhimmiyar sansanin Byzantine.

Maktar ya tsira daga mamayar musulmai, amma mummunan hari na Beni Hilal a cikin 1050 ya haifar da cikakkiyar lalacewa da watsi da shafin.

Archaeology

Ɗaya daga cikin rubutun Maktar - harshen Punic "babban rubutun keɓewa"

An rubuta rubuce-rubuce da yawa a cikin rushewar. An fara tono kayan tarihi na Faransa a shekara ta 1914, kuma an ci gaba daga shekara ta 1944 a babban sikelin. Kodayake ba a tono su ba, rushewar da aka tono har zuwa yanzu, musamman na wanka mai zafi da Schola na Juvenes, suna nuna wannan a matsayin ɗayan manyan wuraren tarihi a Tunisia.

Tsarin da ya gabata

Shafin yana da megaliths da yawa, manyan slabs da aka yi amfani da su a cikin binne ashen. Binciken da Mansour Ghaki ya yi na ɗakin binnewa ya gano yumbu da yawa na asali daban-daban, na gida da na shigo da su, tun daga farkon karni na uku BC.

Shafin ya haɗa da misali na pyramid na mausoleum na Punic, mai kama da mausoleum nke Atban a Dougga (Thugga). Bugu da kari, masu binciken tarihi sun tono wani filin jama'a na zamanin Numidian wanda ake zaton shi ne cibiyar addini ta birnin saboda kasancewar temples, wanda daga baya ya zama haikalin Augustus da Roma.

Haikalin Hathor Miskar sananne ne saboda yawan binciken da aka yi a can, koda kuwa ba a kiyaye ragowar ba. A tsakiyar masallacin, masu binciken tarihi sun sami bagade wanda aka rubuta a kusan 100 BC. 

Gwamnatin Tunisiya ta haɗa shafin a cikin shawararta ta 2012 don ƙara wasu abubuwan tunawa na pre-Islamic zuwa Jerin Tarihin Duniya na Unesco.

Filin Taro na Trajan

Wannan fili mai siffar murabba’i da aka shinfida da duwatsu an tsara shi kusan shekara ta 116 AD a ƙarƙashin mulkin Trajan a matsayin fili na taro ga al’ummar Romawa lokacin da aka ba wa manyan mutanen gari izinin zama ‘yan ƙasa Romawa. (Ƴan asalin ƙasar suna da nasu filin taron da ke nisan mita 50 zuwa kudu maso yamma.) Portico ya kewaye filin, kuma ɓangaren kudu har yanzu yana da babban ƙofa mai girma da kyau, wato Babban Ƙofar Trajan.

Babban Ruwan Wanka

Babban Ruwan Wanka na daga cikin mafiya daɗewa kuma mafi kyau a Afirka ta Arewa. Ganuwar dakin sanyi (frigidarium) na tashi har zuwa mita 15. An gina ginin a kusa da shekara ta 200 AD kuma an kawata shi da furanni na gabas a saman ginshiƙai da kuma fili mai kyalli na mozaik.

Makarantar Matasa (Scholia Juvenum)

An gina wannan ginin kusan shekara ta 200 AD a matsayin wurin taro na ƙungiyar matasa, wani irin rundunar matasa da ke da alhakin tsaro da kuma karɓar haraji musamman. A Maktar, ƙungiyar ta ƙunshi kusan mambobi 70, kuma kamar yadda lamarin yake a wasu garuruwan yankin Romawa, sun taka rawa mai muhimmanci na ɗan wani lokaci. Shiga cikin wannan ƙungiya mai tsari na da mahimmanci don samun ci gaba a cikin soji. Manhajar makarantar ta haɗa da atisayen soja, wasanni, da kuma darussa irin su kudi, siyasa da al’adu. A ƙarshe, ƙungiyar ta fara samun ƙarfi sosai, domin masu kuɗi a garuruwan yankin na amfani da ita wajen kalubalantar ikon gwamnatin tsakiya. A shekara ta 238, Sarkin Roma Gordian I ya shiga wannan ƙungiya da kansa. Sarki Diocletian ya gyara makarantar. A zamanin Kiristanci, ginin da ake kira Basilica ya zama coci, inda aka yi amfani da akwatin gawar Punic daga makabartar kusa da wurin a matsayin bagadi.

• 
  Babban Ƙofar Trajan
• 
  Filin Taro da Ƙofar Trajan
• 
  Amfiteyata
• 
  Ruwan Wanka
• 
  Makarantar Matasa
• 
  Basilika na Rutilius
• 
  Basilika

Bishopric

Ko da yake majami’ar Romawa ta daina aiki gaba ɗaya da zuwan mayaƙan Musulmi, wurin bishop ɗin ya ci gaba da kasancewa a matsayin coci mai suna ba tare da iko kai tsaye ba (titular see) a cikin Cocin Katolika ta Romawa, kuma tun daga shekara ta 1514, an samu bishops guda 20 da suka rike wannan matsayin. Bishop ɗin yanzu shine Pedro Dulay Arigo.

An san bishops guda shida daga zamanin da, ciki har da:

• Marcus na Mactaris yana da rai a shekara ta 325.
• Comparitor yana da rai a shekara ta 411 (Donatist)
• Adelfius yana da rai a shekara ta 484 (Katolika)
• Germanus
• Rutilius
• Victor karni na 6

Al'adu

A kowace shekara, birnin na gudanar da wani biki mai suna "Bikin Makaris," wanda ke bunkasa tattalin arzikin yankin.

Yawan mutane

2014 Census (Municipal)

Gidaje	Iyalai	Maza	Mata	Jimilla
3842	3359	6572	6970	13542

Manazarta

Bibiyar Tarihi

• Ghaki, Mansour (2015), "Toponymie et Onomastique Libyques: L'Apport de l'Écriture Punique/Néopunique" (PDF), La Lingua nella Vita e la Vita della Lingua: Itinerari e Percorsi degli Studi Berberi, Studi Africanistici: Quaderni di Studi Berberi e Libico-Berberi, Naples: Unior, pp. 65–71, ISBN 978-88-6719-125-3, ISSN 2283-5636, archived from the original (PDF) on 2020-04-28, retrieved 2018-11-02. (in French)

Mahaɗa

• Lexicorient Archived 2019-10-24 at the Wayback Machine