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Mala'iku a cikin Islama

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Mala'iku a cikin Islama
group of fictional characters (en) Fassara
Bayanai
Ƙaramin ɓangare na angel (en) Fassara da Spirit in Islam (en) Fassara
Bangare na discernment of Spirits in Islam (en) Fassara
Amfani waḥy (en) Fassara, bauta a musulunci, Zikiri da Dua (en) Fassara
Fuskar Musulunci, Sufiyya da Al-Ghaib (en) Fassara
Jinsi non-binary (en) Fassara
Suna a harshen gida ملأك da ملائكة‏
Residence (en) Fassara Seven Heavens (en) Fassara da Al-Bayt al-Maʿmūr (en) Fassara
Addini Musulunci
Suna saboda Kingdom of God in Islam (en) Fassara
Director / manager (en) Fassara Jibril (mul) Fassara
Al'ada Islamic culture (en) Fassara
Maƙirƙiri God in Islam (en) Fassara
Harshen da aka yi amfani da shi multilingualism (en) Fassara da multiple languages (en) Fassara
Kayan haɗi Nur (mul) Fassara
Present in work (en) Fassara Al Kur'ani, Sunnah da prophetic biography (en) Fassara
Depicts (en) Fassara Ḥizb Allāh (en) Fassara
Has characteristic (en) Fassara polyglot (en) Fassara
Gudanarwan Ḥizb Allāh (en) Fassara

A cikin Islama, Mala'iku (: ملاك٬ ملك , :  malāk; jam'i: ملائِكة , malāʾik/malāʾikah ko Farisa: فرشته, romanized - ferešte) an yi imanin su halittu ne na sama, waɗanda Allah ya halicce su daga asalin haske.[1][2][3][4] Alkur'ani shine babban tushen ra'ayin Musulunci na mala'iku, amma siffofi masu yawa na mala'ikatu sun bayyana a cikin wallafe-wallafen hadisi, wallafe-wallo na Mi'raj, fassarar Musulunci, tauhidin, falsafar, da mysticism.[4][5]

  Bangaskiya ga mala'iku yana daya daga cikin manyan ka'idoji a cikin Islama, saboda yana daya daga kati da abubuwa shida na bangaskiya.[6] Mala'iku sun fi shahara a cikin Islama idan aka kwatanta da al'adar Yahudanci da Kirista.[7] Mala'iku sun bambanta da sauran halittu marasa ganuwa a cikin halayensu a matsayin halittu masu nagarta, sabanin mugayen aljanu ( شَيَاطِن, :  šayāṭīn ko Farisa: دیو, romaniised: ) da kuma jinn a (Arabic). Duk da cewa an dauke su mutane masu kirki, mala'iku ba lallai bane su kawo labarai masu kyau, kamar yadda al'adar Musulunci ta yi, mala'ikun na iya yin ayyukan mugunta da hankali.

Mala'iku ana tunanin su a matsayin halittu na sama. Saboda haka, an ce ba su da sha'awa da sha'awar jiki. Idan mala'iku za su iya kasawa, ana muhawara a cikin Islama. Mu'tazilites da Salafi da yawa yawanci suna da ra'ayi cewa mala'iku koyaushe suna biyayya kuma ba su taɓa kasa yin ayyukansu ba. Sabanin haka, makarantun tauhidin (Kalām) sau da yawa suna karɓar kuskuren mala'iku. Ashʿarites sun yarda cewa mala'iku ba su da 'yanci, amma suna jayayya cewa har yanzu suna iya kasawa sannan su fadi. Māturīdites sun ce an gwada halittu na sama, kuma mala'iku na iya kasa irin wannan gwaji, inda aka kore su daga ayyukansu. A cikin falsafar Islama da Sufism, mala'iku suna da alaƙa da yanayin Dalilin ('aql). A cewar Ilimin sararin samaniya na Sufi, suna haɗa manyan wuraren ilimi tare da ƙananan duniya na kwayoyin halitta. Don haka, an tsara tunanin ɗan adam don samar da alaƙa da sassan sama (malakūt) ta hanyar irin waɗannan abubuwan sama da ke da alaƙa ti haske (nūr). Sabanin haka, shaidan suna ƙoƙari su dame haɗin ta hanyar rarraba hankali zuwa Ƙananan sassan, don haka suna da alaƙa da wuta (nār).

