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Manufofin canjin yanayi na California

Daga Wikipedia, Insakulofidiya ta kyauta.

A matsayin jihar da ta fi yawan jama'a a Amurka, [1] manufofin yanayi na California suna tasiri ga sauyin yanayi na duniya da Manufofin yanayi na tarayya. Dangane da ra'ayoyin masana kimiyya na yanayi, jihar California ta ci gaba da wuce dokar rage fitarwa.

California ta dauki matakai na doka da fatan rage haɗarin yiwuwar tasirin Canjin yanayi a California ta hanyar karfafawa da tsare-tsare don motoci masu tsabta, makamashi mai sabuntawa, da Kula da gurɓataccen yanayi a masana'antu. A California, an haɓaka manufofin canjin yanayi ta bangarorin zartarwa da majalisa na gwamnatin jihar.[2] Yawancin manufofi sun yi niyya musamman ga hayakin gas mai guba, wanda aka nuna don haɓaka yanayin zafi na duniya da karkatar da yanayin halitta.[3]

Ɗaya daga cikin sanannun dokokin yanayi a California shine Dokar Majalisar 32. Wannan muhimmin doka ya buƙaci 'yan wasan kwaikwayo da yawa a cikin tattalin arzikin California don rage hayakin gas zuwa matakan 1990 ta hanyar 2020.[4] Kudin ya kuma nada Hukumar Kula da Harkokin Jirgin Sama ta California (CARB) don tsara manufofi da hanyoyin don cimma burin.[4] CARB daga ƙarshe ta aiwatar da shirin ƙwanƙwasawa da kasuwanci na jihar, wani nau'in cinikin hayaki, irin wannan shirin na farko a Amurka.[5] California ta sami damar kaiwa ga ƙaddamar da hayaki shekaru huɗu kafin jadawalin, a cikin 2016.[6]

Kodayake Texas da California suna samar da mafi yawan iska + hasken rana na dukkan jihohi, wasu jihohi daban-daban suna samar da karin iska + haskakawar rana ga kowane mutum.[7]

California (kasa ta biyar mafi girma a tattalin arziki a duniya) an dade ana ganin ta a matsayin majagaba na matakin jiha a al'amuran muhalli da suka shafi dumamar yanayi kuma ta nuna wasu jagoranci a cikin shekaru hudu da suka gabata [yaushe?]. A ranar 22 ga Yuli, 2002, Gwamna Gray Davis ya amince da AB 1493, lissafin da ke jagorantar Hukumar Kula da Albarkatun Jiragen Sama ta California don haɓaka ƙa'idodi don cimma matsakaicin yuwuwar rage yuwuwar rage yawan iskar gas daga motoci. Yanzu dokar dumamar yanayi ta California, ta bukaci masu kera motoci su rage fitar da hayaki da kashi 30 cikin 100 nan da shekarar 2016. Duk da cewa masu kera motoci sun kalubalanci ta a kotuna, goyon bayan dokar na karuwa yayin da wasu jihohi suka amince da irin wannan doka. A ranar 7 ga Satumba, 2002, Gwamna Davis ya amince da wata doka da ke buƙatar Rijistar Ayyukan Yanayi ta California don ɗaukar matakai da ƙa'idodi don ba da rahoton ayyuka da kuma rarraba carbon a cikin gandun daji. (SB 812. Gwamna Davis ya amince da shi a ranar 7 ga Satumba, 2002) California ta kira ƙungiyar ma'aikata ta haɗin gwiwa, wanda aka kafa a Hukumar Makamashi ta California, don haɓaka waɗannan hanyoyin da ka'idoji. A halin yanzu ma'aikata suna neman shigarwa akan tarin tambayoyin fasaha.

A watan Yunin shekara ta 2005, Gwamna Arnold Schwarzenegger ya sanya hannu kan umarnin zartarwa yana kira ga raguwa a cikin hayakin gas na jihar: don rage hayakin GHG zuwa matakan 2000 nan da shekara ta 2010, don rage hayaki na GHG har zuwa matakan 1990 nan da shekara, don rage hayar GHG til kashi 80 cikin dari a ƙasa da matakan 1990 nan.[8] Matakan da za su cimma wadannan manufofi sun hada da ka'idojin fitar da hayaki na mota, da kuma bukatun makamashi mai sabuntawa a matsayin rabo na samar da wutar lantarki. Kungiyar Masana Kimiyya da ke Damuwa ta lissafa cewa nan da shekarar 2020, direbobi za su adana dala biliyan 26 a kowace shekara idan aka aiwatar da ka'idodin motoci na California a cikin ƙasa.[9]

A ranar 30 ga watan Agusta, Shekara ta 2006, Schwarzenegger da Majalisar Dokokin California sun cimma yarjejeniya kan AB32, Dokar Maganin Warming na Duniya. Ya sanya hannu kan lissafin a cikin doka a ranar 27 ga Satumba, 2006, yana cewa, "Dole ne kawai mu yi duk abin da za mu iya don rage yawan dumamar duniya kafin ya makara... Kimiyya ta bayyana. Tattaunawar dumamar duniya ta ƙare. " Dokar ta rufe fitar da iskar gas a California a matakan 1990 zuwa 2020, kuma ta kafa tsarin bayar da rahoto na tilas don saka idanu kan bin doka, wakiltar shirin farko da za a iya aiwatar da shi a duk fadin Amurka don rufe duk fitar da GHG daga manyan masana'antu wanda ya haɗa da azabtarwa don rashin bin doka. Ya buƙaci Hukumar Kula da Harkokin Jirgin Sama ta Jiha ta kafa shirin don bayar da rahoto game da fitar da iskar gas a duk fadin jihar da kuma saka idanu da aiwatar da bin wannan shirin, ya ba da izini ga hukumar jihar don karɓar hanyoyin bin kasuwa ciki har da kai-da-kasuwanci, kuma ya ba da damar tsawaita shekara guda na manufofi a ƙarƙashin yanayi na musamman. Ya zuwa yanzu, an ba da shawarar hanyoyin sassauƙa a cikin nau'ikan aikin da aka tsara don manyan nau'ikan ayyukan guda biyar. aikin carbon zai haifar da canji ta hanyar nuna cewa ya rage carbon dioxide da iskar gas. Nau'ikan aikin sun haɗa da: sarrafa turare, gandun daji, makamashi na gini, SF6, da kuma kama iskar gas.

