Marayu na Duplessis
 Marayu na Duplessis | |
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group of humans (en)  |
Marayu na Duplessis ( French: ) yawan yaran Kanada ne da gwamnatin lardin Quebec ta ba da izini bisa kuskure a matsayin masu tabin hankali da kuma keɓe ga cibiyoyin tabin hankali a cikin 1940s da 1950s. Da yawa daga cikin waɗannan yaran an yi musu ɓarna da gangan don samun ƙarin tallafi daga gwamnatin tarayya. An kira su don Maurice Duplessis, wanda ya yi aiki a matsayin Firayim Minista na Quebec na biyar marasa daidaituwa tsakanin 1936 da 1959. Rigingimun da ke hade da Duplessis, musamman cin hanci da rashawa da cin zarafi game da Duplessis Orphans, sun haifar da sanannen ra'ayi na tarihi game da lokacinsa a matsayin Premier kamar La Grande Noirceur ("The Great Darkness").
Marayu na Duplessis sun zargi gwamnatin Quebec da Cocin Roman Katolika da aikata laifi. Cocin Katolika ya musanta shiga cikin abin kunya, kuma ya kalubalanci ikirarin waɗanda ke neman diyya ta kuɗi don cutar da aka yi.[1]
An yi imanin cewa ita ce mafi girman shari'ar cin zarafin yara a tarihin Kanada a waje da tsarin makarantar zama na Indiyawan Kanada.[2][3]
Tarihi
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]A cikin shekarun 1940 da 1950, ana samun iyakokin Ayyukan zamantakewa ga mazaunan Quebec. Kafin Juyin Juya Halin shiru na shekarun 1960, mafi yawan ayyukan zamantakewa da ake da su an bayar da su ta hanyar Cocin Roman Katolika. Daga cikin tuhumar da suka yi akwai mutanen da aka dauka a matsayin masu rauni a cikin jama'a: wadanda ke zaune a cikin talauci, masu shaye-shaye ko wasu mutane da aka dauka ba su iya riƙe aiki ba, uwaye marasa aure, da marayu.
Cocin Katolika ya bukaci uwaye da yawa su shigar da yara a gidajen marayu duk da cewa ba a ba su marayu ba saboda matsayinsu na "bastard" (an haife su ga uwaye marasa aure).[4] Wasu daga cikin wadannan marayu cibiyoyin addinin Roman Katolika ne ke gudanar da su, saboda rashin saka hannun jari na duniya a cikin ayyukan zamantakewa; sun ƙarfafa uwaye marasa aure su bar 'ya'yansu a can, don a iya girma a cocin Roman Katolika. Gidajen haihuwa ga uwaye marasa aure, ma, a lokacin da suka zama ruwan dare, sau da yawa suna ƙarfafa barin waɗannan yara "ba'a".[5] [6]
The Loi sur les Asiles d'aliénés (Lunatic Asylum Act) na 1909 ya jagoranci shigar da ma'aikatan mahaukaci har zuwa 1950. Dokar ta bayyana cewa ana iya aikata marasa lafiya na hankali saboda dalilai uku: don kula da su, don taimaka musu, ko kuma a matsayin ma'auni don kiyaye tsarin zamantakewa a rayuwar jama'a da ta sirri. Koyaya, aikin bai bayyana abin da rushewar tsarin zamantakewa ya kasance ba, yana barin shawarar shigar da marasa lafiya har zuwa likitocin kwakwalwa.[7]
Gwamnatin lardin Union Nationale Firayim Minista Maurice Duplessis ta sami tallafi daga gwamnatin tarayya don gina asibitoci, amma ta sami tallafin da ya fi dacewa don tallafawa marayu. Gudummawar gwamnati kawai $ 1.25 ne a rana ga marayu, amma $ 2.75 a rana ga marasa lafiya. Wannan bambancin a cikin kudade ya ba da ƙarfin kuɗi don sake rarrabawa. A karkashin Duplessis, gwamnatin lardin tana da alhakin adadi mai yawa na yara masu lafiya da aka rarraba su da gangan a matsayin marasa lafiya [8] [9] kuma aka tura su asibitocin mahaukaci, bisa ga binciken da aka yi don dalilai na kudi.[10][11] Duplessis ya kuma sanya hannu kan umarni a cikin majalisa wanda ya canza rarraba marayu zuwa asibitoci don samar musu da tallafin tarayya.
