Jump to content

Man fetur a Turkiyya

Daga Wikipedia, Insakulofidiya ta kyauta.
Man fetur a Turkiyya
Bayanai
Ƙasa Turkiyya
A large, low ship in front of a city skyline
Tankers, kamar wannan a cikin Bosporus, hanya ce ta fitar da mai daga Asiya ta Tsakiya.

Man fetur yana samar da sama da kashi ɗaya cikin huɗu na Makamashi na Turkiyya.[1] Saboda kasar tana samar da man fetur kadan, kusan ya dogara ne akan shigo da man fetura da kayayyakin Mai kamar man fetur da dizal, wanda aka cinye shi a cikin motocin hanya na kasar.[2][3][5] Turkiyya ita ce mafi yawan masu amfani da iskar gas (LPG) a duniya don sufuri na hanya.[6]

Saboda Turkiyya tana samar da kashi 7% kawai na man da take amfani da shi, jimlar shigo da kasar ta fi karfin fitar da ita, wanda shine matsala ga tattalin arzikinta. Bayan mamayewar Rasha ta 2022 a Ukraine ta fara, kasashe da yawa na Turai sun daina sayen Man fetur, man fetur da dizal na Rasha amma Dangantakar Turkiyya da Rasha ta kasance cewa tana samar da mafi yawan irin waɗannan shigo da kayayyaki.[4][5][6]

Bukatar

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
Samar da makamashi na farko kusan kashi ɗaya cikin huɗu ne kowannensu daga kwal, mai, gas, da sauran tushe.

A cikin shekarun 2010, buƙatar mai ta karu sosai, galibi saboda karuwar amfani da dizal, kuma ana hasashen zai karu a hankali har zuwa 2040.[11][12] Fiye da rabin kayan man fetur da aka shigo da su a Turkiyya ana amfani da su don jigilar hanya, kuma Turkiyya ita ce babbar mai amfani da iskar man fetur (LPG) a duniya don jigilar hanyoyi. [5][6] Ana fatan motocin lantarki da aka ƙera a cikin gida da sauran motocin hanya daga masana'antar kera motoci ta ƙasar a ƙarshe za su rage lissafin shigo da kaya. A cikin 2021, amfani da dizal na Turkiyya - na cikin gida da na fitarwa - ya ninka sau shida na man fetur. : 19 : 19 

Tasirin kiwon lafiya da muhalli

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
Wasu jiragen ruwa suna ƙone mai mai mai nauyi a kusa da birane.

Fossil-fuel-fuel hanyar hayaki-moto gurɓata manyan birane da nitrogen dioxide da sauran iskar gas.[7] Rashin gurɓata iska daga dizal ya fi muni daga man fetur.[8]

Ya zuwa 2022 Bahar Maliya ba yanki ne na kula da fitarwa ba; gurɓataccen iska yana fitowa daga jiragen ruwa a tashar jiragen ruwa na Bahar Maliya ta Turkiyya.[9] Abubuwan da suka faru a cikin Tekun Turkiyya sun haifar da zubar da mai. Rashin gurɓata iska daga jiragen ruwa da ke ƙone mai mai mai a kusa da birane matsala ce a wasu wurare, kamar Mersin.[10]

Samar da mai a Rasha yana haifar da kwarara na methane cikin yanayi.[11] Saboda ma'aunin kayan gas na kasa da kasa ya dogara ne akan samarwa, an lissafa wannan a cikin hayakin gas na Rasha maimakon na Turkiyya.[12][13][13]

Samar da man fetur da iskar gas a kudu maso gabashin Turkiyya an kiyasta ta hanyar Climate Trace cewa sun fitar da fiye da tan miliyan daya na iskar gas mai ɗumi a cikin 2023.[14]

Tushen

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Kimanin tanadin mai na Turkiyya kusan ganga miliyan 600 ne, : 19 da kimanin tan miliyan 3 ana samar da su a kowace shekara, kusan kashi bakwai cikin dari na amfani da Turkiyya na shekara-shekara. [15][lower-alpha 1][16] Kasar tana shigo da kimanin tan miliyan 25 zuwa 30 a kowace shekara, [17]: 20 galibi daga Rasha da Iraki. [18]   

TPAO, kamfanin bincike da samarwa na jihar, yana hako tsakanin rijiyoyin bincike 100 zuwa 200 a kowace shekara. : 19 Mafi yawan tabbatar da man fetur da samarwa suna cikin Batman da Adıyaman Provinces a kudu maso gabas, kuma akwai kadan a Thrace.[19] : 3 Batı Raman yana da karin man fetur mai nauyi; wasu filayen suna samar da man fetur na cikin gida mai sauƙi, wanda matsakaicin ƙarfin API ya kai 28, kuma wannan man fetur matsakaici ya dace da kasuwar Turkiyya.[27] A cikin 2023, an gano tanadi na kusan ganga biliyan daya tare da nauyin API na 41 a kusa da Mt Gabar a Şirnak.[20] Ana iya cire Man Shale daga Dadaş amma ana buƙatar sarrafa ruwa mai tsabta yadda ya kamata don rage Tasirin muhalli na fashewar ruwa.[29]