Alqur'ani da tafsiri

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Kur'ani ya siffanta mala'iku a cikin yanayin al'adun Gabas ta Tsakiya na farko, na tauhidi da tsarin imani na shirka[8] Imani da mala’iku an wajabta shi ga mumini.[9][10] Sura ta 35 ita ce, a cikin wasu rubuce-rubucen, an sanya musu suna (al-malā’ikah)[11]. Ban da wasu tsiraru, mala’iku a cikin Alkur’ani ba su da yawa.[12] Suna bayyana a cikin labarai game da tatsuniyoyi da suka gabata, da tatsuniyoyi na eschatological (sama/Jahannama), da kuma cikin tattaunawa game da annabci da bauta.[13]

Yayin da a cikin Littafi Bible kalmar 'mala'ika' tana nufin 'manzanni' (na duniya ko na allahntaka) Kur'ani ya yi amfani da kalmar 'rasul' maimakon.[14][15] Mala'iku ruhohi ne kawai na sama. Kamar yadda yake cikin al’adar Littafi Mai Tsarki, mala’iku suna isar da saƙon zuwa Zakariya (3:39) da Maryamu (3:45).[16] A cikin Alkur’ani, mala’iku ba su takaita ga zama manzanni ba amma kuma suna cikin majalisar sama. Suna aiki a matsayin marubuta (50:17-18), suna zama mayaƙan Allah (9:26), kuma suna ɗaukar kursiyin Allah.[17] Allah ya umurci mala’iku da su yi sujada ga Adamu, kamar kogon taskokin Sham.[18]

Biyayya

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

An yarda da mala'iku da suka sauka a cikin Islama na gargajiya.[lower-alpha 1] Rashin amincewa da ra'ayin mala'iku da suka sauka, duk da haka, an tabbatar da shi tun a farkon Hasan na Basra (d. 728), wanda galibi ana daukarsa daya daga cikin farkon wadanda suka tabbatar da koyarwar rashin kuskuren mala'iku. Lokacin da ake magana akan yanayin Iblis, Tabari bai ambaci ma’asumi na mala’iku ba, watakila tunanin bai kasance a duniya a farkon musulunci ba.[20] Don haka daga hadissan ibn Abbas (mala’iku suna iya yin zunubi), da Hasan na Basra (mala’iku ba sa iya yin zunubi), an samu ra’ayoyi guda biyu mabanbanta. A cikin sharhin da Gibril Haddad ya yi dangane da kariyar Qadi Baydawi a kan tafsirin mala’iku, a cikin tafsirinsa na Baydawi, ya ce mala’iku “Da’a ce ta dabi’arsu alhali kuwa sabawarsu nauyi ce, alhali kuwa biyayyar ‘yan Adam nauyi ce, rangwamensu ga sha’awa dabi’arsu ce”:: 546.

Ma'asumai

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Ana adawa da ra’ayin mala’ikan da ya mutu galibi a cikin Kadariyyah da mafi yawan Mu’utazila.[21]Da yawa daga cikin ‘yan Salafiyya ma sun yarda da wannan ra’ayi.[22] Wadanda ke adawa da kuskuren mala’iku suna komawa zuwa ga Suratu Tahrim (66:6)[23] don neman matsayinsu:
Ya ku muminai! Ku tsare kanku da iyãlanku daga wata wuta wadda makamashinta mutane ne da duwãtsu, malã'iku maɗaukaki, ƙaƙƙarfan kulawa, waɗanda ba su saba wa abin da Allah Ya umurce su ba, suna yin abin da Ya umarce su.

Fakhr al-Din al-Razi keɓaɓɓe ne daga mafi yawan mutakallimūn, kuma ya yarda cewa mala’iku ba su da wani nau’i na zunubi kuma sun haɗa da rashin kuskuren mala’iku a cikin rukunan imani guda shida.[24] Al-Razi ya bayar da hujjar cewa “sai dai Iblis” (2:34; 18:50) ana karanta shi a matsayin “keɓance keɓance” (istithna munqathi), ban da Iblis daga ƙungiyar mala’iku kuma ya faɗi cewa ya fito daga jinsuna a maimakon haka. Ibn Taimiyya ya yi watsi da duk wata shubuha a kan yanayin Iblis kuma ya siffanta shi a matsayin aljani shaidan sabanin mala’iku masu biyayya.[25] Bisa ra'ayin ibn Taimiyya da almajirinsa ibn kathir, malaman Salafiyya da Wahabiyawa da yawa sun haxu a kan haka. Bugu da ƙari, da yawa daga cikinsu suna ɗaukar wannan a matsayin babban bambanci tsakanin Kiristanci da Musulunci.