Bugu da ƙari, a ranar 26 ga watan Satumba Gwamna Schwarzenegger ya sanya hannu kan SB 107, wanda ke buƙatar manyan kamfanoni uku na California - Pacific Gas & Electric, Southern California Edison, da San Diego Gas & Electric - don samar da akalla 20% na wutar lantarki ta amfani da hanyoyin sabuntawa ta 2010. Wannan ya rage lokacin da Gwamna Davis ya kafa a watan Satumbar 2002 don kara yawan tallace-tallace na makamashi mai sabuntawa 1% a kowace shekara zuwa 20% ta Shekarar 2017.

Gwamna Schwarzenegger ya kuma sanar da cewa zai nemi yin aiki tare da Firayim Minista Tony Blair na Burtaniya, da sauran kokarin kasa da kasa don magance dumamar duniya, ba tare da gwamnatin tarayya ba.

Bayani game da doka

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Dubi Dokokin Zartarwa na Yanayi na California don cikakken bayani game da umarnin zartarwa da gwamnonin California suka sanya hannu wanda ke mai da hankali kan canjin yanayi.

'Yan majalisa na California suna daga cikin shugabannin Amurka wajen aiwatar da manufofin canjin yanayi.[10] Farawa a farkon 2000s, gwamnonin California sun sanya hannu kan umarni da yawa na zartarwa da suka mayar da hankali kan canjin yanayi. Majalisar Dokokin Jihar California ta zartar da takardun kudi da yawa don aiwatar da canje-canje da ka'idojin da suka zama dole don cimma burin da aka tsara a cikin waɗannan umarnin zartarwa. Wadannan manufofi suna magance batutuwan a cikin ma'aunin hayaki, sufuri, sharar gida, da makamashi a California.

Wadannan sune jerin sanannun dokokin canjin yanayi a cikin tsari na lokaci:

  • SB 1771 (2000)
  • SB 527 (2001)
  • SB 812 (2002)
  • AB 1493 (2002)
  • AB 1007 (2005)
  • AB 32 (2006)
  • SB 375 (2008)
  • SB 535 (2012)
  • SB 1204 (2014)
  • SB 1275 (2014)
  • SB 1383 (2016)

Ma'aunin fitarwa

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Canjin yanayi yana mo ne ta hanyar hanzarta yawan hayakin gas da ake sanyawa cikin yanayi ta hanyar aikin ɗan adam.[11] Don yaki da canjin yanayi, gwamnatocin ƙasa da jihohi a duniya suna gwagwarmaya don sarrafa matakan fitar da su. Kafa burin rage fitar da hayaki da kuma amfani da ingantaccen fasahar ma'auni na hayaki ya zama dole don rage hayaki da kiyaye bin diddigin ci gaba a duk lokacin.[12] Dangane da rahoton IPCC na Shekarar 2022, duniya tana buƙatar rage hayakin ta a rabi nan da shekara ta 2030 don iyakance dumama zuwa 1.5o Celsius.[13] Majalisar dokoki ta California tana mai da hankali ga muhimmancin rage hayaki tun daga shekarun 2000.

SB 1771 (a shekarar 2000)

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Wannan lissafin ya kirkiro California Climate Action Registry, duk da haka wannan kungiyar ta rufe a hukumance a watan Disamba na 2010 kuma tana ƙarfafa membobinta su ba da rahoton fitar da su ga Climate Registry a maimakon haka.[14]

SB 527 (A shekarar 2001)

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An amince da SB 527 a watan Oktoba na shekara ta 2001, yana ba da izini ga Hukumar Kula da Harkokin Jirgin Sama ta California don sanya hukuncin gudanarwa maimakon hukuncin farar hula don keta ka'idojin Kula da gurɓataccen iska, tare da iyaka na 10,000 a kowace rana da jimlar 100,000.[15] Kafin a kafa wannan lissafin, Hukumar Kula da Harkokin Jirgin Sama ta California dole ne ta dogara da aiwatar da hukuncin da suka yi na keta ka'idojin gurɓata iska ta hanyar matakin da Babban Lauyan ya dauka, yanzu za su sami ikon tantancewa da aiwatar da hukunci na gudanarwa.[16] Ana buƙatar Registry na Ayyukan Yanayi na California don yin rikodin raguwar fitar da iskar gas da hukumomin California suka yi bayan 1990, amma yawancin ayyukanta sun canza tare da wucewar SB 527 ciki har da; tabbatar da jama'a za su iya yin sharhi a kan tarurrukan jirgi, suna buƙatar ladabi don saka idanu da bayar da rahoton fitarwa don daidaitawa da ladabi na Hukumar Makamashi ta California, da kuma cire abin da ake buƙata don bayar da rahoton hayaki a duk ƙasar don mayar da hankali kan hayaki a cikin jihar.[16]

AB 32 (A shekarata 2006)

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A watan Satumbar shekara ta 2006, Majalisar Dokokin Jihar California ta zartar da AB 32, Dokar Maganin Warming na Duniya ta 2006 tare da burin rage hayakin gas na California (1.4% na hayakin duniya a shekara ta 2004) zuwa matakan hayakin 1990 ta hanyar 2020.[17] Hakki na aiwatarwa, tilasta, da saka idanu kan ci gaba don cimma burin fitarwa an sanya shi a kan Hukumar Kula da Jirgin Sama ta California (CARB). [18] Saboda sa hannun kungiyoyin shari'ar muhalli, ba a ba da umarni da tsarin fitar da kaya da kasuwanci ba.[19]

Masu goyon bayan adalci na muhalli suna ba da shawara don sauya yanayin tarihi na gurɓataccen zubar a kan BIPOC, ƙananan al'ummomin Hispanic da Latino.[20] Al'ummomin launi sun fi dacewa da rayuwa kusa da manyan masu gurɓata, waɗanda ke fitar da GHGs da ƙwayoyin ƙwayoyin cuta a cikin iska da ke kewaye.[21] Masu ba da shawara game da adalci na muhalli suna tabbatar da cewa shirin cap-and-trade ba ya buƙatar isasshen kariya ga al'ummomin da aka ware a tarihi.[22] Maimakon haka, yana bawa shugabannin damar sassauci don yin aiki a kan batun duniya na canjin yanayi ba tare da magance batun yankin na gurɓata iska ba.[22]  