Babban daraktan kula da harkokin hakar ma'adinai da man fetur na Turkiyya ne ke ba da lasisin hako mai [15] amma tsarin ba su yana ɗaukar lokaci mai tsawo kuma yana buƙatar tasirin siyasa. [21] Dokar Kasuwar Man Fetur ta ba da ƙwarin gwiwa ga masu zuba jari don bincika da samarwa. [ 31 ] Ana gudanar da wasu ingantattun mai a Batı Raman. [22] Kazalika da danyen mai, kasar na shigo da kayayyakin mai, dizal, LPG da kuma petcoke -wanda ake amfani da shi wajen yin siminti-da kuma As of 2020 , Kudirin shigo da makamashin kasar ya bi diddigin farashin danyen mai. [ 33 ] TPAO, wanda ke yin mafi yawan binciken mai da iskar gas, [23] ya karu a cikin teku a cikin 2020. [ 35 ].

Sufuri

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
Ana fitar da man fetur daga Azerbaijan da Iraki kuma ana tura wasu daga Rasha zuwa manyan refineries (R) a yamma. Ana fitar da man Azerbaijan galibi ta hanyar tanki daga Cehan.
A medium size ship in front of a hazy city skyline
Ƙananan tankuna, kamar wannan, wani lokacin suna ɗaukar mai daga Novorossiisk a kan Tekun Baƙi, kuma suna wucewa ta Bosphoros don samar da refineries kusa da İzIzmir

Ana jigilar man fetur daga Rasha zuwa Turkiyya daga tashar jiragen ruwa ta Black Sea na Novorossiisk, Tuapse da Taman . [24] Kasar Sin da Indiya ne kawai suka sayi man Rasha fiye da Turkiyya.[25]

Jirgin mai na Kirkuk-Ceyhan yana da damar ganga miliyan 1.6 a rana (mbd). Ana jigilar man Rasha da Caspian ta Jirgin ruwa ta hanyar Bosporus . [26] A shekara ta 2005, an zartar da dokar mayar da martani ga man fetur a Turkiyya, kuma a cikin 2022, an tilasta inshorar tankin mai. [27] Kazalika da jirage, akwai jiragen ruwa biyu na girgizar ƙasa.[28]

Man da Turkiyya ke shigo da shi daga Rasha ya karu bayan mamayar da Rasha ta yi wa Ukraine a shekarar 2022. [29] Ƙungiyar Tarayyar Turai (EU) ta haramta shigo da kayan mai kai tsaye daga Rasha tun daga 2023, [30] amma ana ci gaba da shigo da kayayyaki kai tsaye har zuwa 2024. [31] As of 2023 , Turkiyya na amfani da dizal din Rasha mai arha mai yawa, wanda zai iya fitar da dizal daga matatun Turkiyya don fitar da shi zuwa EU. [32] Tankunan mai daga Novorossiysk suna kaiwa Korfez da Aliağa, kusa da İzmir birni na uku mafi girma a Turkiyya . [33] A watan Oktoban 2022, kusan rabin danyen mai na Rasha an aika zuwa Turkiyya [34] amma ba a sani ba ko tashin farashin mai na EU zai shafi Turkiyya. Wani mai na Rasha ya bi ta tashar Dörtyol a Hatay . [35] Yawancin dizal ɗin Rasha suna zuwa Turkiyya saboda EU ta sanya takunkumin shigo da su.

Gudanarwa da adanawa

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
Many large metal structures, cylindrical tanks and chimneys next to a large road
Kamfanin Star Aegean refinery a İzIzmir SOCSOCAR (kamfanin mai mallakar jihar Azerbaijan), kuma yana samar da mafi yawan dizdizal man AzeAzeri][2]

Babban mai gyaran mai a Turkiyya shine Tüpraş [36] tare da masu gyaran mai guda hudu. Sabon refinery shine Star Aegean, wanda kuma yake a Aliağa kuma yana da fiye da rabin kasuwar kayayyakin man fetur. [36] [37] Abubuwan da ke cikin man fetur na Turkiyya suna da yawa don haka ana inganta masana'antun don saduwa da iyakokin sulfur na jigilar kayayyaki na Bahar Rum, wanda za'a iya yanke shi daga 0.5% zuwa 0.1%, mai yiwuwa a cikin 2025.[61][38][39] Tare, masu refineries guda biyar suna da damar sama da tan miliyan 400 a kowace shekara (815,000 mbd) tun daga shekarar 2022.[40] Kodayake masu tsarkakewa sun fi son samar da dizal maimakon man fetur, dole ne a shigo da rabin dizal na kasar.[40]