Kwamitin a farkon shekarun 1960 da ke binciken cibiyoyin kwakwalwa bayan mutuwar Duplessis ya bayyana kashi ɗaya bisa uku na marasa lafiya 22,000 da aka rarraba a matsayin "marasa lafiya na kwakwalwa" an rarraba su a matsayin haka don amfanin kudi na lardin, kuma ba saboda wani ainihin rashi na kwakwalwa ba. Bayan wallafa rahoton Bédard a shekarar 1962, lardin ya daina riƙe ra'ayin ma'aikata na "asylum". Lokacin da yawancin marayu suka kai ga balaga, a cikin hasken waɗannan canje-canjen ma'aikata, an ba su izinin barin wuraren.[7]
Tasirin marayu
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Shekaru bayan haka, bayan an rufe waɗannan cibiyoyin, waɗanda suka tsira daga mafaka sun fara magana game da cin zarafin yara wanda suka jimre a hannun wasu ma'aikata da ma'aikatan kiwon lafiya.[12][13] Mutane da yawa da suka yi magana a fili game da abubuwan da suka faru sun yi iƙirarin cewa an yi musu cin zarafi a jiki da jima'i, kuma an yi musu Lobotomies, electroshock da straitjackets.[11]
A cikin binciken ilimin halayyar da aka kammala ta daya daga cikin asibitocin da ke da hannu, marayu na Duplessis masu matsakaicin shekaru sun ba da rahoton raunin jiki da na tunani fiye da ƙungiyar sarrafawa. Bugu da kari, marayu ba su da damar yin aure ko kuma su sami rayuwa mai kyau. Kashi 80 cikin 100 sun bayar da rahoton cewa sun sha wahala daga mummunar gogewa tsakanin shekaru 7 zuwa 18. Fiye da kashi 50% sun ce sun sha wahala a jiki, tunani, ko jima'i. Kimanin kashi 78% sun ba da rahoton wahalar aiki a cikin zamantakewa ko motsin rai a rayuwarsu ta manya.[14]
Hanyar shari'a a cikin shekarun 1990
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]A cikin shekarun 1990s, kimanin mutane 3,000 da suka tsira da babban rukuni na magoya baya sun kafa Kwamitin Marayu na Duplessis, suna neman lalacewa daga gwamnatin lardin Quebec. A watan Maris na shekara ta 1999, gwamnatin lardin ta ba da tayin kusan CAD $ 15,000 a matsayin cikakken diyya ga kowane ɗayan wadanda abin ya shafa. An ki amincewa da tayin kuma an soki gwamnatin lardin sosai, tare da mai ba da shawara na Quebec a lokacin, Daniel Jacoby, yana cewa yadda gwamnati ke kula da lamarin ya rage cin zarafin da wadanda abin ya shafa suka yi. A shekara ta 2001, masu da'awar sun sami ƙarin tayin daga gwamnatin lardin don biyan kuɗi na $ 10,000 ga kowane mutum, tare da ƙarin $ 1,000 don kowace shekara ta tsare-tsare ba daidai ba a asibitin mahaukaci. Binciken ya kai kusan $ 25,000 ga kowane maraya, amma bai haɗa da wani diyya ga wadanda ake zargi da cin zarafin jima'i ko wasu ba.