Saboda wadannan damuwa, yanke shawara game da wane tsarin zai fi tasiri an bar shi ga CARB, tare da bita da bita a kowace shekara biyar.[23] Wannan ya ba CARB isasshen sassauci na shirye-shirye don samun nasarar cika umarnin rage fitarwa. An cimma burin fitar da hayaki a cikin 2016, shekaru hudu kafin lokacin da aka ƙayyade na 2020.[24]

Don cimma burin rage fitarwa, Hukumar Kula da Harkokin Jirgin Sama ta California ta karɓi dokoki iri-iri ciki har da tsare-tsaren sufuri mai kyau, rage sharar gida, shirin cap-and-trade, amfani da sabuwar fasahar inganta makamashi da fadada albarkatun makamashi mai sabuntawa.[25]

Gas din da AB 32 ke niyya sun hada da:

  • Carbon dioxide
  • Methane
  • Nitrous oxide
  • Hydrofluorocarbons
  • Perfluorocarbons
  • Sulfur hexafluoride
  • Nitrogen trifluoride (ba a haɗa shi a cikin shirin binciken AB na asali ba amma daga baya aka jera shi a matsayin iskar gas ta hanyar doka) [25]

An sabunta burin fitar da hayaki na AB 32 zuwa manufa mai tsauri bayan Dokar Zartarwa B-16-12 da B-30-15. Sabili da haka, sabuntawa na Shirin Scoping na AB 32 suna ci gaba da gabatar da sabbin matakai don rage hayakin gas har ma da ƙari.[25]

Ana tattara kudade don aiwatar da AB 32 daga masu fitar da iskar gas. Wannan ya haɗa da kusan masu biyan kuɗi 250 daga masu gurɓata kamar su tashoshin wutar lantarki, masu tsabtace mai, shuke-shuke na siminti, da sauran manyan masana'antu. Bugu da kari, kudaden shiga da aka tattara daga izinin siyarwa ga masu fitar da iskar gas ta hanyar tsarin cap-and-trade ana amfani da su don tallafawa shirye-shirye a karkashin AB 32.[25]

Shirin Bincike

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Ci gaban shirin kewayawa shine babban abin da ake buƙata na AB 32, wanda shine lissafin da ke kira ga California don rage hayakin gas zuwa matakan 1990 nan da shekarar 2020. Shirin da ake buƙata an yi niyya ne don tsara hanyar da California za ta ɗauka don rage hayakin gas. Cikakken tsarin ya haɗa da sabbin matakan da ke akwai a kusan kowane bangare na tattalin arzikin California.

Shirin farko na AB 32 ya haɗa da jerin shawarwari waɗanda za su zama doka a cikin 2008. [26] Shirye-shiryen sun haɗa da aiwatar da shirin kai-da-kasuwanci kan hayakin carbon dioxide (wanda za a haɓaka tare da Yammacin Yanayi, don ƙirƙirar kasuwar carbon ta yanki) wanda zai buƙaci gine-gine da kayan aiki don amfani da karancin makamashi.[27] Bugu da ƙari, yana buƙatar kamfanonin mai don yin man fetur mai tsabta, da kayan aiki don samar da kashi ɗaya bisa uku na makamashi daga hanyoyin sabuntawa kamar iska, hasken rana da wutar lantarki kuma yana ba da shawarar fadadawa da ƙarfafa shirye-shiryen ingantaccen makamashi na yanzu. California's Renewable Portfolio Standard da aka kirkira a 2002 ta hanyar SB 1078, yana buƙatar masu samar da wutar lantarki su yi amfani da makamashi mai sabuntawa don wani ɓangare na wutar lantarki, wanda a ƙarƙashin SB 100 ya karu zuwa 44% zuwa 2024, 52% zuwa 2027 da 60% zuwa 2030.[28] Shirin zai kuma karfafa ci gaban biranen da za a iya tafiya tare da gajeren tafiye-tafiye, jirgin ƙasa mai sauri a matsayin madadin tafiye-tarayyar iska, kuma zai buƙaci ƙarin motocin matasan don motsa kaya da mutane, biyo bayan aiwatar da dokar California Clean Car (ka'idodin Pavley). [29]

California ta kuma aiwatar da shirye-shiryen noma masu basira na yanayi ciki har da Shirin Kasa mai Lafiya, Shirin Gudanar da Manure, Shirin Kula da Yankin Aikin Gona mai dorewa, da Shirin Ingantaccen Ruwa da Ingantawa na Jiha, wanda duk suna da niyyar rage fitar da iskar gas mai ɗumi da aka samar daga aikin gona, wanda ya haɗa da kashi 8% na jimlar iskar gas da ke cikin jihohi da mafi yawan iskar nitrous oxide.[30] Bugu da kari, an aiwatar da Dokar Ka'idojin Gine-gine ta California a cikin 2009 da nufin rage kusan kashi 25% na hayakin gas na jihohi daga gine-ginen kasuwanci da na zama.[31] Koyaya, waɗannan ƙa'idodin inganci suna amfani ne kawai ga sababbin gine-gine ko gyare-gyare, suna barin gine-ginen da ke akwai su kasa cimma burin rage fitarwa na AB 32.[32]

Ƙarin matakai da yawa sun haɗa da cimma raguwar da ake buƙata a ƙarƙashin AB 32. Wadannan sun hada da:

  • Cikakken turawar shirin Million Solar Roofs.
  • shirin taya mai inganci wanda ke saita ka'idoji don matsin taya da sayen maye gurbin taya
  • Matakan ingancin makamashi da suka shafi ruwa; da
  • ka'idoji da yawa don rage hayaki daga manyan motoci da jiragen ruwa da aka ajiye a tashar jiragen ruwa ta California.[33]

