Manufofin sirri
 Manufofin sirri | |
|---|---|
type of policy (en)  | |
| Bayanai | |
| Ƙaramin ɓangare na |
policy (en) da quality policy (en) |
| Muhimmin darasi | Keɓantawa |
| ACM Classification Code (2012) (en) | 10003477 |
Manufar sirri wata sanarwa ce ko takardar doka (a cikin dokar sirri) wanda ke bayyana wasu ko duk hanyoyin da wata ƙungiya ke tattarawa, amfani, bayyanawa, da kuma sarrafa bayanan abokin ciniki ko abokin ciniki. Bayanan sirri na iya zama duk abin da za a iya amfani da shi don gano mutum, ba'a iyakance shi ga sunan mutum ba, adireshin, ranar haihuwa, matsayin aure, bayanan tuntuɓar, batun ID, da ranar ƙarewa, bayanan kuɗi, bayanan bashi, tarihin likita, inda mutum ke tafiya, da niyyar samun kayayyaki da aiyuka. Game da kasuwanci, sau da yawa sanarwa ce da ke bayyana manufofin jam'iyya game da yadda yake tattarawa, adanawa, da kuma sakin bayanan sirri da yake tattarawa. Yana sanar da abokin ciniki abin da aka tattara takamaiman bayanai, da kuma ko an kiyaye shi sirri, an raba shi tare da abokan tarayya, ko kuma an sayar da shi ga wasu kamfanoni ko kamfanoni.[1] Manufofin sirri yawanci suna wakiltar cikakkiyar magani, mafi yawanci, sabanin maganganun amfani da bayanai, waɗanda ke da cikakkun bayanai da takamaiman bayani.
Takamaiman abubuwan da ke cikin wasu manufofin sirri za su dogara da dokar da ta dace kuma suna iya buƙatar magance buƙatu a duk faɗin iyakokin ƙasa da ikon shari'a. Yawancin ƙasashe suna da nasu dokoki da jagororin wanda aka rufe, wane bayani za a iya tattara, da abin da za a iya amfani da shi. Gabaɗaya, dokokin kariya ta bayanai a Turai sun rufe kamfanoni masu zaman kansu, da kuma bangaren jama'a. Dokokin sirrin su ba kawai suna aiki ba ga ayyukan gwamnati har ma da kamfanoni masu zaman kansu da ma'amaloli na kasuwanci.
Tarihi
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]A shekara ta 1968, Majalisar Turai ta fara nazarin tasirin fasaha a kan haƙƙin ɗan adam, ta fahimci sabbin barazanar da fasahar kwamfuta ta kawo wanda zai iya haɗawa da watsawa ta hanyoyin da ba a samu ba a baya. A cikin 1969 Kungiyar hadin gwiwar tattalin arziki da ci gaba (OECD) ta fara nazarin tasirin bayanan sirri da ke barin kasar. Duk wannan ya sa majalisa ta ba da shawarar cewa a samar da manufofi don kare bayanan sirri da kamfanoni masu zaman kansu da na jama'a ke riƙewa, wanda ya haifar da Yarjejeniyar 108. A cikin 1981, an gabatar da Yarjejeniyar Kare Mutane game da Gudanar da Bayanai na Mutum (Yarjejeniyar 108). Ɗaya daga cikin dokokin sirri na farko da aka kafa shi ne Dokar Bayanai ta Sweden a cikin 1973, wanda Dokar Kare Bayanai ta Yammacin Jamus ta biyo baya a cikin 1977 da Dokar Faransanci kan Bayanai, Bankunan Bayanai da 'Yanci a cikin 1978.
A Amurka, damuwa game da manufofin sirri wanda ya fara a ƙarshen shekarun 1960 da 1970 ya haifar da wucewar Dokar Bayar da Bayani ta Gaskiya. Kodayake ba a tsara wannan aikin don zama dokar sirri ba, dokar ta ba masu amfani damar bincika fayilolin bashi da kuma kuskuren da suka dace. Har ila yau, ya sanya ƙuntatawa kan amfani da bayanai a cikin bayanan bashi. Ƙungiyoyin nazarin majalisa da yawa a ƙarshen shekarun 1960 sun bincika sauƙin da za a iya tattara bayanan sirri na atomatik kuma ya dace da wasu bayanai. Ɗaya daga cikin irin wannan rukuni shine kwamitin ba da shawara na Ma'aikatar Lafiya da Ayyukan Dan Adam ta Amurka, wanda a cikin 1973 ya tsara ka'idojin da ake kira Fair Information Practices . Ayyukan kwamitin ba da shawara sun haifar da Dokar Sirri a shekara ta 1974. Amurka ta sanya hannu kan jagororin hadin gwiwar tattalin arziki da ci gaba a shekarar 1980.