Manazarta

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
  1. ↑ "Energy consumption by source, Turkey". Our World in Data. Archived from the original on 1 April 2023. Retrieved 2 August 2022.
  2. ↑ "Oil and Gas – Turkey". International Trade Administration, U.S. Department of Commerce. Archived from the original on 28 February 2023. Retrieved 2 August 2022.
  3. ↑ Adal, Hikmet (25 February 2022). "Russia-Ukraine war: How will it affect Turkey's economy?". Bianet. Archived from the original on 25 February 2022. Retrieved 4 March 2022.
  4. ↑ Bakheit, Nesreen; Imahashi, Rurika (9 June 2022). "China, India and Turkey to siphon more Russian oil ahead of EU ban". Nikkei Asia (in Turanci). Archived from the original on 9 March 2023. Retrieved 7 July 2022.
  5. ↑ Dezem, Vanessa (28 June 2022). "EU Gas Swings as Russia-Turkey Flows Resume While Risks Loom – BNN Bloomberg". BNN Bloomberg. Archived from the original on 28 February 2023. Retrieved 7 July 2022.
  6. ↑ "Russia top energy supplier to Turkey despite Western sanctions".
  7. ↑ Efe, Bahtiyar (7 March 2022). "Air quality improvement and its relation to mobility during COVID-19 lockdown in Marmara Region, Turkey". Environmental Monitoring and Assessment (in Turanci). 194 (4). Bibcode:2022EMnAs.194..255E. doi:10.1007/s10661-022-09889-7. ISSN 1573-2959. PMC 8900962 Check |pmc= value (help). PMID 35257238 Check |pmid= value (help). Archived from the original on 30 October 2023. Retrieved 28 February 2023. There is a significant relationship between mobility decrease and NO2 concentrations in large cities.
  8. ↑ Demir, Tuğçe; Karakaş, Duran; Yenisoy-Karakaş, Serpil (1 March 2022). "Source identification of exhaust and non-exhaust traffic emissions through the elemental carbon fractions and Positive Matrix Factorization method". Environmental Research (in Turanci). 204 (Pt D): 112399. Bibcode:2022ER....20412399D. doi:10.1016/j.envres.2021.112399. ISSN 0013-9351. PMID 34800531 Check |pmid= value (help). S2CID 244367106 Check |s2cid= value (help). Archived from the original on 30 October 2023. Retrieved 28 February 2023.
  9. ↑ "Analysing shipping emissions of Turkish ports in the Black Sea and investigating their contributions to Black Sea emissions". Archived from the original on 16 May 2022. Retrieved 28 February 2023.
  10. ↑ Ekmekçioğlu, Araks; Ünlügençoğlu, Kaan; Buğra Çelebi, Uğur (December 2019). "Ship Emission estimation for Izmir and Mersin international Ports – Turkey". Archived from the original on 8 June 2021. Retrieved 21 May 2023.
  11. ↑ Harvey, Fiona (23 February 2022). "Oil and gas facilities could profit from plugging methane leaks, IEA says". The Guardian (in Turanci). Archived from the original on 2 June 2022. Retrieved 2 June 2022.
  12. ↑ "How do countries measure greenhouse gas emissions?". UNEP (in Turanci). 13 September 2022. Archived from the original on 16 April 2023. Retrieved 23 May 2023. Countries report their emissions through what is known as a 'bottom up' approach, where national emissions are estimated by combining data on types of activity with the emissions typically produced by those activities.
  13. 1 2 https://www.dw.com/ha/shirin-ciniki-da-masanaantu-na-wannan-makon/audio-39125902
  14. ↑ "Southeast Turkey Foldbelt_Conventional onshore". Climate TRACE. Retrieved 2024-11-27.
  15. 1 2 "Crude Oil". Ministry of Energy and Natural Resources. Archived from the original on 17 August 2022. Retrieved 2 August 2022. Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; name ":1" defined multiple times with different content
  16. ↑ "Oil Production in Turkey". Petform. Archived from the original on 31 May 2023. Retrieved 7 July 2022.
  17. ↑ Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named :30
  18. ↑ "Turkey's oil imports up 42.4 percent in December 2021". Hürriyet Daily News (in Turanci). 24 February 2022. Archived from the original on 17 March 2022. Retrieved 14 July 2022.
  19. ↑ "Turkey". U.S. Energy Information Administration. Archived from the original on 9 December 2022. Retrieved 9 December 2022.