Wadanda ba Ma'asumai ba

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Sura ta 2:30 ta kwatanta mala’iku da suke jayayya da Allah game da halittar Adamu, tun da zuriyar Adamu za ta jawo wahala, ta haka, bisa ga wadanda ba su kuskure, suna nuna aibi kamar (zagi, girman kai, qeta, ba da shawara ga Allah).[26] Daga cikin mala'iku, Iblis ya ƙi yin mubaya'a ga Adamu kuma an hana shi. Kalmar “sai dai Iblis” a cikin 2:34 da 18:50 ana fahimtar ta a matsayin keɓantacce marar yankewa (istithna’ muttasil). Mai yiyuwa ne sulhu na faduwar Iblis da akidar mala'iku shi ne a ce Allah ya so Iblis ya saba ko kuma rashin biyayyar Iblis ya samo asali ne daga wani dalili mai daraja amma batattu.[27][28] Mahmud al-alusi yana warware rigingimun da za a iya fuskanta ta hanyar bayyana cewa Azazil da farko mala’ika ne ma’asumi, amma sai Allah ya kawar da halittarsa ​​ta mala’ika ya musanya ta da sifofin shaidan, sannan ya zama Iblis ya yi zunubi.[29]

Halaye

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
Misali na Zakariya al-Qazwini wanda ke nuna Shugaban Mala'iku Michael (Mika'il)

A Musulunci, mala'iku halittu ne na sama da Allah ya halitta. Ana ganin sun girmi mutane da aljanu.[30][31] Suna sane da tunanin mutane. Sai dai ba su san makomarsu ba. Duk da cewa marubutan musulmi sun yi sabani kan hakikanin malaiku, amma sun yarda cewa su ma’asumai ne masu cin gashin kansu da jikinsu da dabara: 508   Amma duk da haka, dukkanin ra'ayoyin mala'iku a matsayin halittu masu fuka-fuki da kuma a matsayin karfi na zahiri an yarda da su. Mala'iku suna taka muhimmiyar rawa a rayuwar musulmi ta yau da kullun ta hanyar kare muminai daga munanan halaye da rubuta ayyukan mutane. Suna da ayyuka daban-daban, ciki har da yabon Allah, mu’amala da mutane a rayuwa ta yau da kullum, da kare shaidanu (shayāṭīn) da aiwatar da al’amuran halitta.[32]

Daya daga cikin manyan sifofin Musulunci shi ne rashin sha’awar jiki; ba sa gajiyawa, ba sa ci, ba sa sha, kuma ba sa fushi[33] Malaman Musulunci daban-daban irin su Ibn Kathir, Ibn Taimiyya, Al-Tabari, Fakhrul Din al-Razi, Umar Sulaiman Al-Ashqar sun ruwaito cewa mala’iku ba sa bukatar ci ko abin sha.[34] Haka nan ana siffanta su da matattu, sabanin aljani. A cikin hadisai na Musulunci, an kwatanta su da cewa an halicce su ne daga hasken da ba a sani ba (Nūr) ko wuta (Nar) Ahmad Sirhindi, wani malamin Indiya a karni na 17, ya kara da cewa, mala’iku na iya daukar siffofi daban-daban.[35][36][37]

Muhammad yana karbar wahayinsa na farko daga Mala’ika Jibrilu. Daga rubutun Jami' al-Tawarikh na Rashid-al-Din Hamadani, 1307 miladiyya.

Mala'iku da aka yi imani da cewa suna shagaltuwa a cikin al'amuran bil'adama suna da alaƙa ta kut da kut da tsaftar Musulunci da ibadar kunya. Mala'iku suna iya sauka zuwa ga muminai, kamar a cikin daren lailatul qadari[58]. Hadisai da dama ciki har da Muwatta Imamu Malik daga daya daga cikin Kutubul Sittah, sun yi magana kan yadda mala’iku ke tunkudewa saboda halin da dan Adam ke ciki.[38]: 323  An ce, idan kazanta ta kore shi, Kiraman Katibin, mai rubuta ayyukan mutane,[38]: 325. mala'ika,[38]: 327  ba za su yi aikin da aka ba su ba. Wani hadisin kuma ya fayyace cewa, a lokacin rashin tsarki, har yanzu ana rubuta munanan ayyuka, amma ba a yi aikin alheri ba.