Wani muhimmin fasalin shirin binciken shi ne cewa dole ne Hukumar Kula da Harkokin Jirgin Sama ta California ta sabunta shi kowane shekaru biyar. Wannan shi ne don haka California na iya ci gaba da rage hayakin gas yayin da gwamnati ta kafa ƙa'idodi masu tsauri a cikin 'yan shekarun nan (kamar yadda aka gani ta Dokar Zartarwa B-16-12 wacce aka bayar a cikin 2012 kuma tana da niyyar rage hayakin 80% a ƙasa da matakan 1990 ta hanyar 2050). [34] Ana gudanar da bita na jama'a da yawa a duk lokacin da aka gabatar da sabon shirin, don hukumar ta sami ra'ayoyi daga jama'a kafin ta amince da shirin sabuntawa.[35] Kwamitin ya amince da sabuntawa na farko ga shirin a ranar 22 ga Mayu, 2014, kuma yana gina kan shirin binciken asali ta hanyar tsara sabbin shirye-shirye da shawarwari.[35] Sabuntawar ta gano yiwuwar saka hannun jari na sabbin kudade da ke akwai a cikin fasahar carbon mai ƙarancin carbon da sauran damar ci gaba da rage fitar da iskar gas a ƙasa da matakan 1990 a cikin shekaru biyar masu zuwa. Wadannan matakan da aka gabatar suna mai da hankali kan manyan bangarori tara ciki har da sufuri, ruwa, makamashi, kula da sharar gida, shirin cap-and-trade, ingancin makamashi na gine-gine masu zama da wadanda ba na zama ba, da kuma filayen halitta da na noma.[33]

Sufuri

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A cewar EPA, sufuri shine bangaren da ke da gudummawa mafi girma ga hayakin gas na Amurka, yana fitar da kashi 27% na jimlar ƙasar. Motoci suna gudana a kan burbushin man fetur da ke ƙone injunan konewa na ciki, don haka dokokin California suna fara ƙarfafa masu amfani su saka hannun jari a cikin sufuri mai tsabta wanda ke amfani da sabuntawa.[36]

AB 1493 (2002)

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Shi ne lissafin magaji ga AB 1058, wanda Gwamna Gray Davis ya kafa a ranar 22 ga Yuli, 2002, kuma ya ba da umarnin cewa Hukumar Kula da Harkokin Jirgin sauka ta California (CARB) ta haɓaka da aiwatar da iyakokin iskar gas don motocin da suka fara a cikin shekara ta 2009. Daga baya, kamar yadda AB 1493 ya ba da umarni, CARB a ranar 24 ga Satumba, 2004, ta amince da ka'idoji da ke iyakance adadin iskar gas wanda za'a iya saki daga sabbin motocin fasinjoji, SUVs da manyan motoci da aka sayar a California a cikin shekara ta 2009. Masana'antar kera motoci ta kai karar, tana mai cewa wannan hanya ce kawai ta sanya ka'idojin iskar gas a kan motoci - filin da ka'idoji na tarayya suka riga sun hana. Binciken ma'aikatan CARB ya kammala cewa sabbin dokoki za su haifar da tanadi ga masu sayen motoci ta hanyar rage farashin man fetur wanda zai fi rage farashin farko na sabbin motoci. Masu sukar suna da'awar cewa waɗannan za su yi aiki ne kawai idan aka yi raguwa mai tsanani a cikin mota da girman motoci.

Ma'auni na California yana amfani da grams a kowace mil matsakaicin darajar CO, wanda ke nufin cewa ana auna hayaki na iskar gas daban-daban don la'akari da tasirin su daban-daban akan canjin yanayi (watau matsakaicin 323 g / mi (200 g / km) a cikin 2009 da 205 g / mi (127 g / km),    

Kotun gundumar tarayya ta yanke hukunci a ranar 12 ga Disamba, 2007, cewa dokokin jihohi da na tarayya na iya kasancewa tare, [37] amma a ranar 19 ga Disamba، EPA ta musanta bukatar California don yin watsi da dokar ta, tana mai cewa hayaki na cikin gida ba shi da tasiri sosai ga dumamar duniya, kuma yanayin da ke cikin California ba su da "mai tilastawa kuma na musamman" kamar yadda doka ta buƙaci. [38] California ta yi niyyar kai karar EPA don tilasta sake dubawa, saboda abin da ya faru na Massachusetts v. EPA, wanda ya yanke hukuncin cewa carbon dioxide mai gurɓata iska ne wanda EPA ke da ikon tsarawa.[39] Arizona, Colorado, Connecticut, Florida, Maine, Maryland, Massachusetts, New Jersey, New Mexico, New York, Oregon, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, Utah, Vermont, da Washington suma suna da sha'awar karɓar ƙa'idodin fitar da motoci na California.

SB 375 (2008)

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Dokar Al'ummomi masu dorewa da Dokar Kare Yanayi ta 2008, wanda aka fi sani da SB 375, wanda ke buƙatar masu tsara birane su iyakance Yaduwar birane

SB 1204 (2014)

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Wannan lissafin ya kirkiro shirin California Clean Truck, Bus and Off-Road Vehicle and Equipment Technology don tallafawa fasahar fitar da iska ta amfani da wasu daga cikin Greenhouse Gas Reduction Fund.[40]

SB 1275 (2014)

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Wannan lissafin ya kirkiro shirin Charge Ahead California Initiative tare da burin; sanya akalla motoci miliyan 1 masu fitar da iska da kusan fitar da iska a cikin sabis a ranar 1 ga Janairu, 2023, musamman a cikin al'ummomin da ba su da isasshen kuɗi don tabbatar da cewa waɗannan motocin "zaɓin al'ada ne mai amfani".[41]

Shirin Karfafa Motar Man Fetur

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Shirin Karfafa Motar Fuel na Sauran [42] (wanda aka taƙaita a matsayin AFVIP, [43] wanda aka fi sani da Fueling Alternatives) Hukumar Kula da Harkokin Jirgin Sama ta California (CARB) ce ke tallafawa, wanda aka bayar a ko'ina cikin jihar California kuma Cibiyar California ta Cibiyar Kula da Makamashi mai dorewa (CCSE), wacce aka kafa tare da AB 118. [44] An ba da jimlar dala miliyan 25 don inganta amfani da samar da motocin da za su iya gudana a kan madadin man fetur.[45] Irin waɗannan hanyoyin samar da makamashi sun haɗa da iskar gas da wutar lantarki ta hanyar motocin lantarki duk motocin lantarki na Plug-in (PHEV). [46][47]