Bayan wakilan kwamitin marayu na Duplessis sun karɓi tayin, wasu mambobin sun kalubalanci sakamakon sosai bayan sun san cewa a ƙarƙashin sharuddan sulhu, lauyan kwamitin, shugaban, da tsohon jami'in hulɗa da jama'a za su karɓi biyan kuɗi shida zuwa bakwai, idan aka kwatanta da adadin da aka ba wa ainihin wadanda abin ya shafa. Kwamitin daga baya ya kada kuri'a don maye gurbin shugaban kasa da jami'in hulɗa da jama'a. Masu sukar hukuncin sun nuna cewa uku daga cikin ma'aikatan gwamnati da ke gudanar da shirin diyya na gwamnati ana biyan su sama da $ 1,000 a kowace rana don aiki, yayin da marayu da kansu suka sami adadin kuɗi iri ɗaya don dukan shekara na tsare su.
Al'ummomin addini guda bakwai sun shiga cikin gudanar da wasu kayan aiki: Sisters of Providence, Sisters of Mercy, Grey Nuns na Montreal, Sisters na Charity na Quebec, Little Franciscans na Maryamu, Brothers na Notre-Dame-de-la-Misericorde, da Brothers of Charity. Lokacin da aka cimma matsaya tare da gwamnatin lardin, marayu sun amince da sauke duk wani mataki na shari'a a kan cocin Katolika.[11] Wannan ya ɓata wa wasu wadanda suka tsira rai rai; a shekara ta 2006, daya daga cikin marayu, Martin Lécuyer, ya bayyana cewa, "Yana da mahimmanci a gare ni, cewa Ikilisiya, firistoci, sun yarda cewa suna da alhakin cin zarafin jima'i, da tashin hankali. Ba gwamnati ba ce ta kafa wannan zaman lafiya... Zagi ne, kuma babbar hujja ce cewa gwamnati tana da haɗin Ikilisiya".[15]:376
Sakamakon haka
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]A cikin 1999, masu bincike Léo-Paul Lauzon da Martin Poirier sun ba da rahoto suna jayayya cewa duka gwamnatin lardin Quebec da Cocin Katolika sun sami riba mai yawa ta hanyar tabbatar da dubban marayu na Quebec a matsayin marasa lafiya a lokacin shugabancin Duplessis. Marubutan sun yi kimantawa mai ra'ayin mazan jiya cewa kungiyoyin addinai sun sami dala miliyan 70 a cikin tallafi (wanda aka auna a cikin dala na 1999) ta hanyar da'awar yaran a matsayin "marasa hankali", yayin da gwamnati ta adana dala miliyan 37 kawai ta hanyar sake sanya ɗayan marayu daga cibiyar ilimi zuwa asibitin mahaukaci. Wani wakilin tsarin addini da ke da alaƙa da marayu ya zargi marubutan da yin "magana ta ƙarya". A shekara ta 2010, an kiyasta cewa kimanin 300-400 na asalin marayu na Duplessis har yanzu suna da rai.[16]
A ranar 4 ga Maris, 1999, bayan binciken aikata laifuka inda marayu 240 Duplessis suka yi zargin aikata laifukan 321 a kan wadanda ke kula da asibitocin, tsohon Firayim Ministan Quebec Lucien Bouchard ya bayyana gafara ga marayu, amma "ba tare da zargi ko ba da alhakin shari'a ga kowa ba".