  20. ↑ Charles, Kennedy (4 May 2023). "Turkey Makes Huge 1-Billion-Barrel Oil Discovery". OilPrice (in Turanci). Archived from the original on 21 May 2023. Retrieved 21 May 2023.
  21. ↑ Consultancy, Pi Legal (28 February 2023). "Oil Market Activities in Turkey". Pi Legal Consultancy (in Turanci). Archived from the original on 20 March 2023. Retrieved 20 March 2023.
  22. ↑ Safran, S. Esra; Kok, Mustafa Versan (1 January 2022). "Nanoparticle-stabilized CO2 foam to improve conventional CO2 EOR process and recovery at Batı Raman oil field, Turkey". Journal of Petroleum Science and Engineering (in Turanci). 208. Bibcode:2022JPSE..20809547S. doi:10.1016/j.petrol.2021.109547. ISSN 0920-4105. S2CID 240510969 Check |s2cid= value (help). Archived from the original on 8 January 2023. Retrieved 28 February 2023.
  23. ↑ "Turkey – Oil and Gas". US EIA. Archived from the original on 28 February 2023. Retrieved 28 February 2023.
  24. ↑ "Russia's Feb diesel exports to Turkey hit record high -traders, Refinitiv data | Hellenic Shipping News Worldwide". www.hellenicshippingnews.com. Archived from the original on 28 March 2023. Retrieved 24 May 2023.
  25. ↑ "The Turkish terminal helping disguised Russian oil reach Europe". www.ft.com. Retrieved 2024-02-25.
  26. ↑ "Turkey". United States Energy Information Administration. Archived from the original on 2022-08-09. Retrieved 2022-06-20.
  27. ↑ "Turkey". International Tanker Owners Pollution Federation Ltd. (ITOPF) (in Turanci). Archived from the original on 4 May 2022. Retrieved 20 June 2022.
  28. ↑ "Investor's Guide For Natural Gas". Archived from the original on 7 March 2023. Retrieved 28 February 2023.
  29. ↑ "Financing Putin's war: Fossil fuel exports from Russia in the first six months of the invasion of Ukraine". Centre for Research on Energy and Clean Air (in Turanci). 6 September 2022. Archived from the original on 4 December 2022. Retrieved 8 December 2022.
  30. ↑ "Turkey Becomes New Route for Russian Oil to EU – Think Tank". 16 November 2022. Archived from the original on 10 March 2023. Retrieved 28 February 2023.
  31. ↑ "A Kremlin pit stop: EU imports EUR 3 bn of oil products from Turkish ports handling Russian oil". Centre for Research on Energy and Clean Air (in Turanci). 2024-05-15. Retrieved 2024-08-22.
  32. ↑ "Turkey is guzzling Russian diesel that Europe can't buy". Archived from the original on 24 May 2023. Retrieved 24 May 2023.
  33. ↑ "Russian crude oil tracker". Bruegel (in Turanci). Archived from the original on 8 December 2022. Retrieved 8 December 2022.
  34. ↑ "BlackSeaNews | Russia's crude oil exports from the Black Sea in April–October 2022 (2)". BlackSeaNews (in Turanci). Archived from the original on 7 December 2022. Retrieved 8 December 2022.
  35. ↑ "The Turkish terminal helping disguised Russian oil reach Europe". www.ft.com. Retrieved 2024-02-25.
  36. 1 2 "Oil and Gas – Turkey". International Trade Administration, U.S. Department of Commerce. Archived from the original on 28 February 2023. Retrieved 2 August 2022.
  37. ↑ "2021 annual report" (PDF). Türkiye Petrol Rafinerileri A.Ş. Archived (PDF) from the original on 5 June 2022. Retrieved 28 February 2023.
  38. ↑ "Renewables projects in Europe". Hellenic Shipping News. 27 July 2022. Archived from the original on 20 September 2022. Retrieved 17 September 2022.
  39. ↑ "IMO 2020 – cutting sulphur oxide emissions: Mediterranean ECA Will Lead to a 77% Drop in Sox Emissions From Ships". Hellenic Shipping News. 12 September 2022. Archived from the original on 20 September 2022. Retrieved 17 September 2022.
  40. 1 2 "Turkey May Soon Return as Big Buyer of Russian Oil". Energy Intelligence (in Turanci). 23 December 2022. Archived from the original on 31 December 2022. Retrieved 31 December 2022.
  1. ↑ Source incorrectly says tons.
Cite error: <ref> tags exist for a group named "lower-alpha", but no corresponding <references group="lower-alpha"/> tag was found
Daga "https://ha.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Man_fetur_a_Turkiyya&oldid=686613"