Cibiyar Bincike ta PHEV

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An ƙaddamar da Cibiyar Bincike ta PHEV tare da kudade daga Hukumar Kula da Harkokin Jirgin Sama ta California. Fueling Alternatives sun hada da, a tsakanin wasu, Motocin Wutar Lantarki na Duniya, Vectrix da motocin ZAP. An kara motar lantarki ta Tesla Roadster ta 2008 da ZENN ta 2008 a cikin jerin motocin da suka cancanci sakewa a karkashin Fueling Alternatives .[13]

Alamar sabbin motoci don sayarwa

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Tun daga watan Janairun shekara ta 2009, duk sabbin motocin da aka siyar a California an buƙaci a lakafta su tare da takardar taga ta California Air Resources Board wanda ke nuna duka Smog Score da Global Warming Score. Sakamakon yana kan sikelin 1-10, tare da 5 kasancewa matsakaici kuma tare da 10 kasancewa mafi kyau (watau, fitar da mafi ƙarancin carbon dioxide). Bayanai sun fito ne daga Hukumar Kare Muhalli ta Amurka.

Rashin da aka yi

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SB 812 (2002)

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An zartar da SB 812 a cikin Shekara ta 2014 yana buƙatar canje-canje ga Ma'aikatar Kula da Magunguna masu guba ta ba da izinin izini don wuraren sharar gida masu haɗari ciki har da; yana buƙatar masu mallakar kayan aiki masu haɗari su gabatar da aikace-aikacen Sashe na A da Sashe na B don sabunta izini aƙalla shekaru 2 kafin ranar ƙarewa na yanzu maimakon watanni 6 kawai, kuma yana buƙatar mai mallakar kayan aikin sharar gida mai haɗari ya gabatar da ƙididdigar ƙididdigatattun farashi da ke da ke da alaƙa da aikin gyara don sharar gida a ƙarƙashin ƙayyadaddun yanayi.[48]

SB 1383 (A shekarata 2016)

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

SB 1383, wanda a hukumance ake kira California's Short-Lived Climate Pollutant Reduction Law, Gwamna Brown ya zartar da shi a cikin Shekara ta 2016 a matsayin ƙoƙari na rage hayakin methane da aka saki daga lalata sharar gida.[49] Methane yana daya daga cikin sanannun gurɓataccen yanayi guda huɗu. Wadannan iskar gas ne wanda ke da ɗan gajeren rayuwa fiye da carbon dioxide a cikin yanayi, amma suna da damar dumama duniya fiye da carbon dioxy.[50] Musamman, methane yana da ƙarfi sau 28-34 fiye da carbon dioxide.[51]

Sabuwar dokar ta tsara yawan zubar da sharar gida da ceton abinci.

  • Idan aka kwatanta da matakan a shekarar 2014, dokar ta ba da umarnin cewa dole ne a yanke zubar da sharar gida a cikin wuraren zubar da shara a rabi nan da 2020, da kuma 75% nan da 2025.[52] Maimakon ƙare a wurin zubar da shara, za a karkatar da sharar gida zuwa kayan kasuwanci ko wuraren narkewar anaerobic waɗanda za su kama methane da aka saki.[49]
  • Don yaki da yawan abincin da ake ci wanda aka lalata a shagunan kayan masarufi da wuraren sabis na abinci, sabuwar dokar tana ba da umarnin cewa aƙalla kashi 20% na abincin da ake cinyewa za a ceto kuma a sake rarraba shi nan da shekara ta 2025.[52]  
  • Farawa a cikin 2022, ana sa ran duk yankuna za su samar da sabis na tattara sharar gida ga gidaje da kasuwanni da kuma jigilar sharar da aka tattara zuwa wuraren sharar gida.[49]

Makamashi mai sabuntawa

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

AB 1007 (A shekarar 2005)

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Dokar Majalisar (AB) 1007, (Pavley, Babi na 371, Dokokin 2005) yana buƙatar Hukumar Makamashi ta California ta shirya shirin jihar don kara amfani da madadin man fetur a California (Shirin Man fetur).

An wuce SB 535 a cikin 2012. Kudin ya buƙaci cewa kashi 25% na kudaden da aka samo daga GGRF za a ware su ga GHG rage saka hannun jari wanda ya amfana da al'ummomin da ba su da wadata.[53] Wani muhimmin sharadi shi ne cewa aƙalla kashi goma cikin dari na kudaden dole ne a saka hannun jari kai tsaye a cikin al'ummomin da ba su da wadata.[53] An sanya alhakin ganowa da gano al'ummomin da ba su da wadata a kan CalEPA.[54] CalEPA ta kirkiro kayan aiki da ake kira CalEnviroScreen don tsara waɗannan al'ummomin da kuma tantance wanda ya fi fama da talauci da kuma inda ya kamata a ba da gudummawa.[54] A cikin 2016 an wuce AB 1550 don fadada kan SB 535 da haɓaka buƙatun saka hannun jari na farko na 25% zuwa kashi 35.[55]

SB 100 (2018)

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

SB 100, wanda aka fi sani da Dokar 100 Percent Clean Energy Act of 2018, [56] alama ce ta jajircewar California don bunkasa kayan aikin makamashi mai sabuntawa don maye gurbin makamashi na burbushin. Babban burinta guda biyu sune:

  • nan da shekara ta 2030, kashi 60% na duk makamashi da aka samar daga zai fito ne daga hanyoyin sabuntawa
  • ta hanyar 2045,100% makamashi mai sabuntawa ga dukan jihar [56]

Ƙarin farashin iska da fasahar hasken rana ya sa waɗannan tushe biyu su zama babban abin da ake mayar da hankali ga kayan aikin makamashi mai sabuntawa a duk faɗin California.[57]

Cap da kasuwanci

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

A cikin 2018, California ta kashe dala biliyan 1.4 da aka tara daga shirin ta na cap da kasuwanci don rage hayakin gas, daga dala biliyan 3.4 da aka kashe tun daga 2012; sanannun ayyukan sun haɗa da California High-Speed Rail da Clean Vehicle Rebate don motocin low-emission.[58] Har zuwa 2021, ya kamata a yi amfani da kudaden don rage hayaki; duk da haka, a cikin wani ɓangare na kasafin kuɗi na 2019-2020, 'yan majalisa sun amince da shirin yin amfani da ƙwanƙwasawa da shirye-shiryen kasuwanci don ingancin ruwa, wanda ya haifar da tambayoyi game da haɗin da dumamar duniya.