A Kanada, an kafa Kwamishinan Tsaro na Kanada a karkashin Dokar 'Yancin Dan Adam ta Kanada a shekarar 1977. A shekara ta 1982, nadin Kwamishinan Tsaro ya kasance wani ɓangare na sabon Dokar Tsaro. Kanada ta sanya hannu kan jagororin OECD a shekarar 1984.
Ayyukan bayanai masu kyau
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Akwai manyan bambance-bambance tsakanin kariya ta bayanai ta EU da dokokin sirrin bayanai na Amurka. Dole ne a cika waɗannan ƙa'idodin ba kawai ta hanyar kasuwancin da ke aiki a cikin EU ba har ma da kowane ƙungiya da ke canja wurin bayanan sirri da aka tattara game da 'yan ƙasa na EU. A shekara ta 2001 Ma'aikatar Kasuwanci ta Amurka ta yi aiki don tabbatar da bin doka ga kungiyoyin Amurka a karkashin shirin Safe Harbor. FTC ta amince da eTRUST don tabbatar da daidaitaccen bin doka tare da Amurka-EU Safe Harbor.
A halin yanzu tilasta
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]A cikin 1995 Tarayyar Turai (EU) ta gabatar da Dokar Kare Bayanai ga kasashe membobinta. A sakamakon haka, kungiyoyi da yawa da ke kasuwanci a cikin EU sun fara tsara manufofi don bin wannan umarnin. A cikin wannan shekarar, Hukumar Ciniki ta Tarayya Amurka (FTC) ta buga ka'idojin Bayanai masu kyau wanda ya ba da ka'idoji marasa ɗaurewa don amfani da bayanan sirri na kasuwanci. Duk da yake ba su ba da umarni ga manufofi ba, waɗannan ka'idodin sun ba da jagora ga damuwa mai tasowa game da yadda za a tsara manufofin sirri.
Amurka ba ta da takamaiman ka'idojin tarayya da ke kafa aiwatar da manufofin sirri na duniya. Majalisa, a wasu lokuta, ta yi la'akari da cikakkun dokoki da ke tsara tattara bayanai a kan layi, kamar Dokar Inganta Sirrin Intanet ta Abokin Ciniki [2] da Dokar Kare Sirrin Intaneti ta 2001, amma ba a kafa wani ba. A shekara ta 2001, FTC ta bayyana fifiko ga "mafi yawan tilasta bin doka, ba ƙarin dokoki ba" kuma ta inganta ci gaba da mai da hankali kan tsarin kula da kai na masana'antu.
A lokuta da yawa, FTC tana tilasta ka'idojin manufofin sirri kamar yadda alkawuran da aka yi wa masu amfani ta amfani da ikon da Sashe na 5 na Dokar FTC ya ba shi wanda ya haramta ayyukan tallace-tallace marasa adalci ko yaudara. Ikon FTC an ƙuntata shi a wasu lokuta; alal misali, kamfanonin jiragen sama suna ƙarƙashin ikon Hukumar Kula da Sufurin Jiragen Sama ta Tarayya (FAA), kuma masu ɗaukar wayar salula suna ƙarƙashin ikon Hukumar Sadarwa ta Tarayya.
A wasu lokuta, kamfanoni masu zaman kansu suna tilasta ka'idojin manufofin sirri ta hanyar gabatar da karar da ake yi, wanda zai iya haifar da sulhu ko hukunce-hukunce. Koyaya, irin waɗannan karar sau da yawa ba zaɓi ba ne, saboda sassan sasantawa a cikin manufofin sirri ko wasu sharuddan yarjejeniyar sabis.
Dokar da za a iya amfani da ita
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Amurka
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Duk da yake babu wata doka da ta dace, wasu dokokin tarayya suna sarrafa manufofin sirri a takamaiman yanayi, kamar:
- Dokar Kare Sirriyar Yara ta Intanet (COPPA) ta shafi shafukan yanar gizo waɗanda suka tattara bayanai game da ko niyya ga yara a ƙarƙashin shekaru 13. Duk wani irin wannan shafin yanar gizon dole ne ya sanya manufofin sirri kuma ya bi ƙuntatawa na raba bayanai COPPA ya haɗa da tanadin "mafi aminci" don inganta tsarin sarrafa kansa na masana'antu.