Makomar gawar mutum
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]A shekara ta 2004, wasu marayu na Duplessis sun nemi gwamnatin Quebec da ta tono wani makabartar da aka watsar a gabashin Montreal, wanda suka yi imanin cewa sun riƙe ragowar marayu waɗanda watakila sun kasance batun Gwajin ɗan adam. Dangane da shaidar mutanen da ke cikin mafaka ta Cité de St-Jean-de-Dieu, ana amfani da marayu a cikin kulawar mafaka a matsayin batutuwan gwaji marasa izini, kuma da yawa sun mutu sakamakon haka. Kungiyar ta so gwamnati ta tono gawawwakin don a iya yin Binciken gawawwakin. A watan Nuwamba na shekara ta 2010, marayu na Duplessis sun gabatar da shari'arsu a gaban Majalisar Dinkin Duniya.[17] A cikin 2021, binciken radar na farko da ya shiga ƙasa a kan filayen da ke kusa da tsoffin Makarantun zama na Indiyawan Kanada ya nuna cewa akwai kaburbura marasa alama waɗanda zasu iya haɗawa da ragowar yara 'yan asalin ƙasar waɗanda yawancin majami'u na Kirista ke gudanarwa. Wannan ya haifar da ƙarin kira ga gwamnatin Quebec da Cocin Katolika da su tono tsoffin wuraren asibitin mahaukaci inda aka yi wa marayu, tare da karar da aka kaddamar a cikin 2018 da ke nuna rashin amincewar da ta gabata a matsayin "zagi" kuma ba "gafara ta gaskiya" da gwamnati da kungiyoyin addini ba.
Manazarta
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]- ↑ "The church refutes charges by Duplessis Orphans – CBC Archives". www.cbc.ca. Archived from the original on February 19, 2018. Retrieved February 17, 2019.
- ↑ Elhassan, Khalid (2021-07-28). "Tragic Discoveries from the Canadian Indigenous Schools and other Events". History Collection (in Turanci). Retrieved 2023-11-11.
- ↑ Rowe, Daniel J. (28 July 2021). "Duplessis Orphans seeking class action, investigation into possible grave sites in Montreal". ctvnews (in Turanci). Retrieved 2023-11-11.
- ↑ "Catholic church apologises for role in 'forced adoptions' over 30-year period". the Guardian (in Turanci). 2016-11-03. Retrieved 2022-05-17.
- ↑ Lavoie, Stephane (2022-05-17). "The legacy of forced adoption: 300,000 unmarried Canadian women had to give up their babies". CBC. Archived from the original on 2022-01-12. Retrieved 2022-05-17.
- ↑ Thifault, Marie-Claude; Perreault, Isabelle (2002). "The Social Integration of the Mentally Ill in Quebec Prior to the Bédard Report of 1962". Canadian Bulletin of Medical History. 29 (1): 130.
- ↑ 7.0 7.1 Thifault & Perreault 2002.
- ↑ "Quebec ombudsman says Duplessis orphans right, CBC news March 08, 1999".
- ↑ "4,000 orphans seek redress Manila Standard March 19, 1993".
- ↑ "Former orphans sue, claim mistreatment. Toledo Blade March 12, 1993".
- ↑ 11.0 11.1 11.2 ""Duplessis Orphans", The Canadian Encyclopedia, January 14, 2015". Archived from the original on May 9, 2019. Retrieved May 9, 2019. Cite error: Invalid
<ref>tag; name "tce" defined multiple times with different content - ↑ "Sarasota Herald-Tribune – Google News Archive Search". news.google.com. Archived from the original on November 23, 2019. Retrieved February 17, 2019.
- ↑ "The Prescott Courier – Google News Archive Search". news.google.com. Archived from the original on November 23, 2019. Retrieved February 17, 2019.
- ↑ Sigal, John; Christopher, J.; Rossignal, Michel; Ouimet, Marie-Claude; Boucher, Sophie; Paré, Nikolas (July 31, 2002). "Health and Psychological Adaptation of les Enfants du Duplessis as Middle-Aged Adults": 15–16. Cite journal requires
|journal=(help) - ↑ Campbell, Victoria (November 2013). "The Duplessis Orphans at the Canadian Museum for Human Rights: Healing through representation". Peace and Conflict: Journal of Peace Psychology. 19 (4): 373–377. doi:10.1037/a0034606.
- ↑ "Scandale sexuel – Les orphelins de Duplessis dénoncent l'inertie de l'Église et exigent ses excuses publiques". Le Devoir (in Faransanci). 3 April 2010. Archived from the original on 2019-09-25. Retrieved 2020-02-12.
- ↑ "Justice at last?" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 2018-05-08. Retrieved 2020-02-11.