Kasuwancin yanayi na California

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Kasuwancin yanayi na California yana sanya albarkatun cap da cinikayya don aiki don rage hayakin gas, ƙarfafa tattalin arziki, inganta lafiyar jama'a da muhalli, da samar da fa'idodi masu ma'ana ga al'ummomin da suka fi talauci, al'ummomi masu ƙarancin kuɗi, da gidaje masu ƙaranci.

Resilience da daidaitawa

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

A cikin 2020, Majalisar Kare Tekun ta fitar da Shirin Dabarun don Kare Tekun California. Wannan yarjejeniyar ta kafa shirin aiki na shekaru biyar tare da manyan manufofi huɗu kuma tare da ƙananan manufofi da yawa: ƙarfin canjin yanayi, samun dama ga teku da daidaito, bambancin halittu, da tattalin arzikin shuɗi. Manufofin sun haɗa da daidaitawa don tallafawa 3.5 feet na hauhawar matakin teku a shekara ta 2050, maido da kadada 10,000 na filayen ruwa a shekara ta 2025, da kuma Gudanar da koma baya ga gine-ginen jama'a da ababen more rayuwa. Shirin ya dogara ne akan hanyoyin samar da kudade na yanzu na shekaru biyu na farko, da kuma yiwuwar rabin biliyan daga cikin dala biliyan 4.75 da Gwamna Gavin Newsom ya jagoranta ga sauran.

Ko da yake California tana aiwatar da manufofi masu yawa na ragewa don rage fitar da iskar gas, tasirin da ya riga ya kasance na canjin yanayi yana ci gaba da tasiri a yankin. Ana iya ganin wannan daga gobarar daji, fari da ambaliyar ruwa.[59] Sabili da haka, jihar ta ba da sabuntawa na 2018 na Shirin Tsaro na California wanda ya tsara ayyukan da hukumomin jihar ke ci gaba da su sama da 300 don rage tasirin canjin yanayi akan ababen more rayuwa, lafiyar jama'a da tattalin arziki.

Wasu misalai na daruruwan ayyukan daidaitawa da jihar ta kafa sun hada da:

  • ingantaccen makamashi na gundumomin makarantun jama'a
  • maye gurbin rufin don hana lalacewar da gobarar daji ta haifar
  • saka hannun jari a cikin bincike kan tsarin tasirin canjin yanayi
  • rage raunin wutar lantarki na birane zuwa raƙuman zafi
  • Shirye-shiryen sake gina gandun daji
  • sake daidaita manyan hanyoyi waɗanda mummunar lalacewar bakin teku ta shafa; da
  • sabunta tsarin ban ruwa [60]

Jerin lokaci

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Wannan jerin lokuta ne wanda ya kunshi takardun rage fitar da iskar gas a halin yanzu a cikin doka a California: [61] [62][63]

Lokaci na ƙarshe Abin da ya kamata ya faru Bill
Yuni 2005 Dokar Zartarwa ta California S-3-05 da Gwamna Arnold Schwarzenegger ya sanya hannu wanda ya kafa cikakken shirin rage iskar gas S-3-05
Satumba 2006 AB-32 (Dokar Maganin Warming na Duniya ta 2006) wanda Gwamna Arnold Schwarzenegger ya sanya hannu a cikin doka wanda ya kafa burin rage GHG na 2020. AB-32
Janairu 2008 CARB ta karɓi Dokar Rahoton Dokar GHGs AB-32
Janairu 2009 CARB ta amince da Shirin Gudanarwa AB-32
Janairu 2010 Matakan mataki na farko sun fara aiki AB-32
A cikin shekara ta 2010 CARB ta rubuta dokoki don karɓar ƙa'idodin GHG AB-32
Disamba 2010 Lokaci na ƙarshe don rage hayaki na GHG zuwa matakan 2000 S-3-05
Janairu 2011 CARB ta kammala tsarin mulki don rage GHG AB-32
Janairu 2012 Dokokin GHG da aka karɓa kuma aka aiwatar AB-32
Nuwamba 2012 Farashin farko na kwata-kwata na hayaki na GHG a matsayin wani ɓangare na shirin Cap da Trade ya faru AB-32
Janairu 2013 Shirin Cap da Kasuwanci ya fara AB-32
Satumba 2013 CARB ta fitar da kudaden farko na carbon AB-32
Mayu 2014 CARB ta amince da sabuntawa ta farko ga Shirin Scoping AB-32
Afrilu 2015 Gwamna Jerry Brown ya sanya hannu kan Dokar Zartarwa ta California B-30-15 a cikin doka B-30-15
Satumba 2016 Dokar Majalisar Dattijai ta 32 da Dokar Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta 197 an sanya hannu a cikin doka ta Gwamna Jerry Brown SB-32, AB-197
Janairu 2017 SB-32 da AB-197 sun fara aiki SB-32, AB-197
Janairu 2018 CARB ya kara da kayan gurɓataccen iska mai gubaAbubuwan fitarwa AB-197
Disamba 2020 Lokaci na ƙarshe don rage matakan GHG zuwa matakan 1990 AB-32, S-3-05
Disamba 2030 Lokaci na ƙarshe don rage hayaki na GHG zuwa 40% ƙasa da matakan 1990 SB-32, B-30-15
Disamba 2050 Lokaci na ƙarshe don rage hayaki na GHG zuwa 80% ƙasa da matakan 1990 S-3-05