- Dokar Gramm-Leach-Bliley tana buƙatar cibiyoyin "suna da hannu sosai" a cikin ayyukan kuɗi suna ba da "bayani, bayyane, da kuma daidai" na ayyukan raba bayanai. Dokar ta kuma hana amfani da raba bayanan kudi.
- Dokar Kula da Inshorar Lafiya da Lissafi (HIPAA) dokokin sirri tana buƙatar sanarwa a rubuce game da ayyukan sirri na ayyukan kiwon lafiya, kuma wannan buƙata ta shafi idan sabis na kiwon lafiya na lantarki ne.
- Dokar Sirriyar Abokin Ciniki ta California (CCPA) tana ba masu amfani ƙarin iko akan bayanan sirri da kamfanoni ke tattara game da su kuma ka'idojin CCPA suna ba da jagora kan yadda za a aiwatar da dokar.[3]
- Dokar Kare Hakkin Sirriyar California ta 2020 (CPRA) ta fadada wajibai na sirrin sirri da tsaro na mafi yawan ma'aikata da ke kasuwanci a California.[4]
Tarayyar Turai
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]haƙƙin sirri yanki ne mai ci gaba sosai a Turai. Dukkanin kasashe membobin Tarayyar Turai (EU) suma sun sanya hannu kan Yarjejeniyar Turai kan 'Yancin Dan Adam (ECHR). Mataki na 8 na ECHR yana ba da haƙƙin girmamawa ga "rayuwar mutum da na iyali, gidansa da wasikunsa", dangane da wasu ƙuntatawa. Kotun Kare Hakkin Dan Adam ta Turai ta ba wannan labarin fassarar da ta fi dacewa a cikin shari'arta.[5]
A cikin 1980, a cikin ƙoƙari na ƙirƙirar cikakken tsarin kariya na bayanai a duk faɗin Turai, Ƙungiyar Haɗin Kai da Ci Gaban Tattalin Arziki (OECD) ta ba da "Sakamako na Majalisar game da Jagororin Gudanar da Tsaro na Sirri da Gudanar da Bayanan Mutum".[6] Ka'idoji bakwai da ke kula da shawarwarin OECD don kare bayanan mutum sune:
- Lura - ya kamata a ba da sanarwa ga batutuwan bayanai lokacin da ake tattara bayanan su;
- Manufar - ya kamata a yi amfani da bayanai ne kawai don manufar da aka bayyana kuma ba don wasu dalilai ba;
- Yarjejeniya - bai kamata a bayyana bayanai ba tare da yardar mai batun bayanai ba;
- Tsaro - ya kamata a kiyaye bayanan da aka tattara daga duk wani cin zarafi mai yuwuwa;
- Bayyanawa - ya kamata a sanar da batutuwan bayanai game da wanda ke tattara bayanan su;
- Samun dama - ya kamata a ba da izinin batutuwan bayanai su sami damar yin amfani da bayanan su kuma su yi gyare-gyare ga duk wani bayanan da ba daidai ba; da
- Bayani - batutuwan bayanai ya kamata su sami hanyar da za su iya samu a gare su don riƙe masu tattara bayanai da alhakin rashin bin ka'idodin da ke sama.[7]
Manazarta
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]- ↑ Web finance, Inc (2011). "Privacy Policy". Archived from the original on 22 August 2013. Retrieved 23 October 2011.
- ↑ HR 237 IH, The Consumer Internet Privacy Enhancement Act, as Introduced in House, 107th Congress Loc.gov.[dead link]
- ↑ "California Consumer Privacy Act (CCPA)". State of California Department of Justice. 15 October 2018.
- ↑ "The California Privacy Rights Act of 2020". IAPP. Archived from the original on 2022-04-01. Retrieved 2025-07-23.
- ↑ "Guide on Article 8 of the European Convention on Human Rights: Right to respect for private and family life". Global Freedom of Expression (in Turanci). Retrieved 2020-10-25.
- ↑ "OECD Guidelines on the Protection of Privacy and Transborder Flows of Personal Data – OECD". www.oecd.org.
- ↑ Shimanek, Anna E. (2001). "Do you Want Milk with those Cookies?: Complying with Safe Harbor Privacy Principles". Journal of Corporation Law. 26 (2): 455, 462–463.