Sufanci

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
1543 misalin Mi'raj daga bugu na Khamsa na Nizami Ganjavi wanda aka yi wa Shah Tahmasp I[39]
A miniature depicting the Darvīsh Sultan Ibrahim ibn Adham of Balkh visited by angels, 1760–70. Opaque watercolor with gold on paper, Cynthia Hazen Polsky Collection (1009-IP)

Kamar yadda a cikin hadisai da ba su da alaka da Sufanci, ana tunanin mala’iku a matsayin halitta da haske. Al-Jili ya fayyace cewa an halicci mala’iku daga hasken Muhammadu kuma a cikin sifofinsa na shiriya da haske da kyawunsa.[40] Tasirin ilimin sufi na Ibn Arabi, Haydar Amuli ya bayyana mala’iku da aka halicce su don wakiltar sunaye/sifofi daban-daban na kyawun Ubangiji, alhalin shaitanun an halicce su ne bisa sifofin Allah na daukaka, kamar “Mai girman kai” ko “Mai mulki”.[41]

A cikin Sufanci, mala'iku ba su bayyana a matsayin abin koyi ga sufaye kawai ba amma har ma da sahabbansu. Mutane a cikin yanayi tsakanin kasa da sama, suna neman mala’iku a matsayin shiriya domin su kai ga sama da kasa. Wasu mawallafa sun nuna cewa wasu mala'iku guda ɗaya a cikin microcosmos suna wakiltar takamaiman ikon ɗan adam akan matakin macrocosmic. Kamar yadda akidar ta kowa ce, idan Sufi ya kasa samun shehin da zai koyar da shi, Mala’ika Khidr ne zai koyar da shi.[42][43] Kasancewar mala’ika ya dangana ga biyayyar ’yan Adam ga dokar Allah. Datti, gurɓataccen ɗabi'a da wulakanci na iya nisantar da mala'ika. Ana iya ba wa waliyyi ikon ganin mala’iku a matsayin baiwa (karāmāt) daga Allah.[44]

Ahmad al-Tijjani, wanda ya kafa Darikar Tijjaniyya ya ruwaito cewa, an halicci mala'iku ta hanyar maganganun mutane. Ta wurin kyawawan kalmomi an halicci mala'ikan jinƙai, amma ta wurin munanan kalmomi an halicci mala'ikan azaba. Da girman Allah, idan wani ya tuba daga munanan maganganu, mala’ikan azaba zai iya zama mala’ikan rahama.[45]