Dubi kuma

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Manazarta

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
  1. ↑ "US States – Ranked by Population 2023". worldpopulationreview.com. Retrieved 2023-03-15.
  2. ↑ Bang, Guri; Victor, David G.; Andresen, Steinar (August 2017). "California's Cap-and-Trade System: Diffusion and Lessons". Global Environmental Politics. 17 (3): 12–30. doi:10.1162/glep_a_00413. ISSN 1526-3800. S2CID 57559557. |hdl-access= requires |hdl= (help)
  3. ↑ US EPA, ORD (2017-11-02). "Greenhouse Gases". www.epa.gov (in Turanci). Retrieved 2023-03-15.
  4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 Mastrandrea, Michael D.; Inman, Mason; Cullenward, Danny (2020-03-01). "Assessing California's progress toward its 2020 greenhouse gas emissions limit". Energy Policy (in Turanci). 138: 111219. Bibcode:2020EnPol.13811219M. doi:10.1016/j.enpol.2019.111219. ISSN 0301-4215. S2CID 214213743.
  5. ↑ "California Cap and Trade". Center for Climate and Energy Solutions. Retrieved 2023-03-15.
  6. ↑ "Cap-and-Trade Program | California Air Resources Board". ww2.arb.ca.gov. Retrieved 2023-03-15.
  7. ↑ Gearino, Dan (9 March 2023). "One State Generates Much, Much More Renewable Energy Than Any Other, and It's Not California / Here's a state-by-state tally of the leaders and laggards for wind, solar and other renewable energy in 2022". Inside Climate News. Archived from the original on 9 March 2023. (archive of chart) Gearino cites IEA as data source, crediting Paul Horn for a related bar chart. ● Population data from "Table 2: Resident Population for the 50 States, the District of Columbia, and Puerto Rico: 2020 Census" (PDF). Census.gov. United States Census Bureau. 2021. Archived (PDF) from the original on 6 March 2023.
  8. ↑ Schwarzenegger, Arnold (June 1, 2005). "Executive Order S-3-05" (PDF). Governor of California. Retrieved 6 December 2018.
  9. ↑ "Fact Sheet: Climate Policy in the States: California" (PDF). Union of Concerned Scientists. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2006-02-18. Retrieved 2022-03-12.
  10. ↑ "California's Continuing Climate Leadership". State of the Planet (in Turanci). 2020-09-28. Retrieved 2022-05-25.
  11. ↑ "Climate change widespread, rapid, and intensifying – IPCC". Retrieved 2022-05-12.
  12. ↑ US EPA, OAR (2015-12-09). "Managing Air Quality – Emissions Measurement". www.epa.gov (in Turanci). Retrieved 2022-05-12.
  13. ↑ "The evidence is clear: the time for action is now. We can halve emissions by 2030. – IPCC". Retrieved 2022-05-12.
  14. ↑ "Project Name". www.caclimateregistry.org (in Turanci). Retrieved 2020-08-24.
  15. ↑ "Bill Text – SB-527 Air pollution". leginfo.legislature.ca.gov. Retrieved 2020-08-24.
  16. ↑ 16.0 16.1 "Bill Analysis". leginfo.legislature.ca.gov. Retrieved 2020-08-24.
  17. ↑ "AB 32 Global Warming Solutions Act of 2006 | California Air Resources Board". ww2.arb.ca.gov. Retrieved 2023-02-08.
  18. ↑ "Bill Analysis". leginfo.legislature.ca.gov. Retrieved 2022-05-29.
  19. ↑ Sze, Julie; Gambirazzio, Gerardo; Karner, Alex; Rowan, Dana; London, Jonathan; Niemeier, Deb (2009). "Best in Show? Climate and Environmental Justice Policy in California". Environmental Justice. 2 (4): 179–184. doi:10.1089/env.2009.0028. ISSN 1939-4071.
  20. ↑ Johnson, Nathanael (2020-10-19). "The biggest fight over cap and trade isn't about what you think it is". Grist (in Turanci). Retrieved 2023-03-15.
  21. ↑ Tessum, Christopher W.; Apte, Joshua S.; Goodkind, Andrew L.; Muller, Nicholas Z.; Mullins, Kimberley A.; Paolella, David A.; Polasky, Stephen; Springer, Nathaniel P.; Thakrar, Sumil K.; Marshall, Julian D.; Hill, Jason D. (2019-03-26). "Inequity in consumption of goods and services adds to racial–ethnic disparities in air pollution exposure". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (in Turanci). 116 (13): 6001–6006. Bibcode:2019PNAS..116.6001T. doi:10.1073/pnas.1818859116. ISSN 0027-8424. PMC 6442600. PMID 30858319.
  22. ↑ 22.0 22.1 "Is California's cap-and-trade program hurting the environment more than helping it?". Los Angeles Times (in Turanci). 2022-03-22. Retrieved 2023-03-15.
  23. ↑ Moghavem, Nuriel (2018-02-21). "The California Cap-and-Trade Program: A Model Policy for Promoting Environmental Justice Using Accountability for Reasonableness". The American Journal of Bioethics. 18 (3): 57–59. doi:10.1080/15265161.2017.1418935. ISSN 1526-5161. PMID 29466130. S2CID 3488855.
  24. ↑ "2019 California Green Innovation Index | Next 10". www.next10.org. Retrieved 2022-05-29.
  25. ↑ 25.0 25.1 25.2 25.3 California Air Resources Board. "Assembly Bill 32 – California Global Warming Solutions Act". www.arb.ca.gov (in Turanci). Retrieved 2018-11-18.
  26. ↑ Board, California Air Resources. "Timeline | AB 32 Scoping Plan Activities". www.arb.ca.gov (in Turanci). Archived from the original on 2018-11-18. Retrieved 2018-11-18.
  27. ↑ "2016 Building Energy Efficiency Standards Approved Computer Compliance Programs". California Energy Commission (in Turanci). Retrieved 2018-11-18.
  28. ↑ "California Climate Policy Fact Sheet: Renewables Portfolio Standard" (PDF). Berkeley Law, University of California. Center for Law, Energy & the Environment. 2019. Retrieved 2022-08-03.