Falsafa

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Manazarta

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
  1. ↑ Webb, Gisela (2006). "Angel". In McAuliffe, Jane Dammen (ed.). Encyclopaedia of the Qurʾān. I. Leiden: Brill Publishers. doi:10.1163/1875-3922_q3_EQCOM_00010. ISBN 90-04-14743-8.
  2. ↑ MacDonald, D.B. and Madelung, W., "Malāʾika", in: Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition, Edited by: P. Bearman, Th. Bianquis, C.E. Bosworth, E. van Donzel, W.P. Heinrichs. Online, retrieved 4 January 2024 Erste Online-Publikation: 2012 Erste Druckedition: ISBN 9789004161214, 1960-2007
  3. ↑ Reynolds, Gabriel S. (2009). "Angels". In Fleet, Kate; Krämer, Gudrun; Matringe, Denis; Nawas, John; Rowson, Everett K. (eds.). Encyclopaedia of Islam, THREE. 3. Leiden: Brill Publishers. doi:10.1163/1573-3912_ei3_COM_23204. ISBN 978-90-04-18130-4. ISSN 1873-9830.
  4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 Kassim, Husain (2007). Beentjes, Pancratius C.; Liesen, Jan (eds.). "Nothing can be Known or Done without the Involvement of Angels: Angels and Angelology in Islam and Islamic Literature". Deuterocanonical and Cognate Literature Yearbook. Berlin: De Gruyter. 2007 (2007): 645–662. doi:10.1515/9783110192957.6.645. ISSN 1614-337X. S2CID 201096692.
  5. ↑ Stephen Burge Angels in Islam: Jalal al-Din al-Suyuti's al-Haba'ik fi akhbar al-mala'ik Routledge 2015 ISBN 978-1-136-50473-0 p. 22-23
  6. ↑ "BBC – Religions – Islam: Basic articles of faith". Archived from the original on 13 August 2018. Retrieved 2018-08-13.
  7. ↑ Kiel, Micah D. (2009). "Review of Angels: The Concept of Celestial Beings—Origins, Development and Reception (Deuterocanonical and Cognate Literature Yearbook 2007)". The Catholic Biblical Quarterly. 71 (1): 215–218. ISSN 0008-7912. JSTOR 43726529.
  8. ↑ Kuehn, Sara, Stefan Leder, and Hans-Peter Pökel. "Introduction: Angels and Their Religious and Cosmological Contexts." The Intermediate Worlds of Angels. Ergon-Verlag, 2019. p. 18-19
  9. ↑ Reynolds, G. S. (2009)- Angels, In K. Fleet, G. Krämer, D. Matringe, J. Nawas and D. J. Stewart (eds.), Encyclopedia of Islam Three Online. Brill
  10. ↑ Piras A. (2016) Angel. In Vocabulary for the stury of religion Brill
  11. ↑ Reynolds, G. S. (2009)- Angels, In K. Fleet, G. Krämer, D. Matringe, J. Nawas and D. J. Stewart (eds.), Encyclopedia of Islam Three Online. Brill
  12. ↑ Stephen Burge. 2024. 'Angels (malāʾika)', St Andrews Encyclopaedia of Theology. Edited by Brendan N. Wolfe et al. https://www.saet.ac.uk/Islam/Angels Accessed: 4 November 2024 p. 4
  13. ↑ Stephen Burge. 2024. 'Angels (malāʾika)', St Andrews Encyclopaedia of Theology. Edited by Brendan N. Wolfe et al. https://www.saet.ac.uk/Islam/Angels Accessed: 4 November 2024 p. 4
  14. ↑ Kuehn, Sara, Stefan Leder, and Hans-Peter Pökel. "Introduction: Angels and Their Religious and Cosmological Contexts." The Intermediate Worlds of Angels. Ergon-Verlag, 2019. p. 26
  15. ↑ S.R. Burge Journal of Qurʼanic Studies The Angels in Sūrat al-Malāʾika: Exegeses of Q. 35:1 Sep 2011. vol. 10, No. 1 : pp. 50–70
  16. ↑ Reynolds, G. S. (2009)- Angels, In K. Fleet, G. Krämer, D. Matringe, J. Nawas and D. J. Stewart (eds.), Encyclopedia of Islam Three Online. Brill
  17. ↑ Reynolds, G. S. (2009)- Angels, In K. Fleet, G. Krämer, D. Matringe, J. Nawas and D. J. Stewart (eds.), Encyclopedia of Islam Three Online. Brill
  18. ↑ Reynolds, G. S. (2009)- Angels, In K. Fleet, G. Krämer, D. Matringe, J. Nawas and D. J. Stewart (eds.), Encyclopedia of Islam Three Online. Brill
  19. ↑ Welch, Alford T. (2008) Studies in Qur'an and Tafsir. Riga, Latvia: Scholars Press. p. 756.
  20. ↑ Erdağı, D. Evil in Turkish Muslim horror film: the demonic in "Semum". SN Soc Sci 4, 27 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/s43545-024-00832-w
  21. ↑ Basharin, Pavel V. (April 1, 2018). "The Problem of Free Will and Predestination in the Light of Satan's Justification in Early Sufism". English Language Notes. 56 (1). Durham, North Carolina: Duke University Press: 119–138. doi:10.1215/00138282-4337480. S2CID 165366613.
  22. ↑ Gauvain, Richard (2013). Salafi Ritual Purity: In the Presence of God. Abingdon, England: Routledge. ISBN 978-0710313560 p. 73
  23. ↑ Hoffman, Valerie J. The Essentials of Ibadi Islam. Syracuse University Press, 2012. p. 188
  24. ↑ Street, Tony. "Medieval Islamic doctrine on the angels: the writings of Fakhr al-Dīh al-Rāzī." Parergon 9.2 (1991): 111-127.
  25. ↑ Reynolds, G. S. (2009). Angels. In K. Fleet, G. Krämer, D. Matringe, J. Nawas and D. J. Stewart (eds.), Encyclopaedia of Islam Three Online. Brill. https://doi.org/10.1163/1573-3912_ei3_COM_23204
  26. ↑ MacDonald, D.B., & Madelung, W. (2012). Malāʾika. In P. Bearman (ed.), Encyclopaedia of Islam New Edition Online (EI-2 English). Brill. https://doi.org/10.1163/1573-3912_islam_COM_0642
  27. ↑ Abu-Zaid, Nasr. "The Perfect Man in Islam: A Textual Analysis." 大阪外国語大学学報 77 (1989): 123-124.
  28. ↑ Öztürk, Mustafa. "The Tragic Story of Iblis (Satan) in the Qur’an." Journal of Islamic Research 2.2 (2009): 139
  29. ↑ Iqbal, Muzaffar. "Integrated Encyclopedia of the Qur'ān." The center of Islamic Sciences (2013). p. 180
  30. ↑ Kuehn, Sara, Stefan Leder, and Hans-Peter Pökel. The intermediate worlds of angels: Islamic representations of celestial beings in transcultural contexts. Orient-Institut, 2019. p. 336
  31. ↑ Iqbal, Muzaffar. "Integrated Encyclopedia of the Qur'ān." The center of Islamic Sciences (2013). pp. 176-181
  32. ↑ Burge, Stephen (2015) [2012]. "Part 1: Angels, Islam, and al-Suyūṭī's Al-Ḥabāʾik fī akhbār al-malāʾik – Angels in Classical Islam and contemporary scholarship". Angels in Islam: Jalāl al-Dīn al-Suyūṭī's Al-Ḥabāʾik fī akhbār al-malāʾik (1st ed.). London and New York: Routledge. pp. 3–15. doi:10.4324/9780203144978. ISBN 978-0-203-14497-8. LCCN 2011027021. OCLC 933442177. S2CID 169825282.
  33. ↑ Glassé, Cyril; Smith, Huston (2003). The New Encyclopedia of Islam. Rowland Altamira. pp. 49–50. ISBN 978-0-759-10190-6.
  34. ↑ h Muhammad Singgih Pamungkas (15 December 2022). "Mengenal Alam Malaikat (1)". muslim.or.id (in Harshen Indunusiya). Al-Atsari Islamic Education Foundation /Kantor Sekretariat Yayasan Pendidikan Islam Al-Atsari (YPIA). Retrieved 21 December 2023. Dr. Sulaiman Al Asyqor, 'Alamul Malaikat, hal. 18
  35. ↑ Kuehn, Sara. "The Primordial Cycle Revisited: Adam, Eve, and the Celestial Beings." The intermediate worlds of angels (2019): 173-199.
  36. ↑ Jane Dammen McAuliffe Encyclopaedia of the Qurʾān Volume 3 Georgetown University, Washington DC p. 45
  37. ↑ Ahmed Sirhindi Faruqi. "31 - INFORMATION ABOUT GENIES". Maktubat Imam Rabbani (Shaykh Ahmed Sirhindi) (in Turanci and Punjabi). Archived from the original on 2009-08-10. Retrieved 22 November 2023.
  38. ↑ 38.0 38.1 38.2 Burge, Stephen R. (January 2010). "Impurity / Danger!". Islamic Law and Society. Leiden: Brill Publishers. 17 (3–4): 320–349. doi:10.1163/156851910X489869. ISSN 0928-9380. JSTOR 23034917.
  39. ↑ Bowker. World Religions. p. 165.
  40. ↑ Awn, Peter J. (1983). Satan's Tragedy and Redemption: Iblīs in Sufi Psychology. Leiden, Germany: Brill Publishers. p. 182 ISBN 978-90-04-06906-0
  41. ↑ Ayman Shihadeh Sufism and Theology Edinburgh University Press, 21 November 2007 ISBN 978-0-7486-3134-6 pp. 54-56
  42. ↑ Michael Anthony Sells Early Islamic Mysticism (CWS) Paulist Press 1996 ISBN 978-0-809-13619-3 page 39
  43. ↑ Noel Cobb Archetypal Imagination: Glimpses of the Gods in Life and Art SteinerBooks ISBN 978-0-940-26247-8 page 194
  44. ↑ Maddenin bu bölümü TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi'nin 2022 yılında Ankara'da basılan 25. cildinde, 265-268 numaralı sayfalarda "KERÂMET" başlığıyla yer almıştır. Matbu nüshayı pdf dosyası olarak indirmek için tıklayınız. Bu bölüm en son 13.02.2019 tarihinde güncellenmiştir
  45. ↑ Wright, Zachary Valentine. "Realizing Islam, Sustainable History Monograph Pilot OA."


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