  29. ↑ "California's Greenhouse Gas Vehicle Emission Standards under Assembly Bill 1493 of 2002 (Pavley)". California Air Resources Board (in Turanci). Retrieved 2018-11-20.
  30. ↑ "Climate Smart Agriculture" (PDF). www.law.berkeley.edu.
  31. ↑ "CALGreen". www.dgs.ca.gov. Retrieved 2020-08-25.
  32. ↑ "Building Energy Efficiency" (PDF). www.law.berkeley.edu.
  33. ↑ 33.0 33.1 Board, California Air Resources. "Scoping Plan | California Air Resources Board". www.arb.ca.gov (in Turanci). Retrieved 2018-11-17.
  34. ↑ California, State of. "Executive order B-16-2012 – Governor Edmund G. Brown Jr". www.gov.ca.gov (in Turanci). Archived from the original on December 23, 2018. Retrieved 2018-11-17.
  35. ↑ 35.0 35.1 Board, California Air Resources. "Scoping Plan | California Air Resources Board". www.arb.ca.gov (in Turanci). Retrieved 2018-11-20.
  36. ↑ US EPA, OAR (2015-12-29). "Sources of Greenhouse Gas Emissions". www.epa.gov (in Turanci). Retrieved 2022-05-13.
  37. ↑ "IN THE UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT FOR THE EASTERN DISTRICT OF CALIFORNIA – CENTRAL VALLEY CHRYSLER-JEEP, INC. et al., Plaintiffs, v. James GOLDSTONE, in his official capacity as Executive Officer of the California Air Resources Board, Defendant, THE ASSOCIATION OF INTERNATIONAL AUTOMOBILE MANUFACTURERS, Plaintiff-Intervenor, SIERRA CLUB, NATURAL RESOURCES DEFENSE COUNCIL, ENVIRONMENTAL DEFENSE, BLUE WATER NETWORK, GLOBAL EXCHANGE, AND RAINFOREST ACTION NETWORK, Defendant-Intervenors" (PDF). Friends of the Earth. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2008-05-29.
  38. ↑ "EPA Rejects California's Greenhouse Gas Tailpipe Law". www.ens-newswire.com.
  39. ↑ Egelko, Bob (April 3, 2007). "Ruling helps California battle global warming / Supreme Court affirms that states can limit greenhouse gases, attorney general says". SFGate.
  40. ↑ "Bill Analysis". leginfo.legislature.ca.gov. Retrieved 2020-08-24.
  41. ↑ "Bill Analysis". leginfo.legislature.ca.gov. Retrieved 2020-08-24.
  42. ↑ "Alternative Fuels Data Center: Alternative Fuel Vehicle (AFV) Parking Incentive Programs". afdc.energy.gov.
  43. ↑ "Alternative Fuel Incentive Program". ARB.ca.gov. Retrieved September 3, 2010.[permanent dead link]
  44. ↑ "Center For Sustainability Energy". CCSE. Retrieved September 3, 2010.
  45. ↑ "ARB Public Meeting For Allocation of $25 Million". ARB.ca.gov. Retrieved September 3, 2010.
  46. ↑ "California Center for Sustainable Energy : Fueling Alternatives Rebate Countdown". Archived from the original on May 31, 2008.
  47. ↑ "California Center for Sustainable Energy : Fueling Alternatives". Archived from the original on July 3, 2008.
  48. ↑ "Bill Analysis". leginfo.legislature.ca.gov. Retrieved 2020-08-24.
  49. ↑ 49.0 49.1 49.2 "California's Short-Lived Climate Pollutant Reduction Strategy". CalRecycle Home Page (in Turanci). Retrieved 2022-05-14.
  50. ↑ "Short-Lived Climate Pollutants (SLCPs)". Climate & Clean Air Coalition (in Turanci). Retrieved 2022-05-14.[permanent dead link]
  51. ↑ "The Challenge | UNECE". unece.org. Retrieved 2022-05-14.
  52. ↑ 52.0 52.1 "SB 1383 Implementation". Default (in Turanci). Retrieved 2022-05-14.
  53. ↑ 53.0 53.1 Truong, Vien (2012). "California to direct clean energy funds to low-income communities". Race Poverty & the Environment. 19 (2): 29–30. JSTOR 41806659.
  54. ↑ 54.0 54.1 Truong, Vien (2014). "Addressing Poverty and Pollution: California's SB 535 Greenhouse Gas Reduction Fund". Harvard Civil Rights-Civil Liberties Law Review. 49 (2): 493–530 – via HeinOnline.
  55. ↑ Tu, Chelsea; Marcantonio, Richard (2016). "A framework for equitable investment: lessons from the effort to ensure climate investments meet the needs of underserved and overburdened communities". Berkeley Planning Journal. 28 (1): 100–117 – via EBSCOhost.
  56. ↑ 56.0 56.1 "California's 100 Percent Clean Energy Act, Part 2". www.nwcouncil.org. Retrieved 2022-05-14.
  57. ↑ "'Renewables' power ahead to become the world's cheapest source of energy in 2020". World Economic Forum (in Turanci). Retrieved 2022-05-14.
  58. ↑ "Report: Cap-and-trade spending doubles to $1.4 billion in 2018 | California Air Resources Board". ww2.arb.ca.gov. Retrieved 2019-10-14.
  59. ↑ Mann, Michael E.; Gleick, Peter H. (2015-03-31). "Climate change and California drought in the 21st century". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (in Turanci). 112 (13): 3858–3859. doi:10.1073/pnas.1503667112. ISSN 0027-8424. PMC 4386383. PMID 25829537.
  60. ↑ California, State of. "Safeguarding California | California Natural Resources Agency". resources.ca.gov (in Turanci). Retrieved 2018-11-18.
  61. ↑ "SB-32 California Global Warming Solutions Act of 2006: emissions limit". Bill Text – SB-32. Retrieved 1 December 2016.
  62. ↑ "AB-197 State Air Resources Board: greenhouse gases: regulations". Bill Text – AB-197. Retrieved 1 December 2016.
  63. ↑ "Assembly Bill 32 Overview". Assembly Bill 32 – California Global Warming Solutions Act of 2006. Retrieved 3 December 2016.
Daga "https://ha.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Manufofin_canjin_yanayi_na_California&oldid=699358"